THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Power of the Federal Government 1964-2000 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 Govt. Not Too Strong 36 27 30 33 27 ** 20 14 15 ** 22 ** 19 ** 17 ** ** ** 17 Govt. Too Powerful 30 39 40 31 41 ** 49 43 49 ** 32 ** 33 ** 40 ** ** ** 39 Don't Know, No Interest 34 34 29 36 32 ** 31 43 36 ** 46 ** 47 ** 43 ** ** ** 44 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1569 1286 1552 1499 1318 2856 2276 1405 973 1772 2200 1540 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4A.1 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "Some people are afraid the government in Washington is getting too powerful for the good of the country and the individual person. Others feel that the government in Washington is not getting too strong (1964,1966,1970: has not gotten too strong for the good of the country)." 1964-1972: "Have you been interested enough in this to favor one side over the other?"/ 1976-1992: "Do you have an opinion on this or not?" ALL YEARS: (IF YES:) "What is your feeling, do you think the government is getting too powerful or do you think the government is not getting too strong?" This question is variable VCF0829 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Power of the Federal Government 1964-2000 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Govt. Not Too Strong' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 Males 39 29 31 34 27 ** 22 18 17 ** 24 ** 21 ** 18 ** ** ** 22 Females 34 25 30 32 27 ** 18 10 14 ** 21 ** 18 ** 16 ** ** ** 14 Whites 33 26 28 32 26 ** 18 13 14 ** 24 ** 20 ** 16 ** ** ** 18 Blacks 57 38 48 49 32 ** 29 15 22 ** 20 ** 21 ** 21 ** ** ** 18 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 37 24 31 31 23 ** 21 15 21 ** 10 ** 16 ** 18 ** ** ** 7 High School Diploma 36 27 30 34 26 ** 17 11 14 ** 19 ** 16 ** 14 ** ** ** 13 Some College, no Degree 38 29 29 30 35 ** 21 16 13 ** 29 ** 22 ** 16 ** ** ** 17 College Degree/ Post-grad 33 29 30 37 26 ** 23 18 17 ** 32 ** 24 ** 24 ** ** ** 28 Income 0-16 Percentile 36 22 31 33 25 ** 22 12 15 ** 10 ** 18 ** 16 ** ** ** 11 Income 17-33 Percentile 40 32 28 33 25 ** 19 15 20 ** 21 ** 17 ** 18 ** ** ** 14 Income 34-67 Percentile 40 28 30 32 27 ** 20 14 14 ** 24 ** 18 ** 16 ** ** ** 17 Income 68-95 Percentile 34 28 32 36 29 ** 21 15 17 ** 25 ** 24 ** 19 ** ** ** 25 Income 96-100 Percentile 26 32 28 30 27 ** 17 15 12 ** 49 ** 31* ** 18 ** ** ** 26 Professionals 31 ** 27 33 30 ** 24 16 14 ** 32 ** 23 ** 22 ** ** ** 25 White Collar 37 ** 31 31 28 ** 19 12 12 ** 20 ** 21 ** 16 ** ** ** 15 Blue Collar 41 ** 32 37 26 ** 19 15 15 ** 21 ** 19 ** 16 ** ** ** 13 Unskilled 47* ** 48* 46* 19* ** 18 15 25* ** 19* ** 10* ** 16* ** ** ** 14* Farmers 42 ** 37 29 34* ** 19 2* 18* ** 9* ** 15 ** 9 ** ** ** 20* Housewives 31 ** 27 30 24 ** 16 9 16 ** 18 ** 15 ** 14 ** ** ** 11 Union Households 43 33 34 35 27 ** 23 14 17 ** 28 ** 20 ** 19 ** ** ** 21 Non-Union Households 34 25 29 33 27 ** 19 14 15 ** 21 ** 19 ** 17 ** ** ** 17 South 28 18 25 30 26 ** 14 14 16 ** 19 ** 16 ** 16 ** ** ** 14 Nonsouth 38 29 32 35 27 ** 21 13 15 ** 24 ** 21 ** 18 ** ** ** 19 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 8* ** ** ** 12 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 18 17 ** 21 ** 17 ** 15 ** ** ** 18 Born 1943-1958 27* 40 33 36 25 ** 20 13 14 ** 26 ** 18 ** 19 ** ** ** 19 Born 1927-1942 38 27 27 34 26 ** 17 14 14 ** 20 ** 23 ** 19 ** ** ** 16 Born 1911-1926 36 29 35 35 29 ** 22 12 17 ** 22 ** 19 ** 17 ** ** ** 22 Born 1895-1910 33 24 26 30 28 ** 18 15 17 ** 11 ** 24 ** 17 ** ** ** 10* Born before 1895 32 16 29 28 26* ** 23 28* 22* ** 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 45 35 37 36 27 ** 23 16 21 ** 20 ** 19 ** 20 ** ** ** 22 Independents 27 22 31 31 19 ** 17 10 8 ** 22 ** 12 ** 12 ** ** ** 11 Republicans (incl leaners) 21 15 19 29 30 ** 16 12 10 ** 25 ** 21 ** 14 ** ** ** 14 Liberals ** ** ** ** 33 ** 27 20 25 ** 30 ** 24 ** 26 ** ** ** 25 Moderates ** ** ** ** 33 ** 23 16 15 ** 28 ** 22 ** 18 ** ** ** 26 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 27 ** 17 13 11 ** 25 ** 20 ** 16 ** ** ** 16 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4A.1.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Power of the Federal Government 1964-2000 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Govt. Too Powerful' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 Males 36 42 49 36 46 ** 57 50 57 ** 39 ** 42 ** 48 ** ** ** 46 Females 25 36 34 27 38 ** 44 38 42 ** 26 ** 27 ** 33 ** ** ** 33 Whites 33 42 44 33 42 ** 53 46 54 ** 35 ** 36 ** 44 ** ** ** 41 Blacks 5 13 9 14 31 ** 25 21 21 ** 18 ** 20 ** 25 ** ** ** 19 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 18 32 30 26 35 ** 33 28 29 ** 23 ** 22 ** 29 ** ** ** 31 High School Diploma 29 37 39 29 39 ** 49 40 45 ** 31 ** 29 ** 37 ** ** ** 35 Some College, no Degree 41 48 48 42 44 ** 57 48 57 ** 33 ** 37 ** 45 ** ** ** 43 College Degree/ Post-grad 49 50 55 37 55 ** 60 59 62 ** 37 ** 44 ** 44 ** ** ** 41 Income 0-16 Percentile 21 32 29 23 33 ** 31 34 36 ** 33 ** 25 ** 30 ** ** ** 28 Income 17-33 Percentile 25 32 35 29 43 ** 44 34 44 ** 28 ** 31 ** 33 ** ** ** 40 Income 34-67 Percentile 26 37 42 32 40 ** 49 48 53 ** 35 ** 37 ** 41 ** ** ** 42 Income 68-95 Percentile 37 44 46 34 46 ** 59 48 53 ** 35 ** 38 ** 46 ** ** ** 39 Income 96-100 Percentile 48 45 57 39 52 ** 71 58 64 ** 25 ** 27* ** 49 ** ** ** 54 Professionals 48 ** 57 36 49 ** 57 54 60 ** 35 ** 40 ** 44 ** ** ** 41 White Collar 39 ** 39 34 48 ** 50 41 49 ** 38 ** 33 ** 42 ** ** ** 38 Blue Collar 22 ** 36 28 39 ** 50 38 45 ** 27 ** 30 ** 37 ** ** ** 38 Unskilled 6* ** 30* 13* 33* ** 51 39 35* ** 24* ** 37* ** 45* ** ** ** 33* Farmers 27 ** 38 43 34* ** 41 60* 54* ** 44* ** 36 ** 41 ** ** ** 58* Housewives 25 ** 36 29 37 ** 42 41 44 ** 27 ** 26 ** 38 ** ** ** 40 Union Households 21 33 37 27 41 ** 49 40 47 ** 26 ** 34 ** 37 ** ** ** 40 Non-Union Households 33 41 42 32 42 ** 49 44 49 ** 34 ** 33 ** 41 ** ** ** 38 South 36 48 46 38 43 ** 48 41 46 ** 29 ** 29 ** 36 ** ** ** 43 Nonsouth 28 36 39 28 41 ** 50 44 50 ** 33 ** 35 ** 42 ** ** ** 37 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 15* ** ** ** 27 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 26 21 ** 18 ** 27 ** 34 ** ** ** 36 Born 1943-1958 38* 25 37 24 41 ** 48 42 45 ** 30 ** 37 ** 41 ** ** ** 43 Born 1927-1942 26 37 43 33 44 ** 56 47 60 ** 36 ** 33 ** 45 ** ** ** 48 Born 1911-1926 31 37 40 32 41 ** 51 44 53 ** 38 ** 35 ** 45 ** ** ** 36 Born 1895-1910 34 45 41 31 38 ** 40 40 47 ** 40 ** 27 ** 40 ** ** ** 0* Born before 1895 32 47 35 29 38* ** 34 32* 33* ** 100* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 19 30 31 28 41 ** 45 37 39 ** 31 ** 30 ** 32 ** ** ** 28 Independents 27 36 42 31 40 ** 48 40 46 ** 24 ** 31 ** 41 ** ** ** 31 Republicans (incl leaners) 54 57 57 36 42 ** 57 56 65 ** 36 ** 38 ** 50 ** ** ** 55 Liberals ** ** ** ** 49 ** 54 43 46 ** 29 ** 32 ** 34 ** ** ** 30 Moderates ** ** ** ** 39 ** 51 44 54 ** 36 ** 33 ** 45 ** ** ** 28 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 49 ** 65 61 62 ** 43 ** 44 ** 52 ** ** ** 59 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4A.1.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Power of the Federal Government 1964-2000 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Don't Know, No Interest' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 Males 26 29 21 30 27 ** 22 33 26 ** 37 ** 36 ** 34 ** ** ** 32 Females 41 39 36 40 36 ** 38 52 44 ** 53 ** 55 ** 50 ** ** ** 53 Whites 33 33 28 36 31 ** 29 40 32 ** 41 ** 43 ** 40 ** ** ** 41 Blacks 38 50 44 37 37 ** 45 65 56 ** 62 ** 59 ** 54 ** ** ** 62 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 45 44 39 43 41 ** 46 57 50 ** 66 ** 63 ** 53 ** ** ** 62 High School Diploma 35 35 30 36 35 ** 34 49 42 ** 50 ** 55 ** 50 ** ** ** 52 Some College, no Degree 20 24 23 29 21 ** 22 36 29 ** 38 ** 40 ** 39 ** ** ** 40 College Degree/ Post-grad 19 20 15 26 18 ** 17 23 21 ** 31 ** 32 ** 32 ** ** ** 32 Income 0-16 Percentile 44 46 40 44 42 ** 47 54 49 ** 56 ** 57 ** 54 ** ** ** 61 Income 17-33 Percentile 35 35 36 38 32 ** 37 51 36 ** 51 ** 52 ** 49 ** ** ** 46 Income 34-67 Percentile 34 35 28 36 33 ** 31 38 33 ** 41 ** 45 ** 42 ** ** ** 41 Income 68-95 Percentile 29 29 21 30 25 ** 20 37 30 ** 40 ** 38 ** 35 ** ** ** 36 Income 96-100 Percentile 25 23 15 31 21 ** 11 27 24 ** 25 ** 42* ** 33 ** ** ** 20 Professionals 20 ** 16 31 21 ** 20 30 27 ** 33 ** 37 ** 34 ** ** ** 34 White Collar 24 ** 30 35 24 ** 31 47 39 ** 42 ** 46 ** 42 ** ** ** 47 Blue Collar 37 ** 31 35 35 ** 31 47 39 ** 51 ** 51 ** 47 ** ** ** 49 Unskilled 47* ** 22* 42* 48* ** 31 46 40* ** 57* ** 54* ** 39* ** ** ** 53* Farmers 31 ** 25 29 31* ** 40 37* 29* ** 47* ** 49 ** 50 ** ** ** 22* Housewives 44 ** 37 41 39 ** 42 50 40 ** 56 ** 59 ** 48 ** ** ** 48 Union Households 36 34 30 38 32 ** 28 46 36 ** 46 ** 45 ** 44 ** ** ** 39 Non-Union Households 33 34 29 35 32 ** 32 42 36 ** 45 ** 48 ** 43 ** ** ** 45 South 36 34 29 32 31 ** 38 45 38 ** 52 ** 55 ** 49 ** ** ** 43 Nonsouth 34 35 29 37 32 ** 29 43 36 ** 43 ** 44 ** 40 ** ** ** 44 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 77* ** ** ** 62 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 56 62 ** 61 ** 56 ** 51 ** ** ** 46 Born 1943-1958 35* 35 30 40 34 ** 32 45 41 ** 44 ** 45 ** 40 ** ** ** 39 Born 1927-1942 36 36 30 32 30 ** 27 39 26 ** 44 ** 43 ** 37 ** ** ** 36 Born 1911-1926 33 34 25 33 29 ** 27 44 30 ** 40 ** 46 ** 38 ** ** ** 42 Born 1895-1910 32 31 32 39 34 ** 42 45 36 ** 49 ** 49 ** 43 ** ** ** 90* Born before 1895 36 38 36 43 36* ** 43 40* 44* ** 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 36 35 32 35 31 ** 33 47 41 ** 49 ** 50 ** 47 ** ** ** 51 Independents 45 42 26 38 41 ** 34 51 46 ** 54 ** 57 ** 47 ** ** ** 58 Republicans (incl leaners) 25 28 24 35 27 ** 27 32 25 ** 39 ** 41 ** 36 ** ** ** 31 Liberals ** ** ** ** 18 ** 19 38 28 ** 41 ** 43 ** 40 ** ** ** 45 Moderates ** ** ** ** 27 ** 26 41 31 ** 37 ** 45 ** 37 ** ** ** 46 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 24 ** 17 26 27 ** 32 ** 36 ** 32 ** ** ** 25 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4A.1.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Support for Health Care 1956-1968 '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 Help People Get Care 54 ** 60 61 50 ** 52 Govt. Should Stay Out 26 ** 20 24 28 ** 27 Don't Know, No Interest 20 ** 20 15 22 ** 21 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1758 1918 1283 1563 1553 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4A.2 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: 1956,1960: "'The government ought to help people get doctors and hospital care at low cost.'" (CARD WITH RESPONSE CHOICES SHOWN TO R) 1962: "'The government ought to help people get doctors and hospital care at low cost.' Do you have an opinion on this or not?" (IF YES:) "Do you agree that the government should do this or do you think the government should not do it?" 1964,1968: "Some say the government in Washington ought to help people get doctors and hospital care at low cost; others say the government should not get into this. Have you been interested enough in this to favor one side over the other?" (IF YES) "What is your position?" This question is variable VCF0805 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Support for Health Care 1956-1968 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Govt. help' Percent of group: '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 Males 56 ** 59 63 51 ** 54 Females 52 ** 61 60 49 ** 50 Whites 52 ** 57 59 46 ** 48 Blacks 80 ** 91 88 81 ** 84 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 69 ** 77 78 64 ** 67 High School Diploma 52 ** 58 60 49 ** 50 Some College, no Degree 37 ** 48 46 35 ** 40 College Degree/ Post-grad 32 ** 35 42 37 ** 45 Income 0-16 Percentile 65 ** 88 75 65 ** 66 Income 17-33 Percentile 63 ** 67 65 52 ** 57 Income 34-67 Percentile 51 ** 58 61 52 ** 48 Income 68-95 Percentile 47 ** 47 53 40 ** 46 Income 96-100 Percentile 40 ** 53 40 34 ** 42 Professionals 39 ** 43 ** 36 ** 48 White Collar 47 ** 50 ** 42 ** 42 Blue Collar 60 ** 68 ** 59 ** 59 Unskilled 68 ** 76* ** 69* ** 67* Farmers 64 ** 67 ** 59 ** 53 Housewives 54 ** 64 ** 51 ** 50 Union Households 57 ** 65 ** 55 ** 56 Non-Union Households 53 ** 58 ** 48 ** 51 South 62 ** 62 59 50 ** 54 Nonsouth 51 ** 59 62 50 ** 51 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** 65* ** 48 Born 1927-1942 52 ** 58 55 47 ** 47 Born 1911-1926 51 ** 52 61 48 ** 51 Born 1895-1910 56 ** 66 67 54 ** 62 Born before 1895 62 ** 76 65 53 ** 54 Democrats (incl leaners) 63 ** 65 70 60 ** 63 Independents 48 ** 60 56 48 ** 53 Republicans (incl leaners) 42 ** 52 48 29 ** 34 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4A.2.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Support for Health Care 1956-1968 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Govt. Should Stay Out' Percent of group: '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 Males 27 ** 24 24 30 ** 27 Females 25 ** 16 24 26 ** 26 Whites 28 ** 22 26 31 ** 29 Blacks 3 ** 1 1 4 ** 3 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 12 ** 8 7 11 ** 15 High School Diploma 27 ** 19 23 29 ** 27 Some College, no Degree 47 ** 31 45 43 ** 38 College Degree/ Post-grad 45 ** 44 46 45 ** 35 Income 0-16 Percentile 10 ** 4 11 14 ** 18 Income 17-33 Percentile 19 ** 12 20 22 ** 20 Income 34-67 Percentile 28 ** 18 22 27 ** 31 Income 68-95 Percentile 36 ** 30 36 38 ** 31 Income 96-100 Percentile 45 ** 40 55 45 ** 37 Professionals 39 ** 35 ** 39 ** 34 White Collar 35 ** 27 ** 37 ** 34 Blue Collar 21 ** 13 ** 21 ** 20 Unskilled 9 ** 11* ** 6* ** 11* Farmers 25 ** 20 ** 27 ** 28 Housewives 24 ** 16 ** 25 ** 26 Union Households 23 ** 13 ** 23 ** 21 Non-Union Households 27 ** 22 ** 30 ** 29 South 21 ** 22 26 25 ** 26 Nonsouth 28 ** 19 23 29 ** 27 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** 19* ** 26 Born 1927-1942 25 ** 22 26 28 ** 29 Born 1911-1926 29 ** 26 27 29 ** 27 Born 1895-1910 28 ** 14 18 29 ** 23 Born before 1895 17 ** 11 20 21 ** 25 Democrats (incl leaners) 19 ** 15 15 18 ** 18 Independents 26 ** 17 27 25 ** 24 Republicans (incl leaners) 37 ** 29 38 50 ** 42 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4A.2.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Support for Health Care 1956-1968 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Don't Know, No Interest' Percent of group: '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 Males 17 ** 17 14 19 ** 19 Females 22 ** 22 16 25 ** 23 Whites 20 ** 21 15 23 ** 22 Blacks 16 ** 7 11 15 ** 13 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 19 ** 15 15 24 ** 18 High School Diploma 21 ** 23 17 22 ** 23 Some College, no Degree 17 ** 21 9 22 ** 22 College Degree/ Post-grad 23 ** 21 13 19 ** 20 Income 0-16 Percentile 25 ** 8 14 21 ** 16 Income 17-33 Percentile 18 ** 21 15 26 ** 23 Income 34-67 Percentile 21 ** 24 17 21 ** 22 Income 68-95 Percentile 17 ** 23 11 22 ** 23 Income 96-100 Percentile 15 ** 7 5 21 ** 22 Professionals 22 ** 22 ** 25 ** 18 White Collar 19 ** 23 ** 21 ** 24 Blue Collar 19 ** 20 ** 20 ** 22 Unskilled 23 ** 14* ** 25* ** 22* Farmers 11 ** 13 ** 14 ** 18 Housewives 22 ** 20 ** 24 ** 24 Union Households 20 ** 22 ** 22 ** 23 Non-Union Households 20 ** 20 ** 22 ** 21 South 17 ** 16 16 25 ** 19 Nonsouth 21 ** 22 15 21 ** 22 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** 15* ** 26 Born 1927-1942 24 ** 21 19 24 ** 24 Born 1911-1926 20 ** 22 12 22 ** 22 Born 1895-1910 16 ** 19 15 17 ** 15 Born before 1895 22 ** 13 14 25 ** 21 Democrats (incl leaners) 18 ** 20 15 22 ** 19 Independents 26 ** 23 17 27 ** 23 Republicans (incl leaners) 21 ** 20 13 21 ** 23 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4A.2.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Health Insurance 1970-2008 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Govt. Insurance Plan 1 25 25 ** 22 23 ** ** 13 ** 16 ** 20 16 13 ** 16 ** 19 18 2 8 6 ** 7 7 ** ** 9 ** 9 ** 12 8 10 ** 10 ** 11 13 3 7 6 ** 6 6 ** ** 9 ** 10 ** 12 11 12 ** 14 ** 12 12 4 13 12 ** 10 11 ** ** 17 ** 16 ** 18 19 19 ** 19 ** 17 17 5 5 5 ** 7 7 ** ** 13 ** 12 ** 10 12 14 ** 13 ** 13 12 6 8 5 ** 8 9 ** ** 12 ** 9 ** 7 12 11 ** 9 ** 10 9 Private Insurance Plan 7 21 23 ** 20 18 ** ** 10 ** 11 ** 7 13 10 ** 10 ** 8 10 DK, Haven't Thought 14 18 ** 21 17 ** ** 18 ** 16 ** 14 8 12 ** 9 ** 9 9 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1489 1355 2843 2282 967 2028 2477 1773 1712 981 1211 1169 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4A.3 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "Some (1988,1994-later: people) feel there should be a government insurance plan which would cover all medical and hospital expenses (1984 and later: for everyone)...Others feel that (1988,1994-1996: all) medical expenses should be paid by individuals, and through private insurance (1984 and later: plans) like Blue Cross (1984-1994: or [1996:some] other company paid plans).. Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you thought much about this?" (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) This question is variable VCF0806 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Health Insurance 1970-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Govt. Insurance Plan (1,2,3)' Percent of group: '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 38 39 ** 35 39 ** ** 30 ** 34 ** 43 33 32 ** 39 ** 40 41 Females 39 36 ** 35 36 ** ** 32 ** 37 ** 46 37 37 ** 42 ** 45 45 Whites 36 35 ** 33 36 ** ** 30 ** 32 ** 43 32 32 ** 39 ** 41 40 Blacks 69 62 ** 48 46 ** ** 38 ** 42 ** 52 50 46 ** 46 ** 46 53 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 46 42 ** 38 46 ** ** 29 ** 37 ** 44 35 42 ** 50* ** 35 43* High School Diploma 37 34 ** 34 35 ** ** 32 ** 37 ** 44 37 37 ** 43 ** 47 42 Some College, no Degree 39 35 ** 37 40 ** ** 34 ** 36 ** 48 34 36 ** 38 ** 42 39 College Degree/ Post-grad 33 45 ** 32 33 ** ** 26 ** 31 ** 43 32 27 ** 37 ** 39 47 Income 0-16 Percentile 50 45 ** 49 46 ** ** 29 ** 45 ** 49 41 45 ** 51 ** 57 58 Income 17-33 Percentile 51 37 ** 39 46 ** ** 35 ** 39 ** 47 46 40 ** 42 ** 48 51 Income 34-67 Percentile 36 39 ** 34 37 ** ** 33 ** 38 ** 44 35 36 ** 41 ** 43 41 Income 68-95 Percentile 34 34 ** 31 33 ** ** 29 ** 29 ** 44 29 31 ** 39 ** 36 35 Income 96-100 Percentile 30 25 ** 21 27 ** ** 14* ** 17* ** 31 22 16 ** 28* ** 29 30 Professionals 34 37 ** 32 36 ** ** 28 ** 34 ** 45 29 29 ** 35 ** 40 ** White Collar 36 42 ** 34 39 ** ** 29 ** 36 ** 44 37 34 ** 42 ** 38 ** Blue Collar 42 41 ** 41 41 ** ** 38 ** 38 ** 48 40 39 ** 45 ** 49 ** Unskilled 58* 48* ** 33 49 ** ** 19* ** 26 ** 40 47 40* ** 61* ** 44* ** Farmers 49 32* ** 29 28* ** ** 26* ** 40 ** 32 30* 26* ** 39* ** 35* ** Housewives 37 32 ** 28 30 ** ** 24 ** 34 ** 40 26 38 ** 33 ** 40 ** Union Households 41 43 ** 36 41 ** ** 35 ** 36 ** 52 36 36 ** 42 ** 44 43 Non-Union Households 38 35 ** 35 36 ** ** 30 ** 36 ** 43 35 34 ** 40 ** 42 43 South 33 33 ** 29 32 ** ** 31 ** 33 ** 38 33 35 ** 39 ** 37 38 Nonsouth 41 39 ** 37 39 ** ** 31 ** 37 ** 48 36 35 ** 41 ** 45 46 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 46 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 31* 51 38 ** 49 ** 51 45 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** 26 ** ** 26 ** 35 ** 44 36 35 ** 37 ** 41 45 Born 1943-1958 39 39 ** 38 36 ** ** 32 ** 37 ** 48 36 36 ** 42 ** 43 34 Born 1927-1942 36 37 ** 32 36 ** ** 30 ** 34 ** 44 34 35 ** 39 ** 37 27* Born 1911-1926 38 34 ** 34 39 ** ** 31 ** 35 ** 41 29 27 ** 39 ** 32 ** Born 1895-1910 44 41 ** 35 44 ** ** 31 ** 40 ** 33 13* 40* ** 0* ** ** ** Born before 1895 43 39 ** 32 42* ** ** 100* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 47 43 ** 42 45 ** ** 36 ** 44 ** 56 47 46 ** 48 ** 56 56 Independents 37 37 ** 36 34 ** ** 36 ** 36 ** 44 40 36 ** 43 ** 42 39 Republicans (incl leaners) 26 29 ** 24 25 ** ** 24 ** 26 ** 30 20 19 ** 27 ** 27 27 Liberals ** 57 ** 56 56 ** ** 43 ** 51 ** 66 59 45 ** 54 ** 65 68 Moderates ** 38 ** 34 38 ** ** 34 ** 38 ** 45 39 41 ** 43 ** 50 47 Conservatives ** 29 ** 22 26 ** ** 23 ** 29 ** 34 20 19 ** 21 ** 22 26 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4A.3.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Health Insurance 1970-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Private Insurance Plan (5,6,7)' Percent of group: '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 38 33 ** 37 38 ** ** 39 ** 37 ** 29 42 40 ** 34 ** 36 34 Females 32 33 ** 33 32 ** ** 30 ** 29 ** 20 33 31 ** 30 ** 27 28 Whites 37 35 ** 37 37 ** ** 36 ** 36 ** 26 41 38 ** 34 ** 34 34 Blacks 15 18 ** 16 20 ** ** 24 ** 25 ** 18 18 26 ** 26 ** 25 18 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 21 24 ** 23 19 ** ** 25 ** 19 ** 17 27 29 ** 11* ** 30 30* High School Diploma 37 35 ** 34 33 ** ** 32 ** 30 ** 20 33 29 ** 29 ** 25 30 Some College, no Degree 42 36 ** 37 36 ** ** 33 ** 37 ** 28 41 39 ** 38 ** 35 30 College Degree/ Post-grad 46 36 ** 44 50 ** ** 46 ** 39 ** 30 47 45 ** 37 ** 37 33 Income 0-16 Percentile 15 19 ** 15 19 ** ** 26 ** 21 ** 14 22 18 ** 25 ** 14 20 Income 17-33 Percentile 22 35 ** 27 26 ** ** 28 ** 25 ** 20 27 26 ** 27 ** 27 26 Income 34-67 Percentile 36 34 ** 36 37 ** ** 34 ** 32 ** 25 39 38 ** 31 ** 31 28 Income 68-95 Percentile 44 38 ** 44 39 ** ** 40 ** 42 ** 31 47 44 ** 39 ** 43 40 Income 96-100 Percentile 56 49 ** 55 56 ** ** 56* ** 60* ** 35 48 50 ** 41* ** 44 53 Professionals 45 39 ** 41 44 ** ** 44 ** 37 ** 28 45 44 ** 38 ** 36 ** White Collar 36 33 ** 41 36 ** ** 34 ** 37 ** 23 39 32 ** 32 ** 38 ** Blue Collar 31 29 ** 29 29 ** ** 29 ** 28 ** 22 32 31 ** 26 ** 25 ** Unskilled 29* 33* ** 32 20 ** ** 48* ** 38 ** 22 25 25* ** 21* ** 18* ** Farmers 28 26* ** 37 40* ** ** 35* ** 34 ** 30 41* 44* ** 34* ** 46* ** Housewives 31 34 ** 34 34 ** ** 26 ** 28 ** 24 36 35 ** 38 ** 26 ** Union Households 32 30 ** 34 32 ** ** 32 ** 31 ** 23 36 33 ** 29 ** 29 33 Non-Union Households 35 34 ** 34 35 ** ** 35 ** 33 ** 25 37 36 ** 33 ** 32 30 South 42 39 ** 32 35 ** ** 32 ** 34 ** 24 34 34 ** 32 ** 32 33 Nonsouth 32 31 ** 35 34 ** ** 35 ** 32 ** 24 39 36 ** 32 ** 31 28 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 24 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 23* 18 27 ** 22 ** 26 30 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** 39 ** ** 37 ** 34 ** 25 37 36 ** 32 ** 33 33 Born 1943-1958 34 32 ** 34 35 ** ** 34 ** 35 ** 22 40 37 ** 34 ** 32 37 Born 1927-1942 41 37 ** 38 38 ** ** 37 ** 33 ** 25 38 35 ** 37 ** 32 43* Born 1911-1926 39 38 ** 37 33 ** ** 35 ** 26 ** 25 39 33 ** 32 ** 38 ** Born 1895-1910 25 25 ** 24 28 ** ** 20 ** 27 ** 21 41* 46* ** 85* ** ** ** Born before 1895 20 16 ** 32 25* ** ** 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 28 28 ** 27 28 ** ** 27 ** 22 ** 15 23 24 ** 23 ** 18 16 Independents 35 27 ** 32 29 ** ** 29 ** 25 ** 18 24 24 ** 22 ** 28 25 Republicans (incl leaners) 46 42 ** 48 49 ** ** 43 ** 46 ** 39 58 54 ** 49 ** 49 51 Liberals ** 26 ** 21 28 ** ** 36 ** 25 ** 15 18 25 ** 18 ** 12 10 Moderates ** 36 ** 40 31 ** ** 38 ** 31 ** 23 30 28 ** 25 ** 24 19 Conservatives ** 46 ** 52 53 ** ** 43 ** 46 ** 38 58 59 ** 52 ** 55 54 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4A.3.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Guaranteed Job/Standard of Living (1) 1956-2002 '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 Govt. See to Jobs 57 57 59 ** 31 ** 31 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 21 Each Person on His Own 27 26 24 ** 43 ** 47 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 43 Don't Know, No Interest 17 17 18 ** 26 ** 22 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 36 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1758 1808 1919 1569 1551 1317 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4A.4a Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: 1956-1960: "'The government in Washington ought to see to it that everybody who wants to work can find a job.'" 1964,1968: "In general, some people feel that the government in Washington should see to it that every person has a job and a good standard of living. Others think the government should just let each person get ahead on his own. Have you been interested enough in this to favor one side over the other." (IF YES:) "Do you think that the government --" 2002: Some people feel the government in Washington should see to it that every person has A JOB AND A GOOD STANDARD OF LIVING. Others think the government should just LET EACH PERSON GET AHEAD ON THEIR OWN. Which is closer to the way you feel or haven't you thought much about this? This question is variable VCF0808 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Guaranteed Job/Standard of Living (1) 1956-2002 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Govt. See to Job/Std.' Percent of group: '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 Males 57 54 57 ** 31 ** 30 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 Females 56 59 60 ** 31 ** 33 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 23 Whites 54 54 56 ** 26 ** 27 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 Blacks 84 84 88 ** 75 ** 75 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 27 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 71 70 72 ** 42 ** 42 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 22* High School Diploma 54 57 56 ** 31 ** 30 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 22 Some College, no Degree 40 40 49 ** 20 ** 25 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 College Degree/ Post-grad 38 28 44 ** 20 ** 26 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 Income 0-16 Percentile 69 71 71 ** 43 ** 42 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Income 17-33 Percentile 63 64 62 ** 36 ** 33 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Income 34-67 Percentile 56 57 60 ** 31 ** 29 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Income 68-95 Percentile 47 49 51 ** 23 ** 27 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Income 96-100 Percentile 37 25 50 ** 19 ** 23 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Professionals 44 36 49 ** 20 ** 23 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** White Collar 55 45 54 ** 19 ** 27 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Blue Collar 63 67 64 ** 41 ** 38 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Unskilled 71 73 73* ** 61* ** 44* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Farmers 55 66 69 ** 41 ** 32 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Housewives 56 60 59 ** 31 ** 31 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Union Households 66 66 69 ** 34 ** 35 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 23 Non-Union Households 53 53 55 ** 30 ** 30 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 21 South 62 61 60 ** 37 ** 32 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 Nonsouth 55 55 58 ** 29 ** 31 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 22 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 25 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** 46* ** 34 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 23 Born 1927-1942 57 59 61 ** 31 ** 35 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 Born 1911-1926 53 53 53 ** 31 ** 30 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 Born 1895-1910 57 58 63 ** 31 ** 30 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19* Born before 1895 64 58 64 ** 29 ** 24 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 63 62 66 ** 37 ** 39 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 29 Independents 50 58 66 ** 26 ** 26 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 22 Republicans (incl leaners) 48 46 47 ** 19 ** 21 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 12 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 29 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 15 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4A.4a.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Guaranteed Job/Standard of Living (1) 1956-2002 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Each Person on His Own' Percent of group: '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 Males 30 30 27 ** 46 ** 51 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 48 Females 24 23 21 ** 41 ** 44 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 38 Whites 29 28 26 ** 47 ** 51 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 45 Blacks 4 7 5 ** 11 ** 10 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 25 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 13 12 12 ** 31 ** 36 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 23* High School Diploma 28 26 25 ** 45 ** 51 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 34 Some College, no Degree 45 43 32 ** 49 ** 55 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 46 College Degree/ Post-grad 50 55 43 ** 56 ** 44 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 56 Income 0-16 Percentile 11 10 11 ** 29 ** 34 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Income 17-33 Percentile 20 20 18 ** 39 ** 45 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Income 34-67 Percentile 28 24 21 ** 42 ** 53 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Income 68-95 Percentile 37 36 33 ** 53 ** 51 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Income 96-100 Percentile 47 60 36 ** 60 ** 45 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Professionals 41 43 36 ** 54 ** 51 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** White Collar 27 38 33 ** 51 ** 52 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Blue Collar 23 20 19 ** 37 ** 44 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Unskilled 14 9 16* ** 22* ** 48* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Farmers 26 18 19 ** 41 ** 52 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Housewives 25 22 19 ** 40 ** 46 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Union Households 23 22 15 ** 40 ** 46 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 42 Non-Union Households 28 28 27 ** 44 ** 47 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 43 South 19 22 24 ** 40 ** 47 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 41 Nonsouth 29 28 24 ** 44 ** 47 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 43 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 34 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 43 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** 19* ** 44 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 47 Born 1927-1942 28 21 20 ** 41 ** 44 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 41 Born 1911-1926 30 29 30 ** 45 ** 50 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 45 Born 1895-1910 25 27 20 ** 44 ** 49 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 24* Born before 1895 19 25 18 ** 44 ** 45 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 22 21 19 ** 36 ** 39 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 32 Independents 28 21 18 ** 43 ** 64 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 45 Republicans (incl leaners) 34 38 33 ** 58 ** 55 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 55 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 41 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 40 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 56 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4A.4a.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Guaranteed Job/Standard of Living (1) 1956-2002 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Don't Know, No Interest' Percent of group: '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 Males 14 16 16 ** 23 ** 20 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 33 Females 19 18 19 ** 28 ** 23 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 39 Whites 17 18 18 ** 27 ** 22 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 36 Blacks 12 9 7 ** 13 ** 15 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 49 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 16 18 16 ** 27 ** 22 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 56* High School Diploma 18 16 19 ** 24 ** 20 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 44 Some College, no Degree 14 17 19 ** 31 ** 20 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 34 College Degree/ Post-grad 12 18 13 ** 24 ** 30 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 24 Income 0-16 Percentile 20 19 18 ** 28 ** 24 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Income 17-33 Percentile 17 15 20 ** 26 ** 22 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Income 34-67 Percentile 16 19 19 ** 27 ** 18 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Income 68-95 Percentile 16 15 16 ** 24 ** 22 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Income 96-100 Percentile 17 16 14 ** 21 ** 32 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Professionals 14 21 15 ** 26 ** 26 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** White Collar 18 17 13 ** 29 ** 21 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Blue Collar 13 13 16 ** 22 ** 18 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Unskilled 15 18 11* ** 17* ** 7* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Farmers 19 16 12 ** 19 ** 17 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Housewives 19 19 23 ** 29 ** 23 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Union Households 11 12 16 ** 25 ** 19 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 35 Non-Union Households 18 19 18 ** 26 ** 23 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 37 South 19 17 16 ** 23 ** 21 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 39 Nonsouth 16 17 18 ** 27 ** 22 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 35 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 41 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 39 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** 35* ** 22 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 30 Born 1927-1942 15 20 19 ** 28 ** 21 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 39 Born 1911-1926 17 17 17 ** 24 ** 20 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 36 Born 1895-1910 17 15 17 ** 24 ** 21 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 57* Born before 1895 17 17 18 ** 28 ** 32 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 15 17 15 ** 26 ** 22 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 39 Independents 21 21 16 ** 31 ** 10 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 33 Republicans (incl leaners) 17 16 20 ** 23 ** 25 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 33 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 30 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 40 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 29 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4A.4a.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Guaranteed Job/Standard of Living (2), 7-point scale 1972-2008 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Govt. See to Job/Living 1 13 12 11 7 10 9 10 10 9 11 8 10 8 12 8 ** 12 9 2 6 5 5 3 7 6 7 6 6 8 8 7 7 8 5 ** 8 8 3 9 8 8 7 9 9 11 8 9 11 10 11 9 10 9 ** 11 10 4 20 20 17 19 18 20 20 21 18 18 20 23 19 20 17 ** 18 18 5 13 12 10 15 13 16 16 16 16 14 17 15 18 14 18 ** 16 17 6 8 8 11 12 16 13 13 14 14 12 12 14 17 10 18 ** 14 15 Each Person on Own 7 19 17 18 17 12 12 9 17 13 11 12 13 11 12 13 ** 12 12 DK, Haven't Thought 13 18 20 21 16 14 14 7 15 14 13 7 10 14 11 ** 9 11 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 2462 2504 2850 2291 1400 1402 2224 1090 2025 1960 2478 1775 1714 1281 981 1212 1163 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4A.4b Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "Some people feel that the government in Washington should see to it that every person has a job and a good standard of living...Others think the government should just let each person get ahead on his/ their own.. Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you thought much about this?" (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) This question is variable VCF0809 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Guaranteed Job/Standard of Living (2), 7-point scale 1972-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Govt. See to Job/Std. (1,2,3)' Percent of group: '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 27 21 22 16 26 21 27 24 22 28 23 23 20 28 21 ** 29 23 Females 28 27 26 18 26 28 30 25 26 32 29 33 28 33 22 ** 33 31 Whites 23 21 20 14 21 20 25 20 18 26 22 24 20 25 21 ** 26 20 Blacks 65 63 51 36 56 56 54 50 50 49 44 52 41 52 30 ** 45 54 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 35 28 32 24 35 33 34 34 27 37 30 31 27 43 16* ** 25 39* High School Diploma 25 25 23 16 24 24 28 26 28 30 27 31 28 28 24 ** 34 28 Some College, no Degree 24 22 18 14 25 26 29 20 18 30 25 26 21 34 24 ** 28 30 College Degree/ Post-grad 30 24 23 19 24 21 26 22 21 28 26 23 21 29 16 ** 30 22 Income 0-16 Percentile 40 28 38 29 35 38 46 36 39 42 37 37 36 34 28 ** 42 37 Income 17-33 Percentile 34 33 29 21 27 34 33 26 30 34 26 32 28 37 25 ** 31 43 Income 34-67 Percentile 26 24 22 16 28 21 28 25 23 30 28 26 23 30 20 ** 31 22 Income 68-95 Percentile 21 21 19 12 21 21 22 17 17 24 21 26 17 25 18 ** 22 20 Income 96-100 Percentile 14 13 14 10 16 15 14 11* 13* 11 13 22 22 30 25* ** 20 9 Professionals 25 23 18 15 21 21 27 18 20 28 24 24 20 33 17 ** 28 ** White Collar 27 22 22 18 22 24 27 19 20 30 23 29 24 26 24 ** 25 ** Blue Collar 32 28 28 19 30 28 33 29 31 34 28 31 26 31 25 ** 38 ** Unskilled 32* 35* 25 31 33* 18* 20* 40* 30 36 37 29 48* 52* 33* ** 43* ** Farmers 24 13 24 14* 15* 31* 26 24* 24 22 14 20* 29* 23* 0* ** 35* ** Housewives 22 23 23 15 28 24 24 27 20 23 29 26 23 26 24 ** 24 ** Union Households 27 31 27 20 31 26 29 27 26 29 28 37 28 32 23 ** 31 30 Non-Union Households 27 23 23 16 24 25 29 24 24 31 26 26 24 30 22 ** 31 27 South 31 25 25 19 29 25 34 24 28 35 28 30 28 33 19 ** 32 25 Nonsouth 26 25 24 16 24 25 27 25 23 28 26 27 23 29 24 ** 30 29 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 32 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 38* 38 31 30 31 ** 41 31 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** 28 30 33 39 27 29 37 33 33 28 33 21 ** 30 24 Born 1943-1958 33 33 26 18 28 29 29 24 26 30 26 27 23 32 21 ** 30 19 Born 1927-1942 24 17 23 13 23 22 25 27 23 27 21 26 21 25 17 ** 25 23* Born 1911-1926 23 23 21 16 26 20 25 22 19 23 20 15 20 26 21 ** 25 ** Born 1895-1910 30 22 25 19 20 19 25 25 14 16 20 16* 21* 0* 0* ** ** ** Born before 1895 24 27 23 23* 11* 14* 33* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 34 32 32 23 35 31 37 31 34 38 34 37 32 38 28 ** 42 39 Independents 27 24 15 18 21 23 30 24 22 27 27 25 31 31 23 ** 40 23 Republicans (incl leaners) 18 13 15 7 14 14 20 15 14 21 15 19 13 19 12 ** 17 13 Liberals 46 46 39 29 42 39 43 34 38 46 41 42 35 45 25 ** 50 45 Moderates 24 19 23 11 24 21 28 20 24 31 26 29 26 30 21 ** 38 26 Conservatives 17 15 12 11 14 17 19 17 17 20 16 17 13 22 7 ** 12 16 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4A.4b.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Guaranteed Job/Standard of Living (2), 7-point scale 1972-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Each Person on Own (5,6,7)' Percent of group: '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 44 47 46 50 47 49 45 53 48 45 48 49 52 40 56 ** 47 51 Females 36 30 33 38 36 35 32 42 39 31 36 37 42 31 45 ** 36 37 Whites 43 40 43 47 45 46 42 52 48 41 46 46 52 40 52 ** 47 50 Blacks 6 9 12 20 17 13 15 22 24 25 21 19 29 17 32 ** 23 22 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 29 30 26 28 28 26 25 35 32 27 30 34 31 12 25* ** 37 34* High School Diploma 39 35 35 40 36 39 34 43 37 34 35 35 41 32 45 ** 37 37 Some College, no Degree 48 43 49 53 47 44 42 53 50 38 45 46 50 35 52 ** 45 47 College Degree/ Post-grad 45 46 50 57 54 52 50 54 54 53 52 57 57 46 64 ** 46 53 Income 0-16 Percentile 26 25 19 23 29 25 20 35 27 21 26 30 30 30 37 ** 28 27 Income 17-33 Percentile 33 28 30 39 36 35 31 42 37 30 36 29 38 28 41 ** 38 34 Income 34-67 Percentile 41 40 38 45 41 42 36 49 43 37 40 45 49 34 53 ** 40 44 Income 68-95 Percentile 45 43 51 54 48 50 50 54 54 48 53 52 58 43 61 ** 53 58 Income 96-100 Percentile 60 65 64 64 64 61 63 62* 60* 65 61 55 59 42 50* ** 58 68 Professionals 46 45 53 60 53 48 48 61 52 48 49 51 54 40 60 ** 43 ** White Collar 44 37 43 45 43 46 39 47 51 39 46 44 49 34 52 ** 49 ** Blue Collar 34 33 33 36 34 38 34 43 35 32 37 38 40 32 45 ** 36 ** Unskilled 24* 38* 28 34 28* 41* 33* 23* 26 27 32 28 28* 18* 39* ** 39* ** Farmers 49 65 37 41* 67* 36* 42 48* 48 57 49 39* 35* 41* 34* ** 51* ** Housewives 38 31 32 37 33 35 32 36 35 35 34 38 48 37 38 ** 41 ** Union Households 38 34 36 38 37 41 38 47 36 35 40 37 42 31 43 ** 43 44 Non-Union Households 40 38 39 45 43 42 38 47 44 38 42 43 47 36 51 ** 41 44 South 39 33 32 40 39 42 33 47 42 36 38 39 44 34 48 ** 38 50 Nonsouth 39 39 41 45 42 41 40 47 43 38 43 44 48 36 51 ** 43 40 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 37 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 46* 20 34 36 38 ** 30 44 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** 28 27 33 31 41 41 33 36 39 44 34 49 ** 43 45 Born 1943-1958 37 28 36 45 39 41 39 49 45 41 45 45 53 36 56 ** 46 50 Born 1927-1942 43 46 43 47 50 45 45 50 43 41 44 49 46 36 54 ** 47 46* Born 1911-1926 42 41 42 43 40 44 38 49 39 36 42 45 43 32 45 ** 38 ** Born 1895-1910 37 37 32 37 42 36 32 42 46 40 40 38* 44* 29* 68* ** ** ** Born before 1895 23 33 41 31* 33* 43* 33* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 33 29 31 36 31 31 28 38 32 30 30 31 34 24 40 ** 25 28 Independents 38 39 39 38 41 41 30 41 34 28 34 28 39 28 48 ** 38 38 Republicans (incl leaners) 49 50 50 60 56 59 53 63 58 52 59 60 65 52 66 ** 61 67 Liberals 30 27 32 42 28 31 31 39 35 31 34 30 38 25 40 ** 21 28 Moderates 42 36 39 44 35 42 35 48 43 37 40 37 40 34 47 ** 36 39 Conservatives 58 60 62 66 63 60 58 63 59 58 60 61 69 52 70 ** 67 69 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4A.4b.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Services and Spending 1982-2008 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Cut Services/Spending 1 9 6 5 5 4 5 9 6 6 4 ** 4 6 2 10 9 6 8 6 8 11 10 8 5 ** 6 8 3 13 13 13 13 12 13 16 15 12 9 ** 10 10 4 23 26 25 23 24 26 24 25 26 25 ** 23 20 5 11 14 17 14 15 15 16 15 16 18 ** 19 19 6 6 8 12 10 11 8 6 7 13 11 ** 12 11 More Services/Spending 7 7 7 12 7 11 7 5 5 11 10 ** 12 11 DK, Haven't Thought 20 16 9 20 17 19 13 16 9 17 ** 14 16 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1404 2229 2168 2031 1962 2483 1773 1711 1281 980 1212 1169 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4A.5 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "Some people think the government should provide fewer services, even in areas such as health and education, in order to reduce spending. Other people feel that it is important for the government to provide many more services even if it means an increase in spending." "Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you thought much about this?" (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) This question is variable VCF0839 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Services and Spending 1982-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Cut Services/ Spending (1,2,3)' Percent of group: '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 40 35 29 32 29 32 43 37 32 26 ** 25 26 Females 26 23 20 21 17 20 28 26 21 13 ** 15 21 Whites 35 31 27 28 25 29 38 37 29 22 ** 23 28 Blacks 15 11 10 11 9 11 17 10 18 5 ** 7 7 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 18 16 18 14 14 15 23 18 26 18* ** 8 6* High School Diploma 27 25 20 20 18 18 27 24 22 13 ** 17 16 Some College, no Degree 35 30 26 31 27 29 42 35 26 19 ** 19 29 College Degree/ Post-grad 49 41 32 39 34 40 49 45 35 31 ** 27 31 Income 0-16 Percentile 18 15 17 11 11 13 18 16 21 6 ** 16 14 Income 17-33 Percentile 29 24 22 19 18 19 28 21 18 17 ** 16 12 Income 34-67 Percentile 32 28 23 28 22 25 38 34 28 19 ** 20 24 Income 68-95 Percentile 41 36 29 32 29 33 44 43 30 25 ** 26 34 Income 96-100 Percentile 54 46 31 49* 35 46 46 43 39 26* ** 29 42 Professionals 42 36 31 35 30 34 47 42 33 26 ** 21 ** White Collar 38 31 26 29 26 28 34 33 22 14 ** 21 ** Blue Collar 26 23 19 19 18 20 30 23 24 18 ** 17 ** Unskilled 15* 26* 14 17 20 18 38 8* 8* 24* ** 12* ** Farmers 35* 38 28 38 30 25 31* 42* 11* 31* ** 29* ** Housewives 29 21 18 18 16 18 30 35 31 14 ** 24 ** Union Households 30 25 18 21 18 24 33 25 20 15 ** 19 19 Non-Union Households 33 29 25 27 23 26 36 32 27 20 ** 20 24 South 36 26 24 24 19 25 34 28 25 20 ** 20 28 Nonsouth 31 29 23 26 24 26 36 32 27 18 ** 19 20 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 21 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** 8* 19 17 18 10 ** 14 24 Born 1959-1974 23 23 20 19 17 23 33 30 27 20 ** 20 25 Born 1943-1958 33 32 23 28 27 28 39 35 30 23 ** 23 22 Born 1927-1942 37 31 29 29 24 26 37 32 25 18 ** 20 36* Born 1911-1926 31 25 22 26 23 25 37 28 26 19 ** 21 ** Born 1895-1910 30 20 25 22 16 28 24* 29* 8* 56* ** ** ** Born before 1895 0* 0* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 21 15 15 17 17 14 22 18 19 7 ** 8 9 Independents 31 27 18 16 17 18 23 20 20 14 ** 17 10 Republicans (incl leaners) 52 44 37 39 33 43 54 51 39 37 ** 35 47 Liberals 21 23 20 18 19 19 24 19 15 7 ** 7 8 Moderates 31 26 18 22 22 21 30 28 27 16 ** 15 17 Conservatives 54 47 41 43 38 46 58 52 40 43 ** 40 49 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4A.5.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government Services and Spending 1982-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'More Services/Spending (5,6,7)' Percent of group: '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 22 28 38 29 34 27 22 24 35 31 ** 39 37 Females 27 31 45 32 40 33 33 32 43 46 ** 47 45 Whites 21 27 37 27 33 27 26 25 36 37 ** 41 37 Blacks 50 46 65 45 55 47 41 42 54 47 ** 54 52 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 22 26 40 28 31 32 23 38 36 27* ** 49 49* High School Diploma 23 28 45 31 37 30 30 28 40 42 ** 39 39 Some College, no Degree 28 33 41 33 40 32 26 29 43 41 ** 45 39 College Degree/ Post-grad 26 30 36 28 38 29 25 26 35 35 ** 46 46 Income 0-16 Percentile 30 35 48 37 43 37 37 41 49 54 ** 49 48 Income 17-33 Percentile 27 30 46 35 41 31 33 31 41 39 ** 48 53 Income 34-67 Percentile 26 29 42 31 37 32 26 27 37 36 ** 44 37 Income 68-95 Percentile 25 30 34 29 36 27 23 20 38 41 ** 38 39 Income 96-100 Percentile 17 26 38 17* 31 24 27 27 38 28* ** 40 32 Professionals 24 30 35 29 39 30 23 26 35 36 ** 43 ** White Collar 21 28 41 31 34 28 32 26 38 44 ** 39 ** Blue Collar 28 32 47 31 41 32 30 28 38 37 ** 47 ** Unskilled 44* 40* 54 45 29 41 23 50* 40* 35* ** 47* ** Farmers 19* 18 26 21 26 17 24* 25* 39* 54* ** 44* ** Housewives 21 25 43 28 36 31 27 27 41 42 ** 38 ** Union Households 33 36 48 34 38 34 31 30 45 51 ** 49 45 Non-Union Households 22 28 40 30 37 30 27 28 38 37 ** 42 41 South 21 29 40 29 38 28 27 30 41 37 ** 40 38 Nonsouth 26 30 43 32 37 31 28 27 39 40 ** 44 43 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 46 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** 31* 20 45 52 50 ** 54 43 Born 1959-1974 29 38 47 40 43 36 31 32 44 42 ** 44 37 Born 1943-1958 29 31 44 33 40 33 30 25 39 39 ** 39 38 Born 1927-1942 24 28 40 24 33 26 23 25 31 31 ** 38 33* Born 1911-1926 20 25 36 23 28 20 22 20 28 29 ** 33 ** Born 1895-1910 16 20 29 25 33 25 25* 23* 43* 29* ** ** ** Born before 1895 14* 33* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 33 40 52 41 47 39 34 38 45 51 ** 56 54 Independents 20 25 39 29 31 27 30 22 46 44 ** 43 40 Republicans (incl leaners) 11 18 28 20 26 19 19 17 30 21 ** 29 24 Liberals 48 45 53 51 55 49 48 47 53 56 ** 62 64 Moderates 26 31 45 35 38 31 27 27 35 33 ** 46 48 Conservatives 16 20 28 23 28 22 16 18 32 24 ** 26 27 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4A.5.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Change in Situation of Blacks 1964-1994 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 Not Much at All 19 18 14 11 8 ** 7 ** ** ** 12 15 17 16 19 23 Some 38 39 35 36 35 ** 32 ** ** ** 41 43 45 47 46 46 A Lot 41 39 50 52 55 ** 59 ** ** ** 45 39 35 34 34 30 Don't Know, Depends 2 4 1 1 2 ** 2 ** ** ** 3 3 2 3 2 2 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1561 1283 1552 809 2701 2852 968 1081 1770 978 2247 1770 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4B.1 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: 1964-1976: "In the past few years we have heard a lot about civil rights groups working to improve the position of the Negro in this country. How much real change do you think there has been in the position of the Negro in the past few years: a lot, some, or not much at all?" 1984 and later: "In the past few years, we have heard a lot about improving the position of black people in this country. How much real change do you think there has been in the position of black people in the past few years: a lot, some, or not much at all?" This question is variable VCF0813 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0011A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Change in Situation of Blacks 1964-1994 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Not Much' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 Males 21 20 15 10 9 ** 9 ** ** ** 12 16 17 16 18 21 Females 18 16 14 12 7 ** 6 ** ** ** 12 14 17 16 19 23 Whites 21 18 15 10 8 ** 6 ** ** ** 10 12 14 16 16 20 Blacks 11 10 6 14 9 ** 18 ** ** ** 19 30 33 26 35 32 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 21 19 18 13 13 ** 9 ** ** ** 8 16 16 8 13 22 High School Diploma 20 19 14 10 8 ** 6 ** ** ** 9 14 15 15 15 21 Some College, no Degree 18 14 13 11 6 ** 7 ** ** ** 13 12 21 18 20 22 College Degree/ Post-grad 17 10 11 10 5 ** 8 ** ** ** 19 20 20 22 25 26 Income 0-16 Percentile 21 17 17 11 10 ** 8 ** ** ** 12 20 21 18 21 25 Income 17-33 Percentile 20 24 16 13 11 ** 9 ** ** ** 10 14 15 20 14 23 Income 34-67 Percentile 18 15 15 10 7 ** 7 ** ** ** 10 15 17 14 19 20 Income 68-95 Percentile 19 20 10 11 6 ** 6 ** ** ** 14 10 18 16 18 22 Income 96-100 Percentile 17 13 15 6* 7 ** 4 ** ** ** 16* 15* 13* 16* 25 40 Professionals 19 ** 16 11 7 ** 7 ** ** ** 13 16 20 18 23 23 White Collar 15 ** 10 14 6 ** 5 ** ** ** 9 15 16 16 16 21 Blue Collar 20 ** 14 11 9 ** 8 ** ** ** 14 15 17 16 16 21 Unskilled 19* ** 7* 14* 14* ** 5 ** ** ** 14* 20* 24* 8* 20* 18 Farmers 36 ** 13 11* 11 ** 19 ** ** ** 10* 16* 7 11* 11 18* Housewives 19 ** 15 11 8 ** 5 ** ** ** 8 8 12 15 19 26 Union Households 17 21 12 13 8 ** 7 ** ** ** 14 15 17 17 15 17 Non-Union Households 20 16 15 10 8 ** 7 ** ** ** 11 15 17 16 19 24 South 20 17 13 12 9 ** 5 ** ** ** 11 15 17 13 17 22 Nonsouth 19 18 15 11 8 ** 8 ** ** ** 12 15 17 18 19 23 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 31* 34 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 15 21 24 22 23 26 Born 1943-1958 23* 17 16 11 8 ** 7 ** ** ** 15 17 20 17 22 26 Born 1927-1942 21 17 14 12 8 ** 9 ** ** ** 10 12 12 13 11 16 Born 1911-1926 16 16 12 8 8 ** 6 ** ** ** 6 8 11 11 11 10 Born 1895-1910 21 17 16 12 9 ** 6 ** ** ** 7 8 9 7* 16 13* Born before 1895 25 22 17 19* 9 ** 6 ** ** ** 0* 0* ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 18 19 12 11 8 ** 8 ** ** ** 15 15 21 16 21 23 Independents 21 20 19 14 11 ** 9 ** ** ** 12 14 17 18 20 28 Republicans (incl leaners) 22 15 17 10 7 ** 4 ** ** ** 8 14 13 16 14 21 Liberals ** ** ** ** 6 ** 10 ** ** ** 15 23 26 23 28 26 Moderates ** ** ** ** 8 ** 6 ** ** ** 12 12 17 13 19 21 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 6 ** 4 ** ** ** 9 12 13 14 14 20 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.1.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Change in Situation of Blacks 1964-1994 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Some' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 Males 36 37 33 35 33 ** 31 ** ** ** 39 41 43 46 48 45 Females 39 40 36 37 37 ** 33 ** ** ** 42 45 47 47 45 46 Whites 39 38 35 34 34 ** 31 ** ** ** 40 42 45 46 47 47 Blacks 32 46 32 46 47 ** 49 ** ** ** 50 48 51 49 48 43 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 38 33 32 31 35 ** 28 ** ** ** 34 31 34 36 37 34 High School Diploma 38 36 35 37 36 ** 31 ** ** ** 41 41 44 46 46 43 Some College, no Degree 36 46 37 35 32 ** 36 ** ** ** 43 47 47 45 48 50 College Degree/ Post-grad 40 57 36 43 38 ** 36 ** ** ** 40 48 51 53 49 51 Income 0-16 Percentile 38 39 36 29 33 ** 30 ** ** ** 36 38 41 44 41 36 Income 17-33 Percentile 39 36 36 37 40 ** 33 ** ** ** 44 39 45 45 51 49 Income 34-67 Percentile 40 39 34 38 37 ** 34 ** ** ** 40 44 45 48 46 47 Income 68-95 Percentile 38 39 35 37 35 ** 32 ** ** ** 45 49 48 46 47 49 Income 96-100 Percentile 36 47 32 38* 29 ** 35 ** ** ** 28* 47* 64* 55* 47 39 Professionals 39 ** 36 35 32 ** 34 ** ** ** 43 48 48 51 46 48 White Collar 39 ** 35 38 33 ** 34 ** ** ** 45 41 52 46 48 49 Blue Collar 35 ** 33 37 37 ** 32 ** ** ** 37 41 39 44 45 44 Unskilled 19* ** 30* 21* 38* ** 28 ** ** ** 38* 40* 45* 72* 35* 32 Farmers 38 ** 33 36* 35 ** 35 ** ** ** 43* 40* 36 26* 50 46* Housewives 39 ** 36 33 36 ** 29 ** ** ** 38 38 49 49 47 45 Union Households 36 34 36 36 37 ** 34 ** ** ** 43 41 43 46 51 46 Non-Union Households 38 41 34 35 35 ** 32 ** ** ** 40 43 46 47 46 46 South 37 35 28 32 29 ** 29 ** ** ** 39 38 41 41 41 41 Nonsouth 38 40 37 37 38 ** 34 ** ** ** 42 45 48 49 49 48 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 69* 39 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 47 52 50 49 50 48 Born 1943-1958 35* 37 34 38 39 ** 40 ** ** ** 44 45 48 52 45 44 Born 1927-1942 36 42 37 37 33 ** 30 ** ** ** 40 38 44 41 47 46 Born 1911-1926 39 38 32 38 35 ** 28 ** ** ** 35 38 38 41 41 44 Born 1895-1910 41 40 37 31 35 ** 25 ** ** ** 31 27 40 19* 36 31* Born before 1895 34 33 32 26* 28 ** 28 ** ** ** 0* 0* ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 36 36 36 37 38 ** 35 ** ** ** 41 46 46 49 47 47 Independents 41 35 29 40 33 ** 29 ** ** ** 41 40 43 46 44 36 Republicans (incl leaners) 39 45 34 32 33 ** 31 ** ** ** 41 40 46 44 46 47 Liberals ** ** ** ** 39 ** 36 ** ** ** 38 48 50 53 49 55 Moderates ** ** ** ** 33 ** 37 ** ** ** 40 43 46 49 45 47 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 34 ** 26 ** ** ** 41 40 44 46 47 46 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.1.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Change in Situation of Blacks 1964-1994 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'A Lot' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 Males 42 40 51 55 57 ** 59 ** ** ** 48 41 38 36 34 31 Females 39 39 49 49 54 ** 59 ** ** ** 42 37 33 33 34 29 Whites 38 39 49 54 56 ** 62 ** ** ** 47 43 39 36 36 31 Blacks 57 39 61 41 44 ** 32 ** ** ** 28 20 16 23 16 24 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 37 40 46 55 47 ** 59 ** ** ** 42 43 44 49 45 35 High School Diploma 40 41 51 51 56 ** 61 ** ** ** 47 42 38 36 37 35 Some College, no Degree 46 38 50 52 62 ** 57 ** ** ** 44 38 31 34 31 28 College Degree/ Post-grad 42 31 53 47 56 ** 55 ** ** ** 40 30 28 24 25 22 Income 0-16 Percentile 35 37 45 59 55 ** 60 ** ** ** 43 37 34 32 36 35 Income 17-33 Percentile 38 34 46 47 47 ** 56 ** ** ** 41 41 38 35 33 27 Income 34-67 Percentile 41 42 50 51 55 ** 59 ** ** ** 49 39 38 36 34 31 Income 68-95 Percentile 43 40 55 51 58 ** 61 ** ** ** 40 38 32 36 34 28 Income 96-100 Percentile 46 39 53 53* 63 ** 61 ** ** ** 56* 34* 16* 29* 28 20 Professionals 40 ** 47 53 60 ** 58 ** ** ** 44 35 31 29 31 28 White Collar 46 ** 54 48 60 ** 61 ** ** ** 44 41 30 37 35 29 Blue Collar 42 ** 52 52 52 ** 58 ** ** ** 45 39 42 37 37 34 Unskilled 58* ** 56* 64* 48* ** 65 ** ** ** 48* 40* 29* 12* 43* 43 Farmers 23 ** 53 53* 51 ** 46 ** ** ** 37* 40* 56 57* 35 26* Housewives 39 ** 47 52 54 ** 62 ** ** ** 50 47 34 32 31 27 Union Households 45 42 51 51 53 ** 58 ** ** ** 41 41 38 35 33 36 Non-Union Households 39 38 50 52 56 ** 60 ** ** ** 46 38 34 34 34 29 South 42 44 59 56 62 ** 65 ** ** ** 46 44 40 42 40 35 Nonsouth 40 38 47 50 53 ** 57 ** ** ** 44 36 33 31 31 28 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0* 27 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 35 24 25 26 26 24 Born 1943-1958 38* 42 51 51 52 ** 52 ** ** ** 40 35 31 29 31 28 Born 1927-1942 41 38 49 48 59 ** 59 ** ** ** 48 45 41 43 40 36 Born 1911-1926 44 41 54 53 56 ** 65 ** ** ** 55 51 48 45 45 43 Born 1895-1910 36 39 45 56 53 ** 65 ** ** ** 51 61 44 67* 42 53* Born before 1895 36 38 48 56* 57 ** 59 ** ** ** 100* 0* ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 44 41 51 51 53 ** 56 ** ** ** 42 36 32 33 30 29 Independents 32 36 51 44 52 ** 58 ** ** ** 38 37 37 27 33 30 Republicans (incl leaners) 37 37 48 57 59 ** 64 ** ** ** 50 44 38 38 38 32 Liberals ** ** ** ** 55 ** 54 ** ** ** 45 25 23 23 22 19 Moderates ** ** ** ** 58 ** 56 ** ** ** 47 44 36 38 36 32 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 59 ** 69 ** ** ** 49 46 42 39 38 33 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.1.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Pace of Civil Rights Leaders' Action 1964-1992 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 Too Slowly 5 5 7 12 8 9 8 ** 13 ** 12 14 15 11 17 About Right 25 19 27 35 41 44 47 ** 48 ** 55 59 56 54 55 Too Fast 63 65 63 49 46 41 39 ** 33 ** 30 24 25 27 25 Don't Know, Other 6 12 3 5 5 6 5 ** 6 ** 3 2 4 8 3 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1542 1279 1528 800 2677 2447 2826 1374 945 1072 1757 978 2220 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4B.2 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "Some say that the civil rights people have been trying to push too fast. Others feel they haven't pushed fast enough. How about you: Do you think that civil rights leaders are trying to push too fast, are going too slowly, or are they moving about the right speed?" This question is variable VCF0814 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0011A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Pace of Civil Rights Leaders' Action 1964-1992 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Too Slowly' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 Males 5 5 6 12 9 9 8 ** 15 ** 12 15 15 11 16 Females 6 5 7 12 7 9 8 ** 11 ** 12 14 15 12 18 Whites 3 3 4 6 6 6 4 ** 8 ** 7 9 10 9 13 Blacks 23 20 29 38 31 34 36 ** 43 ** 48 45 41 32 42 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 5 3 8 10 6 5 8 ** 11 ** 10 13 12 8 13 High School Diploma 5 5 5 10 6 9 7 ** 11 ** 9 12 13 9 14 Some College, no Degree 6 6 9 17 13 11 10 ** 14 ** 13 15 17 11 21 College Degree/ Post-grad 6 4 9 17 14 13 10 ** 18 ** 19 18 18 19 20 Income 0-16 Percentile 7 3 9 13 9 10 13 ** 15 ** 11 15 18 13 18 Income 17-33 Percentile 7 5 8 13 11 13 9 ** 14 ** 12 12 18 12 16 Income 34-67 Percentile 4 5 6 11 7 8 7 ** 12 ** 12 14 14 12 17 Income 68-95 Percentile 4 6 4 11 9 9 7 ** 12 ** 14 9 14 9 18 Income 96-100 Percentile 6 6 8 13* 4 2 5 ** 5 ** 8* 20* 13* 11* 16 Professionals 4 ** 8 12 10 10 8 ** 14 ** 15 16 15 13 19 White Collar 6 ** 7 13 8 8 8 ** 10 ** 11 12 16 9 16 Blue Collar 7 ** 6 13 9 10 9 ** 13 ** 13 14 14 13 17 Unskilled 3* ** 12* 29* 16* 16* 16 ** 20* ** 10* 20* 19* 12* 12* Farmers 7 ** 10 8* 4 3 7 ** 8* ** 6* 16* 9 3* 11 Housewives 5 ** 5 8 4 5 3 ** 9 ** 8 6 10 9 15 Union Households 8 6 5 12 9 10 9 ** 14 ** 16 13 14 13 18 Non-Union Households 5 4 7 12 8 9 8 ** 12 ** 11 14 15 11 17 South 5 3 7 9 7 8 8 ** 12 ** 15 14 15 13 17 Nonsouth 5 5 7 13 9 9 8 ** 13 ** 11 14 15 11 17 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 15* Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** 15 18 17 14 18 Born 1943-1958 4* 7 13 16 13 16 11 ** 17 ** 12 14 19 15 21 Born 1927-1942 8 6 6 15 9 7 9 ** 11 ** 15 18 11 7 14 Born 1911-1926 4 4 6 9 4 5 5 ** 8 ** 9 9 10 7 11 Born 1895-1910 4 3 6 7 6 7 5 ** 7 ** 6 2 8 0* 11 Born before 1895 5 3 10 10* 7 2 6 ** 22* ** 0* 0* ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 7 6 9 16 11 13 12 ** 17 ** 19 20 23 16 24 Independents 2 5 6 12 9 10 6 ** 11 ** 8 8 12 14 16 Republicans (incl leaners) 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 ** 7 ** 5 7 7 5 9 Liberals ** ** ** ** 19 22 19 ** 23 ** 19 27 30 26 28 Moderates ** ** ** ** 6 7 8 ** 10 ** 13 12 14 6 16 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 4 4 3 ** 9 ** 7 11 9 7 10 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.2.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Pace of Civil Rights Leaders' Action 1964-1992 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'About Right' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 Males 23 16 26 33 40 40 47 ** 44 ** 53 58 54 56 53 Females 27 21 29 36 42 46 48 ** 51 ** 56 60 58 52 57 Whites 21 15 23 31 39 43 47 ** 48 ** 55 60 57 55 57 Blacks 63 48 63 53 57 54 53 ** 49 ** 45 48 49 50 48 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 26 18 27 32 36 38 42 ** 43 ** 49 40 46 49 54 High School Diploma 24 18 24 36 41 39 44 ** 44 ** 54 57 56 49 53 Some College, no Degree 22 23 31 32 44 53 49 ** 51 ** 58 62 57 60 54 College Degree/ Post-grad 31 22 40 41 49 57 62 ** 59 ** 55 71 61 62 61 Income 0-16 Percentile 33 21 32 41 43 41 47 ** 48 ** 54 52 53 50 51 Income 17-33 Percentile 24 20 23 33 38 43 46 ** 44 ** 55 54 53 46 55 Income 34-67 Percentile 22 17 24 36 41 42 45 ** 51 ** 52 61 57 56 54 Income 68-95 Percentile 24 19 32 33 41 50 52 ** 49 ** 57 69 60 59 58 Income 96-100 Percentile 27 21 37 41* 49 58 59 ** 61 ** 67* 57* 71* 66* 66 Professionals 28 ** 30 39 43 48 51 ** 52 ** 56 67 62 63 58 White Collar 19 ** 25 29 45 48 50 ** 48 ** 55 59 52 56 57 Blue Collar 27 ** 27 35 40 37 43 ** 45 ** 55 56 53 48 51 Unskilled 28* ** 27* 36* 47* 54* 33 ** 50* ** 62* 37* 57* 48* 58* Farmers 27 ** 27 42* 39 47 49 ** 38* ** 52* 52* 55 51* 58 Housewives 24 ** 27 33 39 47 48 ** 47 ** 55 62 61 50 57 Union Households 28 18 27 34 39 46 41 ** 47 ** 55 58 56 55 54 Non-Union Households 24 19 28 35 42 43 49 ** 49 ** 55 60 56 54 56 South 23 15 23 27 35 37 41 ** 47 ** 49 57 51 47 52 Nonsouth 26 20 29 38 44 46 49 ** 49 ** 57 60 59 57 57 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 46* Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 50 ** 61 64 59 55 58 Born 1943-1958 20* 25 23 39 45 46 50 ** 53 ** 58 63 56 59 54 Born 1927-1942 26 18 33 31 41 50 49 ** 48 ** 57 60 58 53 55 Born 1911-1926 26 23 26 37 39 42 43 ** 42 ** 43 49 54 44 54 Born 1895-1910 24 14 23 36 38 34 43 ** 41 ** 52 45 48 59* 53 Born before 1895 24 12 30 26* 43 40 42 ** 44* ** 0* 0* ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 29 21 32 35 41 45 46 ** 48 ** 55 56 54 56 53 Independents 24 19 16 36 38 35 46 ** 40 ** 53 61 51 39 58 Republicans (incl leaners) 18 15 24 36 42 46 49 ** 51 ** 55 64 60 56 58 Liberals ** ** ** ** 55 52 53 ** 54 ** 57 59 55 60 57 Moderates ** ** ** ** 42 45 47 ** 50 ** 57 60 59 59 54 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 39 41 49 ** 46 ** 55 59 56 56 57 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.2.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Pace of Civil Rights Leaders' Action 1964-1992 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Too Fast' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 Males 68 70 64 53 47 47 41 ** 37 ** 33 25 29 27 29 Females 59 61 61 45 45 38 38 ** 31 ** 28 23 22 27 21 Whites 70 70 69 58 50 45 43 ** 37 ** 35 29 29 29 28 Blacks 10 21 6 7 10 7 6 ** 6 ** 6 6 6 11 7 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 57 63 59 50 49 47 40 ** 34 ** 35 42 31 25 27 High School Diploma 65 65 69 50 49 44 44 ** 38 ** 33 28 27 34 29 Some College, no Degree 71 67 59 49 40 35 39 ** 33 ** 27 22 24 25 23 College Degree/ Post-grad 59 63 49 38 35 28 25 ** 21 ** 24 10 18 14 17 Income 0-16 Percentile 51 58 54 40 41 36 34 ** 30 ** 31 28 21 22 28 Income 17-33 Percentile 62 63 65 46 46 38 39 ** 36 ** 31 32 27 31 24 Income 34-67 Percentile 69 67 67 49 48 46 44 ** 32 ** 33 23 26 27 27 Income 68-95 Percentile 67 66 64 53 46 38 38 ** 34 ** 27 21 24 29 24 Income 96-100 Percentile 63 69 51 44* 43 37 33 ** 33 ** 24* 17* 11* 21* 17 Professionals 64 ** 60 47 43 40 38 ** 31 ** 27 16 21 21 20 White Collar 71 ** 67 53 45 41 38 ** 36 ** 32 26 28 28 25 Blue Collar 60 ** 63 49 47 45 42 ** 36 ** 31 28 29 31 29 Unskilled 64* ** 54* 36* 33* 30* 47 ** 25* ** 29* 40* 14* 28* 30* Farmers 59 ** 55 50* 42 37 31 ** 42* ** 42* 24* 33 31* 24 Housewives 63 ** 64 49 50 40 39 ** 33 ** 32 27 21 28 24 Union Households 60 67 66 49 49 39 44 ** 33 ** 26 28 25 28 26 Non-Union Households 64 64 61 49 45 42 38 ** 34 ** 31 23 25 27 25 South 68 72 68 60 55 48 47 ** 36 ** 32 26 29 32 27 Nonsouth 62 62 61 44 42 39 37 ** 33 ** 30 23 23 25 24 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 38* Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 23 ** 22 16 21 22 22 Born 1943-1958 72* 60 61 42 39 33 35 ** 24 ** 27 20 23 24 23 Born 1927-1942 61 66 60 50 46 38 37 ** 36 ** 26 21 26 34 28 Born 1911-1926 65 61 66 49 53 49 47 ** 47 ** 45 41 31 34 30 Born 1895-1910 66 70 66 50 49 50 43 ** 43 ** 36 45 35 30* 31 Born before 1895 58 65 48 57* 35 46 34 ** 22* ** 100* 0* ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 60 62 58 46 43 38 38 ** 30 ** 23 22 20 22 21 Independents 63 58 74 43 43 45 38 ** 33 ** 34 20 27 32 22 Republicans (incl leaners) 71 72 68 56 51 45 42 ** 39 ** 37 28 30 32 31 Liberals ** ** ** ** 24 25 26 ** 21 ** 21 14 14 11 14 Moderates ** ** ** ** 49 43 41 ** 37 ** 29 26 25 31 29 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 54 53 43 ** 41 ** 36 28 32 32 31 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.2.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Favor Desegregation or Segregation 1964-1978 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 Desegregation 32 ** 36 44 41 ** 39 34 In Between 44 ** 47 41 45 ** 49 54 Segregation 23 ** 16 15 13 ** 9 5 Don't Know 1 ** 1 1 2 ** 3 6 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1552 1496 796 2674 2804 2273 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4B.3 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "Are you in favor of desegregation, strict segregation, or something in between?" This question is variable VCF0815 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0011A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Favor Desegregation or Segregation 1964-1978 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Desegregation' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 Males 30 ** 37 44 43 ** 38 35 Females 33 ** 36 43 39 ** 39 34 Whites 27 ** 32 36 37 ** 35 32 Blacks 72 ** 74 78 68 ** 71 52 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 25 ** 27 36 26 ** 28 33 High School Diploma 30 ** 33 42 37 ** 33 31 Some College, no Degree 34 ** 42 52 52 ** 45 34 College Degree/ Post-grad 49 ** 61 66 64 ** 60 48 Income 0-16 Percentile 27 ** 32 45 36 ** 35 35 Income 17-33 Percentile 34 ** 33 44 41 ** 37 35 Income 34-67 Percentile 31 ** 35 42 38 ** 38 34 Income 68-95 Percentile 33 ** 40 45 47 ** 41 32 Income 96-100 Percentile 39 ** 56 58* 53 ** 50 42 Professionals 36 ** 46 57 50 ** 49 41 White Collar 31 ** 35 42 46 ** 40 35 Blue Collar 32 ** 33 43 38 ** 34 31 Unskilled 42* ** 31* 46* 42* ** 38 42 Farmers 16 ** 40 33* 29 ** 21 25* Housewives 31 ** 33 37 34 ** 33 31 Union Households 35 ** 34 40 37 ** 34 33 Non-Union Households 31 ** 37 45 42 ** 40 35 South 21 ** 26 33 34 ** 35 34 Nonsouth 35 ** 40 48 43 ** 40 34 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 Born 1943-1958 31* ** 42 50 49 ** 44 35 Born 1927-1942 39 ** 42 48 48 ** 43 36 Born 1911-1926 31 ** 36 45 32 ** 33 35 Born 1895-1910 27 ** 28 37 29 ** 29 32 Born before 1895 21 ** 31 29* 39 ** 27 23* Democrats (incl leaners) 33 ** 40 48 44 ** 41 39 Independents 32 ** 31 41 36 ** 33 31 Republicans (incl leaners) 30 ** 32 38 39 ** 38 29 Liberals ** ** ** ** 70 ** 60 51 Moderates ** ** ** ** 37 ** 39 33 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 39 ** 39 32 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.3.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Favor Desegregation or Segregation 1964-1978 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'In Between' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 Males 45 ** 48 38 42 ** 51 56 Females 44 ** 46 42 46 ** 48 53 Whites 47 ** 50 45 46 ** 53 57 Blacks 20 ** 20 19 30 ** 24 35 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 39 ** 42 39 48 ** 49 38 High School Diploma 46 ** 51 44 49 ** 53 56 Some College, no Degree 51 ** 50 39 40 ** 50 62 College Degree/ Post-grad 41 ** 35 29 31 ** 37 50 Income 0-16 Percentile 36 ** 42 39 42 ** 47 45 Income 17-33 Percentile 43 ** 48 38 43 ** 50 52 Income 34-67 Percentile 45 ** 48 42 48 ** 50 56 Income 68-95 Percentile 48 ** 51 41 44 ** 52 63 Income 96-100 Percentile 50 ** 33 35* 41 ** 42 54 Professionals 48 ** 47 34 42 ** 46 55 White Collar 48 ** 50 45 43 ** 52 56 Blue Collar 45 ** 46 41 45 ** 51 55 Unskilled 17* ** 46* 23* 32* ** 43 46 Farmers 33 ** 34 42* 40 ** 56 57* Housewives 44 ** 49 45 49 ** 49 54 Union Households 44 ** 48 44 49 ** 55 56 Non-Union Households 44 ** 46 40 43 ** 48 54 South 36 ** 47 44 44 ** 47 50 Nonsouth 47 ** 47 39 45 ** 50 56 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 69 Born 1943-1958 38* ** 51 41 41 ** 49 56 Born 1927-1942 44 ** 46 38 40 ** 48 54 Born 1911-1926 44 ** 46 37 53 ** 51 50 Born 1895-1910 46 ** 48 47 48 ** 50 53 Born before 1895 44 ** 44 38* 36 ** 41 42* Democrats (incl leaners) 42 ** 42 36 42 ** 48 50 Independents 43 ** 51 40 48 ** 52 54 Republicans (incl leaners) 49 ** 54 49 47 ** 51 62 Liberals ** ** ** ** 26 ** 37 44 Moderates ** ** ** ** 49 ** 54 59 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 47 ** 51 62 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.3.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Favor Desegregation or Segregation 1964-1978 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Segregation' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 Males 24 ** 14 17 13 ** 8 4 Females 22 ** 17 13 12 ** 10 6 Whites 25 ** 17 17 14 ** 10 5 Blacks 6 ** 5 3 2 ** 1 6 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 33 ** 29 22 22 ** 15 14 High School Diploma 22 ** 15 13 13 ** 11 5 Some College, no Degree 14 ** 7 9 7 ** 5 2 College Degree/ Post-grad 9 ** 5 5 3 ** 3 1 Income 0-16 Percentile 35 ** 24 16 19 ** 11 9 Income 17-33 Percentile 21 ** 18 14 14 ** 10 6 Income 34-67 Percentile 23 ** 17 15 13 ** 10 5 Income 68-95 Percentile 18 ** 9 14 8 ** 6 2 Income 96-100 Percentile 10 ** 11 6* 5 ** 6 2 Professionals 15 ** 7 10 7 ** 4 1 White Collar 20 ** 15 12 10 ** 5 5 Blue Collar 22 ** 20 15 15 ** 12 7 Unskilled 33* ** 19* 31* 18* ** 13 5 Farmers 48 ** 26 22* 24 ** 10 5* Housewives 24 ** 17 17 15 ** 13 7 Union Households 19 ** 16 15 12 ** 9 6 Non-Union Households 24 ** 16 14 13 ** 9 5 South 42 ** 26 22 21 ** 15 8 Nonsouth 17 ** 12 12 10 ** 8 4 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0 Born 1943-1958 31* ** 7 9 9 ** 5 3 Born 1927-1942 17 ** 11 12 10 ** 8 5 Born 1911-1926 24 ** 17 17 13 ** 12 6 Born 1895-1910 26 ** 23 15 20 ** 15 9 Born before 1895 32 ** 22 31* 19 ** 22 19* Democrats (incl leaners) 25 ** 17 16 13 ** 9 6 Independents 22 ** 18 15 12 ** 10 6 Republicans (incl leaners) 19 ** 13 12 13 ** 9 4 Liberals ** ** ** ** 4 ** 3 3 Moderates ** ** ** ** 13 ** 6 4 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 12 ** 10 4 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.3.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Aid to Blacks/Minorities 1970-2008 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Govt. Help 1 13 12 12 11 10 5 7 8 7 9 8 6 5 5 9 6 ** 8 6 2 7 7 6 7 5 4 5 7 5 5 6 5 5 4 7 4 ** 5 5 3 7 12 10 11 9 10 10 13 10 10 10 10 9 9 10 7 ** 8 7 4 23 21 21 18 22 25 25 27 28 21 24 24 24 21 25 24 ** 22 19 5 11 10 10 10 14 18 14 16 16 14 14 13 15 18 14 15 ** 15 12 6 10 11 8 9 11 11 14 9 13 13 14 13 15 17 12 15 ** 15 14 Help Themselves 7 19 17 19 17 17 12 11 8 12 17 16 19 20 18 14 20 ** 16 22 DK, Haven't Thought 10 11 15 17 11 14 15 13 9 11 9 10 7 9 10 9 ** 11 15 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1494 2255 2489 2834 2284 1401 1403 2231 2152 2008 1957 2467 1765 1708 1274 973 1194 2312 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4B.4 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: 1970-1984, 1986 FORM B, 1988 FORM B: "Some people feel that the government in Washington should make every possible effort to improve the social and economic position of blacks (1970: Negroes) and other minority groups (1980: even if it means giving them preferential treatment). Others feel that the government should not make any special effort to help minorities because they should help themselves (1970: but they should be expected to help themselves)." 1986 FORM A, 1988 FORM A, 1990 and later: "Some people feel that the government in Washington should make every (prior to 1996 only: possible) effort to improve the social and economic position of blacks...Others feel that the government should not make any special effort to help blacks because they should help themselves." ALL YEARS: "Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you thought much about it?" (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) This question is variable VCF0830 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Aid to Blacks/Minorities 1970-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Govt. Help (1,2,3)' Percent of group: '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 27 31 26 29 23 19 20 28 21 22 22 19 18 15 24 16 ** 21 17 Females 27 30 29 29 27 19 22 27 23 25 25 22 21 19 26 18 ** 21 19 Whites 21 26 23 25 20 15 18 24 18 17 19 17 15 14 21 15 ** 16 12 Blacks 79 71 69 60 54 41 48 49 40 46 49 38 39 34 44 31 ** 42 44 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 26 24 21 24 26 16 17 29 18 26 24 18 18 20 37 20* ** 26 23 High School Diploma 24 27 24 25 23 15 18 23 19 23 20 19 17 14 20 16 ** 19 17 Some College, no Degree 32 37 34 33 25 21 20 29 24 20 25 17 19 17 26 16 ** 19 18 College Degree/ Post-grad 37 43 41 41 29 29 34 39 31 28 32 29 27 23 30 21 ** 26 20 Income 0-16 Percentile 31 33 33 36 36 24 23 34 24 35 29 27 28 25 29 20 ** 28 25 Income 17-33 Percentile 29 30 33 31 27 15 22 29 21 23 27 20 22 15 29 23 ** 19 24 Income 34-67 Percentile 26 28 27 28 25 18 22 27 21 23 24 19 15 15 24 16 ** 24 13 Income 68-95 Percentile 26 30 26 26 18 20 22 26 21 19 20 18 17 15 20 15 ** 17 15 Income 96-100 Percentile 29 32 15 26 18 13 20 30 21 15* 20 22 27 21 29 10* ** 14 13 Professionals 29 35 37 32 23 22 25 34 28 22 26 23 21 19 30 16 ** 26 ** White Collar 29 33 24 34 25 21 20 27 21 24 22 20 18 13 20 17 ** 15 ** Blue Collar 28 32 26 28 25 17 19 26 19 23 25 17 18 16 20 17 ** 22 ** Unskilled 42* 46* 38* 25 37 26* 21* 21* 15 29 23 26 13 30* 31* 9* ** 30* ** Farmers 29 23 17 28 23* 7* 19* 23 20 28 17 19 13* 6* 4* 30* ** 23* ** Housewives 22 21 20 19 22 13 18 20 21 19 18 20 15 20 22 20 ** 10 ** Union Households 27 29 28 27 24 18 23 29 19 21 20 18 21 20 29 18 ** 23 19 Non-Union Households 27 30 28 30 25 19 21 27 23 24 24 21 19 16 24 17 ** 21 18 South 22 28 23 26 23 17 20 26 19 23 25 21 20 16 26 16 ** 23 14 Nonsouth 29 31 29 30 25 20 22 28 24 24 23 20 19 17 25 18 ** 20 21 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 23 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 46* 21 21 31 23 ** 29 16 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** 34 26 25 34 26 26 26 23 22 19 25 18 ** 18 17 Born 1943-1958 33 41 38 37 27 20 27 30 24 24 24 21 19 14 25 16 ** 19 15 Born 1927-1942 29 28 22 29 19 19 20 26 22 21 22 19 18 18 19 9 ** 22 22 Born 1911-1926 27 25 23 23 25 13 15 25 17 22 21 17 13 11 25 23 ** 18 ** Born 1895-1910 23 25 20 19 24 20 14 20 13 22 13 16 7* 16* 34* 26* ** ** ** Born before 1895 15 23 27 24 36* 10* 14* 0* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 34 36 35 34 31 26 26 36 29 32 30 27 29 24 34 23 ** 33 28 Independents 22 26 24 22 23 14 15 27 17 18 19 19 12 18 19 15 ** 19 12 Republicans (incl leaners) 19 23 17 24 15 10 14 18 15 15 16 12 10 7 14 9 ** 8 7 Liberals ** 61 53 52 41 39 45 47 40 39 42 37 45 36 44 27 ** 39 35 Moderates ** 29 30 30 21 12 19 24 20 25 21 20 17 12 24 16 ** 20 13 Conservatives ** 20 14 20 16 14 16 22 16 15 16 14 13 10 17 8 ** 12 10 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4B.4.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Aid to Blacks/Minorities 1970-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Help Themselves (5,6,7)' Percent of group: '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 45 39 42 41 46 45 41 36 43 48 49 51 54 59 43 51 ** 49 51 Females 37 36 33 32 40 40 37 30 39 41 39 41 47 48 37 49 ** 43 45 Whites 44 41 40 39 46 45 42 36 43 50 48 49 56 58 44 54 ** 53 54 Blacks 6 8 8 11 16 20 15 15 26 23 25 29 25 33 19 29 ** 22 23 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 39 44 42 32 31 34 28 26 43 34 44 42 37 25 26 38* ** 45 35 High School Diploma 41 40 36 39 43 43 40 34 41 45 45 47 51 54 44 51 ** 47 48 Some College, no Degree 45 33 39 35 47 42 46 33 40 45 44 52 51 56 40 48 ** 48 49 College Degree/ Post-grad 36 29 31 32 45 44 32 32 38 44 38 39 49 53 36 51 ** 41 48 Income 0-16 Percentile 28 36 23 22 28 28 33 21 35 35 34 36 38 36 40 42 ** 37 35 Income 17-33 Percentile 40 36 36 34 38 42 38 30 43 36 38 44 45 50 33 40 ** 45 40 Income 34-67 Percentile 42 40 36 37 45 41 37 37 42 46 45 45 53 57 41 51 ** 46 51 Income 68-95 Percentile 45 37 42 42 50 50 45 35 43 49 48 54 58 60 44 57 ** 50 58 Income 96-100 Percentile 37 38 65 44 54 60 47 41 45 54* 56 48 48 56 43 52* ** 54 59 Professionals 42 35 35 38 45 46 36 32 39 46 44 43 50 55 39 50 ** 44 ** White Collar 39 35 39 37 44 46 41 36 41 47 43 49 57 58 39 53 ** 47 ** Blue Collar 41 38 39 39 41 38 40 33 44 43 44 48 49 51 41 48 ** 48 ** Unskilled 46* 17* 35* 26 39 26* 26* 40* 35 31 45 44 47 41* 39* 61* ** 22* ** Farmers 34 49 56 37 37* 46* 30* 30 39 46 50 46 51* 52* 67* 49* ** 50* ** Housewives 41 42 34 34 43 40 42 29 36 40 42 39 47 49 48 50 ** 55 ** Union Households 38 37 37 38 43 41 42 35 40 42 45 45 45 51 39 51 ** 41 48 Non-Union Households 41 38 37 36 42 42 38 32 41 44 43 46 52 53 40 49 ** 47 48 South 52 43 37 37 44 45 43 33 44 48 46 48 51 50 40 53 ** 43 52 Nonsouth 36 36 37 36 42 40 37 32 39 42 42 45 50 54 40 48 ** 47 44 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 41 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 23* 58 48 39 39 ** 37 49 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** 34 33 41 33 36 45 41 46 49 55 40 51 ** 47 51 Born 1943-1958 35 30 28 30 41 41 40 34 41 46 43 46 51 55 41 53 ** 47 52 Born 1927-1942 42 38 38 38 49 45 42 35 42 45 49 45 49 50 38 54 ** 51 50 Born 1911-1926 41 42 43 42 43 45 34 30 40 38 43 45 50 51 42 43 ** 49 ** Born 1895-1910 42 43 42 39 37 36 36 27 49 43 53 50 40* 44* 14* 29* ** ** ** Born before 1895 42 37 44 32 32* 40* 57* 0* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 36 34 33 32 38 35 32 24 34 34 37 37 38 42 29 38 ** 32 33 Independents 38 38 35 35 39 35 38 31 44 44 45 44 48 50 33 50 ** 43 49 Republicans (incl leaners) 48 44 46 43 52 55 52 44 48 55 53 58 65 67 58 67 ** 63 67 Liberals ** 17 25 25 37 31 29 23 31 32 33 30 28 37 24 35 ** 28 31 Moderates ** 40 34 36 45 45 35 37 41 43 45 45 50 52 40 56 ** 42 49 Conservatives ** 53 55 53 58 54 53 43 51 57 53 59 64 69 55 63 ** 61 66 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4B.4.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Federal Government Ensure School Integration 1962-2000 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 Same Schools 47 41 46 38 49 37 ** 24 27 ** ** ** 30 ** 32 32 28 ** ** 34 Govt. Stay Out 32 38 34 44 31 45 ** 39 41 ** ** ** 33 ** 30 33 34 ** ** 28 Don't Know, No Interest 21 20 20 18 20 19 ** 36 32 ** ** ** 37 ** 38 35 38 ** ** 37 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1259 1564 1282 1547 810 2694 2851 2279 1085 987 2240 1761 1800 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4B.5 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: 1962: "How about this statement, 'The government in Washington should see to it that white and colored children are allowed to go to the same schools.' Do you have an opinion on this or not?" (IF YES:) "Do you agree that the government should do this or do you think that the government should not do it?" 1964-1986,1990 and later: "Some people say that the government in Washington should see to it that white and black (before 1972: Negro) children go (1964-1970: are allowed to go) to the same schools. Others claim this is not the government's business. Have you been concerned (1986,1990: interested) enough about [in] this question to favor one side over the other?" (IF YES) "Do you think the government in Washington should ---" This question is variable VCF0816 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0011A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Federal Government Ensure School Integration 1962-2000 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Govt. See to It' Percent of group: '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 Males 49 41 46 36 46 37 ** 25 26 ** ** ** 31 ** 32 28 25 ** ** 32 Females 46 42 46 40 50 37 ** 24 28 ** ** ** 30 ** 32 35 30 ** ** 36 Whites 46 38 43 33 41 33 ** 19 22 ** ** ** 24 ** 26 26 24 ** ** 31 Blacks 63 68 75 84 83 74 ** 62 58 ** ** ** 60 ** 61 57 51 ** ** 52 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 41 34 38 36 43 38 ** 28 31 ** ** ** 26 ** 34 30 35 ** ** 40 High School Diploma 48 43 47 37 49 34 ** 21 25 ** ** ** 28 ** 29 34 27 ** ** 36 Some College, no Degree 52 46 55 40 47 37 ** 22 27 ** ** ** 30 ** 30 31 29 ** ** 36 College Degree/ Post-grad 56 47 52 46 63 47 ** 32 32 ** ** ** 38 ** 40 31 27 ** ** 29 Income 0-16 Percentile 44 37 41 36 51 42 ** 32 32 ** ** ** 34 ** 39 42 33 ** ** 38 Income 17-33 Percentile 45 40 50 40 54 41 ** 29 33 ** ** ** 30 ** 29 40 34 ** ** 42 Income 34-67 Percentile 47 40 46 37 46 36 ** 22 24 ** ** ** 30 ** 31 31 28 ** ** 29 Income 68-95 Percentile 54 46 50 40 46 34 ** 21 24 ** ** ** 29 ** 30 26 23 ** ** 32 Income 96-100 Percentile 50 47 51 37 63* 38 ** 28 28 ** ** ** 39* ** 22* 26 26 ** ** 31 Professionals ** 43 ** 43 51 35 ** 28 27 ** ** ** 34 ** 35 33 27 ** ** 29 White Collar ** 40 ** 36 47 37 ** 22 24 ** ** ** 26 ** 33 30 25 ** ** 37 Blue Collar ** 47 ** 36 51 38 ** 25 28 ** ** ** 27 ** 29 30 28 ** ** 38 Unskilled ** 36* ** 48* 71* 43* ** 22 41 ** ** ** 33* ** 44* 40* 28 ** ** 30* Farmers ** 23 ** 37 39* 46 ** 24 32* ** ** ** 28* ** 31* 35 18* ** ** 26* Housewives ** 39 ** 38 43 33 ** 19 22 ** ** ** 29 ** 28 32 30 ** ** 32 Union Households ** 47 49 40 47 35 ** 23 29 ** ** ** 30 ** 29 31 27 ** ** 33 Non-Union Households ** 40 45 38 49 37 ** 25 26 ** ** ** 30 ** 32 32 28 ** ** 35 South 19 28 31 32 41 32 ** 25 26 ** ** ** 29 ** 40 35 30 ** ** 34 Nonsouth 58 46 51 40 52 39 ** 24 27 ** ** ** 31 ** 28 31 27 ** ** 35 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 54* 28 ** ** 46 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 30 ** ** ** 41 ** 35 34 32 ** ** 32 Born 1943-1958 ** 35* 64 43 59 44 ** 28 31 ** ** ** 29 ** 36 31 27 ** ** 33 Born 1927-1942 50 46 47 43 48 35 ** 21 25 ** ** ** 31 ** 26 30 23 ** ** 29 Born 1911-1926 43 43 48 38 47 32 ** 23 22 ** ** ** 23 ** 28 32 27 ** ** 36 Born 1895-1910 47 39 42 31 43 33 ** 22 27 ** ** ** 25 ** 15* 34 28* ** ** 60* Born before 1895 52 27 34 32 40* 40 ** 28 31* ** ** ** 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 47 44 50 45 52 40 ** 30 32 ** ** ** 35 ** 37 40 37 ** ** 42 Independents 59 36 48 32 37 38 ** 19 23 ** ** ** 28 ** 30 28 26 ** ** 26 Republicans (incl leaners) 49 38 40 30 46 32 ** 18 20 ** ** ** 24 ** 26 23 19 ** ** 26 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** 58 ** 42 37 ** ** ** 46 ** 46 39 41 ** ** 37 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** 34 ** 22 26 ** ** ** 26 ** 34 34 32 ** ** 37 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** 29 ** 19 21 ** ** ** 26 ** 25 25 20 ** ** 24 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.5.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Federal Government Ensure School Integration 1962-2000 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Govt. Stay Out' Percent of group: '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 Males 32 41 34 49 32 46 ** 44 41 ** ** ** 36 ** 32 37 39 ** ** 32 Females 32 36 34 40 30 44 ** 36 40 ** ** ** 30 ** 29 30 31 ** ** 26 Whites 34 42 37 48 36 48 ** 43 45 ** ** ** 39 ** 34 37 38 ** ** 32 Blacks 13 12 9 6 7 11 ** 10 11 ** ** ** 8 ** 15 15 13 ** ** 11 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 35 41 38 45 30 40 ** 36 27 ** ** ** 23 ** 22 29 20 ** ** 15 High School Diploma 32 38 33 43 33 48 ** 41 41 ** ** ** 32 ** 28 31 31 ** ** 26 Some College, no Degree 30 38 29 50 34 46 ** 42 48 ** ** ** 35 ** 36 33 39 ** ** 29 College Degree/ Post-grad 27 33 36 39 21 38 ** 35 41 ** ** ** 38 ** 33 36 42 ** ** 34 Income 0-16 Percentile 36 40 33 42 24 38 ** 29 31 ** ** ** 25 ** 20 25 24 ** ** 19 Income 17-33 Percentile 35 35 31 39 27 38 ** 38 31 ** ** ** 25 ** 27 27 26 ** ** 23 Income 34-67 Percentile 30 40 36 48 33 47 ** 39 43 ** ** ** 36 ** 31 35 37 ** ** 35 Income 68-95 Percentile 30 39 33 45 35 48 ** 44 48 ** ** ** 35 ** 36 38 41 ** ** 33 Income 96-100 Percentile 27 35 32 43 22* 49 ** 41 51 ** ** ** 46* ** 39* 45 45 ** ** 28 Professionals ** 42 ** 42 27 47 ** 40 45 ** ** ** 37 ** 36 34 39 ** ** 33 White Collar ** 40 ** 49 34 45 ** 41 46 ** ** ** 38 ** 26 35 36 ** ** 28 Blue Collar ** 36 ** 46 31 43 ** 41 35 ** ** ** 32 ** 31 32 33 ** ** 23 Unskilled ** 31* ** 41* 14* 33* ** 39 34 ** ** ** 13* ** 12* 30* 24 ** ** 18* Farmers ** 49 ** 42 33* 28 ** 34 32* ** ** ** 28* ** 31* 26 33* ** ** 50* Housewives ** 37 ** 41 34 48 ** 37 45 ** ** ** 28 ** 30 33 33 ** ** 31 Union Households ** 34 33 45 37 44 ** 42 40 ** ** ** 33 ** 28 36 37 ** ** 27 Non-Union Households ** 40 34 44 30 45 ** 39 41 ** ** ** 33 ** 31 32 34 ** ** 29 South 65 55 50 55 40 53 ** 40 40 ** ** ** 33 ** 28 32 32 ** ** 31 Nonsouth 20 33 29 41 27 41 ** 39 41 ** ** ** 33 ** 32 33 36 ** ** 27 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 8* 16 ** ** 20 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 33 ** ** ** 19 ** 22 27 29 ** ** 29 Born 1943-1958 ** 50* 24 41 25 39 ** 34 39 ** ** ** 37 ** 29 35 40 ** ** 30 Born 1927-1942 30 35 33 42 32 47 ** 44 44 ** ** ** 36 ** 41 37 41 ** ** 35 Born 1911-1926 33 38 32 45 33 49 ** 42 45 ** ** ** 34 ** 34 34 34 ** ** 24 Born 1895-1910 34 41 39 48 32 46 ** 43 34 ** ** ** 29 ** 41* 37 20* ** ** 9* Born before 1895 29 48 40 45 40* 32 ** 27 23* ** ** ** 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 33 36 33 39 30 43 ** 35 35 ** ** ** 25 ** 28 26 27 ** ** 21 Independents 25 43 24 50 32 40 ** 39 41 ** ** ** 34 ** 22 35 26 ** ** 30 Republicans (incl leaners) 30 43 39 51 33 49 ** 47 50 ** ** ** 44 ** 36 41 45 ** ** 38 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** 29 ** 29 37 ** ** ** 26 ** 23 26 31 ** ** 25 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** 51 ** 41 44 ** ** ** 37 ** 34 37 32 ** ** 28 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** 57 ** 51 51 ** ** ** 44 ** 44 41 45 ** ** 43 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.5.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Federal Government Ensure School Integration 1962-2000 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'DK,No Interest' Percent of group: '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 Males 19 18 20 15 21 18 ** 31 33 ** ** ** 33 ** 36 35 36 ** ** 36 Females 22 22 20 20 20 19 ** 40 32 ** ** ** 40 ** 39 36 39 ** ** 39 Whites 20 20 20 18 23 19 ** 38 33 ** ** ** 38 ** 40 37 38 ** ** 38 Blacks 24 20 16 10 10 14 ** 28 32 ** ** ** 33 ** 25 29 36 ** ** 37 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 25 25 24 19 27 22 ** 36 42 ** ** ** 51 ** 44 41 45 ** ** 46 High School Diploma 20 19 20 19 18 19 ** 37 34 ** ** ** 40 ** 43 35 42 ** ** 38 Some College, no Degree 18 16 16 10 19 16 ** 36 25 ** ** ** 36 ** 34 36 33 ** ** 35 College Degree/ Post-grad 17 20 12 16 16 15 ** 33 28 ** ** ** 24 ** 27 34 31 ** ** 37 Income 0-16 Percentile 20 23 26 22 25 20 ** 39 37 ** ** ** 41 ** 41 34 43 ** ** 44 Income 17-33 Percentile 21 25 19 21 19 21 ** 33 36 ** ** ** 45 ** 43 33 39 ** ** 35 Income 34-67 Percentile 23 20 18 14 21 17 ** 38 33 ** ** ** 34 ** 38 35 35 ** ** 37 Income 68-95 Percentile 16 16 17 15 19 17 ** 34 28 ** ** ** 35 ** 34 36 36 ** ** 35 Income 96-100 Percentile 23 18 17 20 16* 13 ** 31 21 ** ** ** 15* ** 39* 29 28 ** ** 42 Professionals ** 15 ** 15 22 18 ** 32 28 ** ** ** 29 ** 29 33 34 ** ** 38 White Collar ** 20 ** 15 18 18 ** 38 30 ** ** ** 36 ** 41 35 39 ** ** 35 Blue Collar ** 17 ** 18 18 18 ** 33 37 ** ** ** 41 ** 40 38 39 ** ** 39 Unskilled ** 33* ** 11* 14* 24* ** 39 25 ** ** ** 53* ** 44* 30* 48 ** ** 52* Farmers ** 27 ** 22 28* 26 ** 42 36* ** ** ** 44* ** 39* 39 49* ** ** 24* Housewives ** 24 ** 21 23 19 ** 44 34 ** ** ** 43 ** 42 35 37 ** ** 37 Union Households ** 19 18 15 16 21 ** 35 31 ** ** ** 37 ** 43 33 35 ** ** 41 Non-Union Households ** 21 21 18 22 18 ** 37 33 ** ** ** 37 ** 37 36 38 ** ** 37 South 16 17 20 13 19 15 ** 35 33 ** ** ** 39 ** 32 33 38 ** ** 36 Nonsouth 22 21 20 19 21 20 ** 37 32 ** ** ** 36 ** 40 36 37 ** ** 38 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 38* 56 ** ** 34 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 37 ** ** ** 40 ** 43 39 40 ** ** 39 Born 1943-1958 ** 15* 12 16 16 16 ** 38 30 ** ** ** 34 ** 35 34 33 ** ** 37 Born 1927-1942 20 19 20 15 20 18 ** 35 32 ** ** ** 33 ** 33 33 36 ** ** 36 Born 1911-1926 24 20 21 17 20 19 ** 35 34 ** ** ** 43 ** 37 34 39 ** ** 40 Born 1895-1910 19 20 18 22 24 21 ** 34 38 ** ** ** 46 ** 44* 29 52* ** ** 31* Born before 1895 19 25 27 24 21* 29 ** 45 46* ** ** ** 100* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 20 20 17 16 18 17 ** 35 33 ** ** ** 40 ** 35 34 37 ** ** 37 Independents 16 21 28 17 31 22 ** 43 36 ** ** ** 38 ** 48 37 48 ** ** 44 Republicans (incl leaners) 21 19 21 20 21 19 ** 35 30 ** ** ** 32 ** 38 36 36 ** ** 36 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** 13 ** 29 26 ** ** ** 29 ** 31 35 28 ** ** 38 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** 15 ** 37 30 ** ** ** 37 ** 33 29 36 ** ** 36 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** 15 ** 30 28 ** ** ** 31 ** 32 34 35 ** ** 33 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.5.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Busing to Achieve School Integration 1972-1984 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 Bus Children 1 5 4 5 ** 3 ** 3 2 2 2 2 ** 3 ** 2 3 2 2 2 ** 3 ** 3 4 5 5 6 ** 6 ** 7 5 3 4 4 ** 5 ** 9 6 7 9 8 ** 16 ** 19 Keep in Neighborhood 7 70 62 61 ** 57 ** 48 DK, Haven't Thought 7 12 11 ** 7 ** 9 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 2686 2491 2842 1403 968 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4B.6 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "There is much discussion about the best way to deal with racial problems. Some people think achieving racial integration of schools is so important that it justifies busing children to schools out of their own neighborhoods. Others think letting children go to their neighborhood schools is so important that they oppose busing." "Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you thought much about this?" (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) This question is variable VCF0817 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Busing to Achieve School Integration 1972-1984 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Bus (1,2,3)' Percent of group: '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 Males 9 7 8 ** 9 ** 8 Females 8 9 10 ** 9 ** 7 Whites 6 6 6 ** 5 ** 6 Blacks 36 29 41 ** 36 ** 23 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 7 7 9 ** 9 ** 9 High School Diploma 6 6 7 ** 7 ** 7 Some College, no Degree 10 6 10 ** 10 ** 4 College Degree/ Post-grad 19 20 15 ** 13 ** 12 Income 0-16 Percentile 10 10 16 ** 10 ** 9 Income 17-33 Percentile 9 13 9 ** 8 ** 9 Income 34-67 Percentile 7 7 8 ** 9 ** 7 Income 68-95 Percentile 10 7 7 ** 10 ** 9 Income 96-100 Percentile 10 8 7 ** 4 ** 10 Professionals 12 11 10 ** 10 ** 9 White Collar 9 3 8 ** 6 ** 7 Blue Collar 8 9 11 ** 9 ** 9 Unskilled 16* 11* 5 ** 10* ** 10* Farmers 6 3 7 ** 0* ** 3* Housewives 5 5 5 ** 7 ** 3 Union Households 8 7 7 ** 12 ** 10 Non-Union Households 9 9 10 ** 8 ** 7 South 9 9 9 ** 7 ** 7 Nonsouth 9 8 9 ** 10 ** 8 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** 12 ** 12 Born 1943-1958 12 11 13 ** 12 ** 8 Born 1927-1942 9 10 8 ** 7 ** 7 Born 1911-1926 6 5 6 ** 7 ** 6 Born 1895-1910 6 6 6 ** 5 ** 4 Born before 1895 4 6 5 ** 0* ** 0* Democrats (incl leaners) 13 12 13 ** 14 ** 10 Independents 7 5 6 ** 6 ** 8 Republicans (incl leaners) 4 3 5 ** 3 ** 4 Liberals 25 23 21 ** 17 ** 13 Moderates 4 3 8 ** 4 ** 8 Conservatives 3 3 5 ** 6 ** 4 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.6.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Busing to Achieve School Integration 1972-1984 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Keep in Neighborhood (5,6,7)' Percent of group: '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 Males 80 79 76 ** 79 ** 78 Females 79 72 72 ** 78 ** 75 Whites 83 78 79 ** 85 ** 81 Blacks 48 44 32 ** 37 ** 46 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 73 71 65 ** 70 ** 65 High School Diploma 84 77 76 ** 80 ** 77 Some College, no Degree 79 78 75 ** 81 ** 80 College Degree/ Post-grad 71 67 74 ** 74 ** 75 Income 0-16 Percentile 73 67 56 ** 69 ** 62 Income 17-33 Percentile 78 67 72 ** 78 ** 74 Income 34-67 Percentile 82 78 74 ** 81 ** 82 Income 68-95 Percentile 82 80 83 ** 81 ** 79 Income 96-100 Percentile 83 80 75 ** 85 ** 80 Professionals 78 74 79 ** 78 ** 80 White Collar 82 80 77 ** 86 ** 78 Blue Collar 78 74 70 ** 76 ** 76 Unskilled 71* 62* 69 ** 65* ** 71* Farmers 70 90 64 ** 89* ** 68* Housewives 83 75 74 ** 80 ** 74 Union Households 82 78 76 ** 77 ** 78 Non-Union Households 79 74 73 ** 79 ** 76 South 84 76 72 ** 78 ** 79 Nonsouth 78 74 74 ** 78 ** 75 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** 69 ** 65 Born 1943-1958 77 70 70 ** 74 ** 77 Born 1927-1942 82 74 77 ** 84 ** 79 Born 1911-1926 81 80 77 ** 81 ** 81 Born 1895-1910 79 80 73 ** 83 ** 76 Born before 1895 72 74 73 ** 70* ** 100* Democrats (incl leaners) 75 69 70 ** 72 ** 71 Independents 77 78 74 ** 77 ** 72 Republicans (incl leaners) 87 83 80 ** 88 ** 84 Liberals 63 62 63 ** 71 ** 67 Moderates 88 81 78 ** 81 ** 79 Conservatives 93 90 85 ** 88 ** 86 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.6.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Open Housing 1964-1976 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 Whites Keep Blacks Out 26 32 22 18 16 ** 8 Blacks Right to Choose 57 50 68 73 76 ** 85 Don't Know, Depends 17 18 10 9 8 ** 7 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1561 1282 1551 811 2696 2851 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4B.7 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: 1964,1968-1972,1976: "Which of these statements would you agree with: 1. White people have a right to keep Negroes out of their neighborhoods if they want to 2. Negroes have a right to live wherever they can afford to, just like anybody else" 1966: "Some people say that Negroes should be allowed to live in any part of town they want to. How do you feel? Should Negroes be allowed to live in any part of town they want to, or not?" This question is variable VCF0819 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0011A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Open Housing 1964-1976 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Whites Keep Blacks Out' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 Males 27 27 21 19 14 ** 8 Females 25 36 23 17 17 ** 9 Whites 29 36 24 22 18 ** 9 Blacks 2 6 1 2 0 ** 1 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 35 44 32 24 27 ** 16 High School Diploma 25 34 20 20 16 ** 9 Some College, no Degree 21 21 22 10 9 ** 4 College Degree/ Post-grad 17 10 12 5 5 ** 3 Income 0-16 Percentile 33 36 25 19 21 ** 9 Income 17-33 Percentile 25 39 26 17 18 ** 13 Income 34-67 Percentile 26 35 23 19 16 ** 8 Income 68-95 Percentile 25 28 17 17 12 ** 5 Income 96-100 Percentile 22 19 13 9* 8 ** 5 Professionals 24 ** 15 11 8 ** 4 White Collar 26 ** 28 24 11 ** 5 Blue Collar 25 ** 23 20 17 ** 11 Unskilled 19* ** 19* 21* 26* ** 5 Farmers 34 ** 27 19* 25 ** 9 Housewives 28 ** 24 18 22 ** 11 Union Households 25 35 21 19 15 ** 7 Non-Union Households 27 31 22 18 16 ** 9 South 41 46 36 26 27 ** 14 Nonsouth 22 28 17 15 12 ** 6 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1943-1958 23* 20 16 12 10 ** 4 Born 1927-1942 20 29 19 16 13 ** 7 Born 1911-1926 27 30 20 23 20 ** 12 Born 1895-1910 32 39 29 18 20 ** 14 Born before 1895 34 45 28 33* 22 ** 15 Democrats (incl leaners) 28 34 22 17 18 ** 8 Independents 26 28 26 20 12 ** 7 Republicans (incl leaners) 24 31 22 19 14 ** 8 Liberals ** ** ** ** 5 ** 5 Moderates ** ** ** ** 17 ** 4 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 14 ** 8 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.7.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Open Housing 1964-1976 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Right to Live Anywhere' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 Males 57 56 71 73 79 ** 87 Females 57 44 66 72 74 ** 84 Whites 53 46 65 67 74 ** 84 Blacks 89 81 97 97 98 ** 98 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 46 35 56 63 61 ** 73 High School Diploma 58 49 70 72 77 ** 85 Some College, no Degree 63 60 69 80 84 ** 93 College Degree/ Post-grad 73 78 82 92 90 ** 92 Income 0-16 Percentile 49 42 62 66 71 ** 83 Income 17-33 Percentile 57 41 63 69 73 ** 80 Income 34-67 Percentile 58 48 68 71 75 ** 86 Income 68-95 Percentile 60 57 75 78 83 ** 91 Income 96-100 Percentile 63 59 81 88* 88 ** 93 Professionals 61 ** 78 82 85 ** 92 White Collar 61 ** 65 72 81 ** 91 Blue Collar 59 ** 67 70 76 ** 83 Unskilled 72* ** 74* 71* 72* ** 92 Farmers 47 ** 68 75* 63 ** 80 Housewives 52 ** 63 67 68 ** 79 Union Households 58 51 69 74 77 ** 86 Non-Union Households 57 49 68 72 77 ** 85 South 41 32 53 61 65 ** 76 Nonsouth 62 55 73 77 81 ** 88 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1943-1958 54* 69 76 82 87 ** 92 Born 1927-1942 68 55 73 78 80 ** 88 Born 1911-1926 57 51 69 70 71 ** 81 Born 1895-1910 48 39 59 66 66 ** 73 Born before 1895 41 33 57 49* 60 ** 66 Democrats (incl leaners) 57 50 70 76 75 ** 86 Independents 55 49 62 66 79 ** 84 Republicans (incl leaners) 59 50 67 68 77 ** 86 Liberals ** ** ** ** 92 ** 93 Moderates ** ** ** ** 77 ** 90 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 78 ** 86 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.7.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Open Housing 1964-1976 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Don't Know, Depends' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 Males 15 16 8 7 6 ** 5 Females 18 20 12 11 9 ** 7 Whites 18 19 11 11 9 ** 7 Blacks 9 13 3 1 2 ** 1 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 19 21 13 13 12 ** 11 High School Diploma 17 18 10 9 7 ** 6 Some College, no Degree 17 19 10 9 6 ** 3 College Degree/ Post-grad 10 12 5 4 5 ** 5 Income 0-16 Percentile 18 22 12 15 8 ** 9 Income 17-33 Percentile 18 20 11 15 10 ** 7 Income 34-67 Percentile 16 17 10 10 8 ** 6 Income 68-95 Percentile 16 15 8 5 6 ** 4 Income 96-100 Percentile 15 23 6 3* 4 ** 2 Professionals 15 ** 7 7 7 ** 5 White Collar 14 ** 7 4 7 ** 4 Blue Collar 16 ** 11 10 7 ** 6 Unskilled 8* ** 7* 7* 2* ** 3 Farmers 19 ** 5 6* 13 ** 11 Housewives 20 ** 13 14 10 ** 10 Union Households 17 15 10 7 8 ** 7 Non-Union Households 16 20 10 11 8 ** 6 South 18 22 11 12 8 ** 10 Nonsouth 16 17 10 8 8 ** 5 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1943-1958 23* 11 8 6 3 ** 4 Born 1927-1942 12 16 8 6 7 ** 5 Born 1911-1926 16 19 11 7 9 ** 8 Born 1895-1910 20 22 11 16 13 ** 13 Born before 1895 25 22 15 19* 18 ** 19 Democrats (incl leaners) 16 16 9 7 7 ** 6 Independents 20 22 12 14 9 ** 8 Republicans (incl leaners) 17 19 11 13 9 ** 6 Liberals ** ** ** ** 3 ** 2 Moderates ** ** ** ** 7 ** 6 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 7 ** 6 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4B.7.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government See to Fair Treatment in Jobs 1964-2008 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 See to Fair Treatment 39 ** 38 ** 41 ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 29 ** 35 ** 30 ** 35 ** 34 28 Don't See to It 40 ** 43 ** 35 ** ** ** ** ** ** 14 22 ** 26 ** 29 ** 28 ** 27 25 Don't Know, No Interest 21 ** 19 ** 23 ** ** ** ** ** ** 67 49 ** 39 ** 40 ** 36 ** 39 47 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1571 1557 2705 2176 2040 2488 1492 1773 1054 2099 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4B.8 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "Some people feel that if black people (1964,1968: negroes) are not getting fair treatment in jobs, the government in Washington ought to see to it that they do. Others feel that this is not the federal government's business. Have you had enough interested in this question to favor one side over the other?" (IF YES:) "How do you feel? Should the government in Washington see it it that black people get fair treatment in jobs (1986 AND LATER: or is this not the federal government's business) 1964,1968,1972: or should the government in Washington leave these matters to the states and local communities?)" NOTE: Note the major change in response options wording after 1972. This question is variable VCF9037 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government See to Fair Treatment in Jobs 1964-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Govt. See to It' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 37 ** 39 ** 43 ** ** ** ** ** ** 21 33 ** 36 ** 29 ** 38 ** 36 31 Females 41 ** 38 ** 40 ** ** ** ** ** ** 18 27 ** 34 ** 31 ** 33 ** 31 26 Whites 33 ** 33 ** 37 ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 25 ** 30 ** 26 ** 30 ** 26 22 Blacks 87 ** 82 ** 83 ** ** ** ** ** ** 38 54 ** 63 ** 61 ** 64 ** 60 59 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 45 ** 39 ** 41 ** ** ** ** ** ** 15 22 ** 28 ** 20 ** 24 ** 49* 38* High School Diploma 37 ** 36 ** 37 ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 24 ** 31 ** 25 ** 34 ** 28 25 Some College, no Degree 33 ** 38 ** 44 ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 31 ** 35 ** 31 ** 33 ** 30 26 College Degree/ Post-grad 41 ** 45 ** 55 ** ** ** ** ** ** 27 46 ** 46 ** 42 ** 43 ** 45 35 Income 0-16 Percentile 44 ** 44 ** 47 ** ** ** ** ** ** 21 31 ** 39 ** 33 ** 40 ** 45 35 Income 17-33 Percentile 44 ** 34 ** 40 ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 30 ** 35 ** 32 ** 33 ** 26 33 Income 34-67 Percentile 38 ** 37 ** 39 ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 28 ** 36 ** 24 ** 30 ** 33 24 Income 68-95 Percentile 36 ** 39 ** 42 ** ** ** ** ** ** 21 34 ** 34 ** 33 ** 38 ** 27 26 Income 96-100 Percentile 32 ** 41 ** 41 ** ** ** ** ** ** 23 26* ** 35 ** 41 ** 49 ** 43 32 Professionals 32 ** 38 ** 45 ** ** ** ** ** ** 24 39 ** 39 ** 34 ** 39 ** 42 ** White Collar 38 ** 34 ** 41 ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 28 ** 34 ** 34 ** 35 ** 25 ** Blue Collar 43 ** 39 ** 43 ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 26 ** 32 ** 26 ** 34 ** 33 ** Unskilled 56* ** 56* ** 58* ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 26 ** 35 ** 13* ** 31* ** 52* ** Farmers 43 ** 40 ** 43 ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 34 ** 22 ** 15* ** 37* ** 59* ** Housewives 38 ** 37 ** 34 ** ** ** ** ** ** 15 17 ** 34 ** 25 ** 26 ** 23 ** Union Households 46 ** 41 ** 41 ** ** ** ** ** ** 21 31 ** 34 ** 34 ** 35 ** 34 29 Non-Union Households 37 ** 37 ** 41 ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 29 ** 35 ** 29 ** 35 ** 33 28 South 34 ** 38 ** 43 ** ** ** ** ** ** 18 31 ** 37 ** 31 ** 34 ** 38 25 Nonsouth 40 ** 38 ** 41 ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 28 ** 34 ** 30 ** 36 ** 32 31 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 27 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 38* ** 33 ** 45 ** 35 28 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 23 28 ** 37 ** 27 ** 32 ** 33 32 Born 1943-1958 35* ** 39 ** 48 ** ** ** ** ** ** 21 34 ** 38 ** 35 ** 40 ** 37 27 Born 1927-1942 43 ** 43 ** 41 ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 27 ** 34 ** 28 ** 28 ** 26 28 Born 1911-1926 39 ** 37 ** 38 ** ** ** ** ** ** 14 26 ** 26 ** 28 ** 29 ** 44 ** Born 1895-1910 36 ** 37 ** 37 ** ** ** ** ** ** 11 19 ** 24 ** 20* ** 6* ** ** ** Born before 1895 30 ** 22 ** 42 ** ** ** ** ** ** 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 45 ** 44 ** 46 ** ** ** ** ** ** 23 35 ** 42 ** 37 ** 44 ** 42 38 Independents 46 ** 35 ** 41 ** ** ** ** ** ** 14 20 ** 29 ** 20 ** 26 ** 32 18 Republicans (incl leaners) 25 ** 29 ** 34 ** ** ** ** ** ** 17 26 ** 27 ** 23 ** 26 ** 23 19 Liberals ** ** ** ** 65 ** ** ** ** ** ** 27 47 ** 51 ** 48 ** 46 ** 54 44 Moderates ** ** ** ** 36 ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 28 ** 35 ** 30 ** 37 ** 36 23 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 35 ** ** ** ** ** ** 18 28 ** 29 ** 25 ** 27 ** 23 25 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4B.8.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government See to Fair Treatment in Jobs 1964-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Don't See to It' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 44 ** 44 ** 34 ** ** ** ** ** ** 15 25 ** 26 ** 32 ** 30 ** 27 27 Females 37 ** 42 ** 36 ** ** ** ** ** ** 13 19 ** 26 ** 28 ** 28 ** 27 22 Whites 44 ** 46 ** 38 ** ** ** ** ** ** 17 27 ** 30 ** 34 ** 33 ** 33 29 Blacks 5 ** 9 ** 8 ** ** ** ** ** ** 3 4 ** 7 ** 6 ** 6 ** 6 7 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 32 ** 38 ** 30 ** ** ** ** ** ** 13 15 ** 19 ** 20 ** 21 ** 21* 9* High School Diploma 42 ** 47 ** 37 ** ** ** ** ** ** 13 21 ** 26 ** 28 ** 27 ** 26 23 Some College, no Degree 46 ** 48 ** 40 ** ** ** ** ** ** 15 27 ** 28 ** 33 ** 31 ** 30 27 College Degree/ Post-grad 41 ** 32 ** 29 ** ** ** ** ** ** 15 23 ** 24 ** 30 ** 29 ** 26 27 Income 0-16 Percentile 30 ** 32 ** 29 ** ** ** ** ** ** 9 14 ** 20 ** 21 ** 19 ** 13 15 Income 17-33 Percentile 35 ** 43 ** 33 ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 18 ** 25 ** 23 ** 26 ** 27 18 Income 34-67 Percentile 42 ** 47 ** 36 ** ** ** ** ** ** 14 25 ** 24 ** 32 ** 32 ** 27 28 Income 68-95 Percentile 44 ** 45 ** 38 ** ** ** ** ** ** 14 25 ** 30 ** 34 ** 33 ** 35 29 Income 96-100 Percentile 50 ** 41 ** 42 ** ** ** ** ** ** 15 34* ** 31 ** 30 ** 34 ** 33 31 Professionals 51 ** 43 ** 36 ** ** ** ** ** ** 17 24 ** 28 ** 35 ** 31 ** 28 ** White Collar 42 ** 49 ** 39 ** ** ** ** ** ** 14 23 ** 30 ** 30 ** 26 ** 33 ** Blue Collar 35 ** 43 ** 32 ** ** ** ** ** ** 13 21 ** 24 ** 24 ** 27 ** 22 ** Unskilled 28* ** 33* ** 22* ** ** ** ** ** ** 7 13 ** 20 ** 22* ** 26* ** 8* ** Farmers 36 ** 38 ** 26 ** ** ** ** ** ** 12 28 ** 24 ** 27* ** 43* ** 27* ** Housewives 38 ** 41 ** 39 ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 21 ** 30 ** 37 ** 30 ** 34 ** Union Households 36 ** 43 ** 34 ** ** ** ** ** ** 13 22 ** 27 ** 31 ** 29 ** 25 26 Non-Union Households 41 ** 43 ** 36 ** ** ** ** ** ** 14 22 ** 26 ** 29 ** 28 ** 28 24 South 46 ** 49 ** 38 ** ** ** ** ** ** 14 20 ** 23 ** 27 ** 28 ** 21 29 Nonsouth 38 ** 40 ** 34 ** ** ** ** ** ** 14 23 ** 27 ** 31 ** 29 ** 30 21 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0* ** 15 ** 19 ** 18 22 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 9 15 ** 21 ** 30 ** 30 ** 29 31 Born 1943-1958 46* ** 39 ** 32 ** ** ** ** ** ** 14 22 ** 25 ** 28 ** 29 ** 29 29 Born 1927-1942 37 ** 41 ** 38 ** ** ** ** ** ** 15 30 ** 30 ** 35 ** 36 ** 32 22 Born 1911-1926 39 ** 45 ** 37 ** ** ** ** ** ** 18 24 ** 34 ** 31 ** 22 ** 22 ** Born 1895-1910 44 ** 42 ** 36 ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 17 ** 29 ** 31* ** 33* ** ** ** Born before 1895 43 ** 45 ** 31 ** ** ** ** ** ** 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 36 ** 37 ** 33 ** ** ** ** ** ** 12 17 ** 20 ** 21 ** 20 ** 16 16 Independents 34 ** 50 ** 32 ** ** ** ** ** ** 15 19 ** 23 ** 24 ** 31 ** 28 19 Republicans (incl leaners) 51 ** 50 ** 40 ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 28 ** 35 ** 42 ** 39 ** 40 38 Liberals ** ** ** ** 24 ** ** ** ** ** ** 11 15 ** 16 ** 23 ** 20 ** 11 18 Moderates ** ** ** ** 40 ** ** ** ** ** ** 17 22 ** 29 ** 27 ** 28 ** 26 27 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 48 ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 30 ** 34 ** 43 ** 42 ** 43 32 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4B.8.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Government See to Fair Treatment in Jobs 1964-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'DK, No interest' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 19 ** 18 ** 23 ** ** ** ** ** ** 64 42 ** 38 ** 40 ** 32 ** 38 42 Females 23 ** 21 ** 24 ** ** ** ** ** ** 69 54 ** 41 ** 41 ** 40 ** 41 52 Whites 23 ** 21 ** 25 ** ** ** ** ** ** 68 48 ** 40 ** 40 ** 37 ** 42 49 Blacks 8 ** 9 ** 9 ** ** ** ** ** ** 59 42 ** 30 ** 33 ** 30 ** 33 35 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 24 ** 23 ** 29 ** ** ** ** ** ** 71 63 ** 53 ** 60 ** 55 ** 31* 53* High School Diploma 21 ** 18 ** 25 ** ** ** ** ** ** 71 56 ** 43 ** 48 ** 39 ** 46 53 Some College, no Degree 20 ** 15 ** 16 ** ** ** ** ** ** 65 42 ** 38 ** 36 ** 36 ** 40 47 College Degree/ Post-grad 18 ** 24 ** 16 ** ** ** ** ** ** 58 31 ** 30 ** 28 ** 28 ** 29 39 Income 0-16 Percentile 25 ** 24 ** 24 ** ** ** ** ** ** 70 55 ** 41 ** 46 ** 41 ** 42 51 Income 17-33 Percentile 21 ** 23 ** 27 ** ** ** ** ** ** 67 52 ** 40 ** 45 ** 41 ** 47 49 Income 34-67 Percentile 20 ** 17 ** 24 ** ** ** ** ** ** 67 47 ** 40 ** 44 ** 38 ** 39 47 Income 68-95 Percentile 20 ** 16 ** 20 ** ** ** ** ** ** 65 41 ** 36 ** 33 ** 28 ** 38 45 Income 96-100 Percentile 18 ** 19 ** 17 ** ** ** ** ** ** 62 40* ** 34 ** 29 ** 17 ** 25 37 Professionals 17 ** 19 ** 19 ** ** ** ** ** ** 58 37 ** 34 ** 31 ** 30 ** 30 ** White Collar 20 ** 17 ** 21 ** ** ** ** ** ** 70 49 ** 36 ** 36 ** 38 ** 42 ** Blue Collar 22 ** 18 ** 25 ** ** ** ** ** ** 69 54 ** 44 ** 50 ** 39 ** 45 ** Unskilled 17* ** 11* ** 20* ** ** ** ** ** ** 73 61 ** 45 ** 65* ** 44* ** 41* ** Farmers 20 ** 22 ** 31 ** ** ** ** ** ** 72 38 ** 54 ** 59* ** 20* ** 15* ** Housewives 24 ** 23 ** 27 ** ** ** ** ** ** 69 62 ** 37 ** 37 ** 44 ** 43 ** Union Households 18 ** 16 ** 24 ** ** ** ** ** ** 66 47 ** 39 ** 36 ** 36 ** 41 45 Non-Union Households 22 ** 20 ** 23 ** ** ** ** ** ** 67 49 ** 39 ** 42 ** 36 ** 39 48 South 20 ** 13 ** 19 ** ** ** ** ** ** 68 49 ** 40 ** 42 ** 37 ** 41 46 Nonsouth 22 ** 21 ** 25 ** ** ** ** ** ** 66 49 ** 39 ** 40 ** 36 ** 39 48 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 54 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 62* ** 52 ** 36 ** 47 50 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 69 57 ** 43 ** 43 ** 38 ** 38 37 Born 1943-1958 19* ** 22 ** 20 ** ** ** ** ** ** 65 43 ** 37 ** 38 ** 31 ** 34 44 Born 1927-1942 20 ** 17 ** 22 ** ** ** ** ** ** 66 43 ** 36 ** 37 ** 36 ** 42 50 Born 1911-1926 22 ** 17 ** 26 ** ** ** ** ** ** 68 50 ** 40 ** 41 ** 49 ** 35 ** Born 1895-1910 20 ** 22 ** 27 ** ** ** ** ** ** 70 64 ** 47 ** 49* ** 61* ** ** ** Born before 1895 27 ** 34 ** 26 ** ** ** ** ** ** 100* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 20 ** 18 ** 20 ** ** ** ** ** ** 65 47 ** 38 ** 42 ** 36 ** 42 46 Independents 20 ** 15 ** 28 ** ** ** ** ** ** 71 60 ** 47 ** 56 ** 43 ** 40 63 Republicans (incl leaners) 23 ** 21 ** 26 ** ** ** ** ** ** 67 46 ** 38 ** 34 ** 35 ** 37 44 Liberals ** ** ** ** 12 ** ** ** ** ** ** 62 38 ** 32 ** 29 ** 34 ** 35 38 Moderates ** ** ** ** 24 ** ** ** ** ** ** 65 50 ** 36 ** 43 ** 35 ** 39 50 Conservatives ** ** ** ** 17 ** ** ** ** ** ** 66 41 ** 37 ** 32 ** 32 ** 34 43 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4B.8.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Equal Role for Women 1972-2008 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Equal Role 1 31 33 30 38 33 37 32 ** 41 42 51 42 48 53 56 ** 57 64 2 9 9 12 10 16 12 12 ** 15 12 14 15 18 14 15 ** 14 15 3 7 8 8 8 10 9 9 ** 9 8 7 8 8 7 7 ** 7 5 4 19 18 18 16 16 17 21 ** 16 16 13 15 11 12 11 ** 9 8 5 6 7 7 7 7 6 7 ** 5 6 5 6 4 3 4 ** 4 3 6 4 5 5 5 6 4 3 ** 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 ** 2 2 Women's Place in Home 7 19 14 11 10 6 7 5 ** 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 ** 2 2 DK, Haven't Thought 5 6 9 6 6 7 10 ** 6 7 4 7 4 5 3 ** 5 2 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 2685 2480 2385 2286 1398 1402 2239 2023 971 2477 1772 1713 1279 977 1212 1167 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4C.1 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "Some people feel that women should have an equal role with men in running business, industry and government. Others feel that women's place is in the home. Where would you place yourself on this scale or haven't you thought much about this?" (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) This question is variable VCF0834 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Equal Role for Women 1972-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Equal Role (1,2,3)' Percent of group: '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 48 53 54 60 57 56 56 ** 64 64 72 67 73 77 72 ** 77 82 Females 45 49 48 54 59 59 52 ** 65 59 71 64 75 71 81 ** 79 84 Whites 46 50 50 56 59 57 54 ** 65 62 72 65 75 73 76 ** 80 84 Blacks 49 56 53 59 55 65 51 ** 61 63 71 64 74 76 67 ** 71 78 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 34 34 29 32 35 30 28 ** 39 37 49 34 55 52 45* ** 38 65* High School Diploma 42 44 43 52 51 50 45 ** 61 55 66 54 69 67 72 ** 75 78 Some College, no Degree 59 67 68 68 72 71 66 ** 72 72 78 78 80 81 84 ** 83 90 College Degree/ Post-grad 66 73 74 77 76 75 77 ** 79 81 82 82 82 83 85 ** 86 87 Income 0-16 Percentile 41 49 42 47 49 55 40 ** 56 46 64 49 67 67 73 ** 76 77 Income 17-33 Percentile 46 48 43 53 56 52 44 ** 54 55 66 61 70 65 71 ** 77 84 Income 34-67 Percentile 43 48 51 55 57 57 56 ** 68 63 72 68 76 73 75 ** 80 85 Income 68-95 Percentile 54 58 58 66 67 69 64 ** 73 72 78 74 80 80 88 ** 81 85 Income 96-100 Percentile 59 49 68 65 72 58 81 ** 83* 73* 87 83 93 88 87* ** 86 88 Professionals 59 65 71 72 70 69 71 ** 77 77 81 78 82 81 86 ** 87 ** White Collar 58 58 54 67 63 65 58 ** 69 74 76 72 77 79 79 ** 80 ** Blue Collar 41 46 47 49 49 53 48 ** 59 56 67 60 69 68 71 ** 76 ** Unskilled 45* 49* 50 63 54* 54* 52* ** 55 53* 65 50 64* 71* 69* ** 76* ** Farmers 31 35 32 50* 64* 35* 39 ** 52 46* 53 42* 50* 39* 49* ** 54* ** Housewives 37 36 33 39 49 43 32 ** 52 40 59 44 63 61 73 ** 59 ** Union Households 44 48 53 58 54 61 62 ** 68 64 73 64 80 79 86 ** 82 86 Non-Union Households 48 51 50 56 59 57 52 ** 64 61 71 65 73 73 75 ** 77 83 South 43 49 44 54 55 54 47 ** 60 55 69 63 72 75 71 ** 75 81 Nonsouth 48 51 52 57 59 60 57 ** 67 65 73 66 75 73 80 ** 80 85 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 91 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 77* 68 85 80 82 ** 86 84 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** 64 60 63 62 ** 72 68 78 72 79 78 80 ** 81 83 Born 1943-1958 55 65 61 67 68 68 64 ** 74 71 77 71 80 77 82 ** 78 75 Born 1927-1942 47 47 54 54 59 56 53 ** 58 55 65 59 65 68 67 ** 71 54* Born 1911-1926 43 40 44 50 46 49 39 ** 53 44 57 43 57 56 60 ** 53 ** Born 1895-1910 38 41 32 38 45 39 26 ** 33 28* 50 31* 47* 36* 74* ** ** ** Born before 1895 36 32 32* 29* 50* 14* 33* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 48 54 52 58 60 59 57 ** 65 64 75 65 79 78 81 ** 82 86 Independents 42 49 48 59 55 61 47 ** 65 53 75 67 69 74 72 ** 74 76 Republicans (incl leaners) 46 43 50 53 57 54 52 ** 65 60 66 65 69 68 72 ** 76 84 Liberals 70 79 72 85 77 82 77 ** 79 85 90 88 92 89 92 ** 90 92 Moderates 48 51 57 56 63 64 54 ** 68 61 76 67 76 79 84 ** 87 84 Conservatives 44 44 48 52 57 57 54 ** 63 61 64 62 68 67 72 ** 71 82 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4C.1.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Equal Role for Women 1972-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Women's Place in Home (5,6,7)' Percent of group: '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 28 25 21 20 21 17 13 ** 14 13 10 11 9 7 11 ** 7 6 Females 30 27 24 23 18 19 17 ** 14 18 11 14 12 10 9 ** 8 7 Whites 29 26 23 22 19 19 16 ** 14 14 10 12 10 9 9 ** 8 6 Blacks 27 19 20 17 24 13 17 ** 16 19 14 13 14 5 19 ** 8 9 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 41 38 37 38 31 33 20 ** 29 30 23 30 17 24 38* ** 39 27* High School Diploma 30 28 25 23 24 22 19 ** 15 18 13 15 13 10 12 ** 8 10 Some College, no Degree 20 17 14 15 11 13 10 ** 10 10 6 9 9 6 5 ** 5 2 College Degree/ Post-grad 17 16 11 12 9 7 9 ** 8 7 6 6 6 6 5 ** 5 3 Income 0-16 Percentile 34 25 30 29 25 21 19 ** 19 28 16 19 16 12 13 ** 9 11 Income 17-33 Percentile 31 28 26 21 20 23 21 ** 20 19 15 10 11 14 12 ** 7 6 Income 34-67 Percentile 31 29 22 24 21 17 14 ** 14 13 10 14 11 8 11 ** 8 5 Income 68-95 Percentile 24 22 21 16 14 15 12 ** 8 9 8 9 7 5 4 ** 4 6 Income 96-100 Percentile 20 21 15 15 16 11 7 ** 6* 12* 3 3 4 3 5* ** 4 3 Professionals 19 17 13 13 14 12 8 ** 8 8 6 7 6 6 5 ** 3 ** White Collar 18 23 20 14 14 14 13 ** 12 11 10 10 9 6 7 ** 6 ** Blue Collar 34 28 23 25 24 19 17 ** 16 17 14 14 13 11 13 ** 10 ** Unskilled 35* 22* 20 17 23* 21* 16* ** 23 16* 12 19 13* 2* 20* ** 11* ** Farmers 40 38 36 18* 25* 21* 11 ** 24 31* 16 24* 16* 20* 42* ** 18* ** Housewives 38 33 33 33 28 30 28 ** 23 25 12 25 22 14 14 ** 19 ** Union Households 30 29 22 21 19 19 11 ** 12 10 10 13 7 5 6 ** 7 6 Non-Union Households 28 25 23 22 20 18 16 ** 15 16 11 12 11 9 11 ** 8 6 South 33 26 25 24 22 21 18 ** 17 21 13 13 12 7 12 ** 9 8 Nonsouth 28 26 22 20 19 17 14 ** 13 13 10 12 10 9 9 ** 7 5 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 2 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 8* 2 1 7 5 ** 5 4 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** 16 19 17 12 ** 12 11 7 10 8 7 7 ** 5 9 Born 1943-1958 24 16 16 15 16 14 12 ** 10 12 9 11 9 6 7 ** 5 10 Born 1927-1942 31 29 23 23 18 17 15 ** 17 17 14 16 14 9 17 ** 14 27* Born 1911-1926 30 31 28 25 27 22 24 ** 16 24 15 21 18 20 23 ** 25 ** Born 1895-1910 32 32 28 34 22 27 18 ** 32 38* 23 21* 42* 38* 0* ** ** ** Born before 1895 40 37 43* 46* 10* 71* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 28 21 22 20 18 16 14 ** 14 15 10 12 8 7 8 ** 6 6 Independents 33 32 22 17 20 18 17 ** 11 14 9 8 13 9 11 ** 7 6 Republicans (incl leaners) 29 31 25 26 21 22 17 ** 15 17 12 14 13 11 12 ** 9 7 Liberals 14 9 11 7 7 8 8 ** 8 4 4 3 3 3 4 ** 2 5 Moderates 26 22 17 18 16 12 14 ** 9 15 7 10 7 4 8 ** 3 4 Conservatives 32 36 29 28 24 19 19 ** 18 20 15 17 15 14 13 ** 12 8 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4C.1.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Abortion (1) 1972-1980 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 Never Permitted 11 ** 11 10 10 Health in Danger 46 ** 44 43 44 Personal Difficulty 17 ** 16 16 18 Always Permitted 24 ** 26 26 27 Don't Know, Other 3 ** 4 4 3 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 2692 2378 2281 1400 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4C.2a Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "Which one of the opinions on this page (1972: card) best agrees with your view?" 1. Abortion should never be permitted. 2. Abortion should be permitted only if the life and health of the woman is in danger. 3. Abortion should be permitted if, due to personal reasons, the woman would have difficulty in caring for the child. 4. Abortion should never be forbidden, since one should not require a woman to have a child she doesn't want. This question is variable VCF0837 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Abortion (1) 1972-1980 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Never Permitted' Percent of group: '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 Males 10 ** 10 11 9 Females 11 ** 11 10 10 Whites 10 ** 10 9 8 Blacks 19 ** 20 19 19 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 24 ** 24 23 21 High School Diploma 10 ** 11 10 10 Some College, no Degree 5 ** 5 7 7 College Degree/ Post-grad 5 ** 5 7 4 Income 0-16 Percentile 20 ** 21 16 21 Income 17-33 Percentile 13 ** 14 13 9 Income 34-67 Percentile 9 ** 9 8 7 Income 68-95 Percentile 7 ** 7 10 5 Income 96-100 Percentile 6 ** 5 6 7 Professionals 6 ** 6 6 6 White Collar 7 ** 5 6 7 Blue Collar 11 ** 15 15 12 Unskilled 24* ** 16 10 8* Farmers 30 ** 20 12* 15* Housewives 15 ** 12 11 13 Union Households 9 ** 11 12 7 Non-Union Households 11 ** 10 10 10 South 13 ** 13 12 13 Nonsouth 10 ** 10 10 8 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** 19 4 Born 1943-1958 7 ** 9 8 9 Born 1927-1942 9 ** 6 12 10 Born 1911-1926 11 ** 12 10 11 Born 1895-1910 18 ** 19 16 10 Born before 1895 23 ** 24 12* 11* Democrats (incl leaners) 12 ** 12 11 9 Independents 12 ** 10 11 12 Republicans (incl leaners) 9 ** 9 8 9 Liberals 7 ** 8 8 2 Moderates 7 ** 7 9 8 Conservatives 7 ** 8 10 9 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4C.2a.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Abortion (1) 1972-1980 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Health in Danger' Percent of group: '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 Males 44 ** 40 41 43 Females 47 ** 46 44 44 Whites 46 ** 45 43 44 Blacks 44 ** 38 40 41 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 53 ** 53 52 51 High School Diploma 48 ** 47 47 47 Some College, no Degree 37 ** 37 34 40 College Degree/ Post-grad 35 ** 31 32 32 Income 0-16 Percentile 47 ** 51 46 42 Income 17-33 Percentile 50 ** 50 44 50 Income 34-67 Percentile 47 ** 45 47 44 Income 68-95 Percentile 41 ** 39 36 41 Income 96-100 Percentile 39 ** 31 29 25 Professionals 41 ** 31 35 36 White Collar 42 ** 43 38 42 Blue Collar 50 ** 48 45 47 Unskilled 48* ** 33 41 49* Farmers 41 ** 57 60* 41* Housewives 48 ** 51 50 49 Union Households 44 ** 41 40 47 Non-Union Households 46 ** 44 43 42 South 54 ** 48 45 44 Nonsouth 43 ** 42 42 43 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** 30 35 Born 1943-1958 39 ** 38 38 38 Born 1927-1942 44 ** 44 43 46 Born 1911-1926 51 ** 47 49 51 Born 1895-1910 50 ** 50 54 51 Born before 1895 47 ** 59 38* 33* Democrats (incl leaners) 46 ** 43 43 43 Independents 46 ** 45 41 39 Republicans (incl leaners) 45 ** 44 43 46 Liberals 32 ** 28 27 31 Moderates 44 ** 41 43 41 Conservatives 48 ** 48 46 48 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4C.2a.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Abortion (1) 1972-1980 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Personal Difficulty' Percent of group: '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 Males 18 ** 17 18 20 Females 16 ** 15 15 15 Whites 17 ** 16 16 17 Blacks 16 ** 16 20 18 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 7 ** 10 9 10 High School Diploma 17 ** 16 16 18 Some College, no Degree 23 ** 19 21 20 College Degree/ Post-grad 23 ** 20 16 19 Income 0-16 Percentile 13 ** 10 14 17 Income 17-33 Percentile 14 ** 11 15 16 Income 34-67 Percentile 18 ** 19 17 18 Income 68-95 Percentile 20 ** 19 19 19 Income 96-100 Percentile 16 ** 12 14 21 Professionals 19 ** 19 16 21 White Collar 22 ** 18 21 17 Blue Collar 16 ** 13 17 18 Unskilled 8* ** 12 19 15* Farmers 12 ** 9 7* 19* Housewives 14 ** 15 11 12 Union Households 19 ** 17 18 16 Non-Union Households 16 ** 16 16 18 South 16 ** 16 15 18 Nonsouth 17 ** 16 17 17 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** 27 28 Born 1943-1958 22 ** 19 20 21 Born 1927-1942 17 ** 17 16 14 Born 1911-1926 16 ** 13 12 15 Born 1895-1910 14 ** 13 9 13 Born before 1895 7 ** 6 4* 11* Democrats (incl leaners) 16 ** 15 16 17 Independents 16 ** 18 16 17 Republicans (incl leaners) 18 ** 17 16 19 Liberals 21 ** 18 19 18 Moderates 22 ** 18 19 21 Conservatives 17 ** 16 15 18 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4C.2a.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Abortion (1) 1972-1980 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Always Permitted' Percent of group: '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 Males 25 ** 28 26 24 Females 23 ** 24 27 29 Whites 25 ** 27 28 28 Blacks 17 ** 19 16 16 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 12 ** 8 8 9 High School Diploma 23 ** 23 24 23 Some College, no Degree 32 ** 36 34 32 College Degree/ Post-grad 36 ** 43 41 43 Income 0-16 Percentile 16 ** 12 17 15 Income 17-33 Percentile 20 ** 21 23 23 Income 34-67 Percentile 23 ** 24 25 29 Income 68-95 Percentile 30 ** 33 32 33 Income 96-100 Percentile 37 ** 53 46 44 Professionals 32 ** 40 39 35 White Collar 28 ** 34 31 32 Blue Collar 20 ** 20 19 19 Unskilled 14* ** 33 21 15* Farmers 13 ** 6 12* 22* Housewives 21 ** 18 22 24 Union Households 26 ** 29 27 26 Non-Union Households 23 ** 25 26 27 South 13 ** 20 22 22 Nonsouth 28 ** 28 28 29 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** 21 31 Born 1943-1958 31 ** 31 32 31 Born 1927-1942 27 ** 31 25 29 Born 1911-1926 20 ** 24 23 19 Born 1895-1910 14 ** 12 15 19 Born before 1895 11 ** 9 27* 33* Democrats (incl leaners) 23 ** 26 25 28 Independents 22 ** 26 27 29 Republicans (incl leaners) 26 ** 26 29 24 Liberals 37 ** 43 42 47 Moderates 24 ** 32 25 28 Conservatives 26 ** 24 25 21 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4C.2a.4 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Abortion (2), by Law 1980-2008 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Never Permitted 11 13 13 13 12 12 10 13 13 12 12 ** 14 15 Rape, Incest, Danger 32 30 29 28 33 33 28 31 30 30 31 ** 32 27 Clear Need 18 19 19 18 18 14 14 14 16 16 15 ** 18 18 Always as Personal Choice 35 35 35 38 35 40 46 40 40 40 39 ** 36 40 Don't Know, Other 4 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 ** 1 1 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1604 1398 2237 2166 2025 1963 2470 1770 1710 1271 1798 1058 1055 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4C.2b Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "Which one of the opinions on this page best agrees with your view?" 1. By law, abortion should never be permitted 2. The law should permit abortion only in case of rape, incest, or when the woman's life is in danger. 3. The law should permit abortion for reasons other than rape, incest, or danger to the woman's life, but only after the need for the abortion has been clearly established. 4. By law, a woman should always be able to obtain an abortion as a matter of personal choice. This question is variable VCF0838 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Abortion (2), by Law 1980-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Never Permitted' Percent of group: '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 10 12 11 13 10 12 9 11 12 9 10 ** 14 13 Females 12 14 14 13 14 12 11 16 14 15 14 ** 14 16 Whites 9 11 12 11 10 10 8 11 12 11 11 ** 13 14 Blacks 22 24 18 23 19 22 17 23 19 18 25 ** 18 14 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 23 28 25 32 21 21 25 29 31 26 31 ** 31* 45* High School Diploma 12 16 14 14 15 14 12 16 17 14 16 ** 16 19 Some College, no Degree 7 9 9 9 7 8 7 9 10 9 11 ** 12 12 College Degree/ Post-grad 5 3 7 8 8 6 7 7 6 9 5 ** 10 8 Income 0-16 Percentile 21 19 23 22 18 19 17 18 19 21 25 ** 26 20 Income 17-33 Percentile 12 18 14 18 16 12 12 16 14 15 13 ** 11 16 Income 34-67 Percentile 11 12 11 11 13 11 10 14 15 12 12 ** 15 13 Income 68-95 Percentile 7 8 9 9 7 9 6 8 9 9 6 ** 11 11 Income 96-100 Percentile 4 7 5 3 6* 1 3 2 6 6 9 ** 4 15 Professionals 7 7 7 10 8 6 7 8 6 9 8 ** 10 ** White Collar 8 13 10 9 11 11 7 9 10 12 9 ** 13 ** Blue Collar 14 15 15 16 15 15 13 15 17 13 15 ** 17 ** Unskilled 18* 23* 16* 14 15 16 14 26 23* 19* 16* ** 10* ** Farmers 19* 7* 22 23 14 18 14 21* 29* 0* 14* ** 47* ** Housewives 15 17 18 15 19 11 14 27 18 16 19 ** 23 ** Union Households 10 12 10 11 10 8 6 12 11 6 12 ** 10 13 Non-Union Households 11 13 14 14 13 13 11 13 13 14 13 ** 15 15 South 13 16 17 17 17 17 14 17 16 16 16 ** 21 15 Nonsouth 10 11 11 11 11 10 9 11 11 11 11 ** 11 14 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 13 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** 0* 17 20 17 13 ** 11 11 Born 1959-1974 6 11 11 14 13 11 8 11 12 14 11 ** 13 16 Born 1943-1958 9 11 11 10 13 11 10 13 11 10 10 ** 17 24 Born 1927-1942 10 9 12 14 10 14 12 14 15 10 17 ** 13 13* Born 1911-1926 15 16 15 15 14 11 12 17 16 15 17 ** 21 ** Born 1895-1910 16 23 21 24 14 25 24 9* 13* 22* 22* ** ** ** Born before 1895 20* 43* 25* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 12 14 11 14 13 11 10 14 12 10 11 ** 11 10 Independents 13 13 18 18 11 16 10 15 19 16 16 ** 16 24 Republicans (incl leaners) 9 10 13 10 12 11 12 12 13 16 13 ** 17 18 Liberals 4 4 5 9 9 6 4 3 7 4 7 ** 7 5 Moderates 9 7 8 10 7 9 7 6 12 6 3 ** 9 11 Conservatives 11 13 14 13 14 13 14 16 14 18 13 ** 19 18 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4C.2b.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Abortion (2), by Law 1980-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Rape, Incest, Danger' Percent of group: '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 30 28 27 27 33 32 28 34 33 29 32 ** 31 29 Females 32 31 31 29 33 33 28 29 28 31 30 ** 32 25 Whites 32 30 29 29 34 31 27 33 30 30 31 ** 32 27 Blacks 28 22 30 27 31 35 27 22 25 27 31 ** 32 26 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 40 39 43 32 42 46 38 34 37 41 30 ** 41* 38* High School Diploma 35 35 33 33 35 36 33 36 34 34 33 ** 37 32 Some College, no Degree 28 24 23 27 31 29 25 26 28 30 32 ** 30 21 College Degree/ Post-grad 18 20 19 18 24 20 17 26 23 19 26 ** 23 24 Income 0-16 Percentile 35 35 35 36 37 42 36 36 32 26 33 ** 35 28 Income 17-33 Percentile 40 30 37 26 39 37 31 30 30 35 35 ** 38 28 Income 34-67 Percentile 33 31 30 31 31 30 27 32 32 31 32 ** 30 27 Income 68-95 Percentile 25 29 24 24 29 28 24 29 26 28 27 ** 25 27 Income 96-100 Percentile 17 23 21 9 23* 23 13 19 19 24 25 ** 26 18 Professionals 23 26 20 23 27 27 20 26 25 26 26 ** 25 ** White Collar 32 25 27 24 32 28 23 25 25 31 31 ** 31 ** Blue Collar 35 31 33 32 37 36 32 37 35 38 34 ** 32 ** Unskilled 36* 18* 37* 39 21 30 34 38 45* 15* 36* ** 51* ** Farmers 29* 47* 38 37 47 46 45 29* 21* 39* 42* ** 26* ** Housewives 37 37 37 34 33 38 31 31 41 32 35 ** 39 ** Union Households 33 29 27 24 30 30 27 34 31 26 30 ** 35 33 Non-Union Households 31 30 30 29 33 33 28 30 30 31 31 ** 31 26 South 31 33 34 34 38 40 32 36 32 34 33 ** 34 32 Nonsouth 32 28 28 26 30 29 25 29 29 28 30 ** 30 23 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 24 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** 54* 36 25 26 35 ** 36 26 Born 1959-1974 26 29 29 29 30 32 28 30 28 27 28 ** 26 26 Born 1943-1958 30 27 25 28 30 28 23 28 29 28 26 ** 30 26 Born 1927-1942 29 29 29 24 36 36 32 35 34 34 39 ** 37 59* Born 1911-1926 36 33 35 31 36 36 30 31 34 41 35 ** 32 ** Born 1895-1910 35 36 39 36 42 52 30 39* 42* 71* 66* ** ** ** Born before 1895 50* 14* 50* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 32 30 28 28 31 31 24 26 25 27 27 ** 29 23 Independents 28 29 30 26 33 39 26 27 28 29 28 ** 23 25 Republicans (incl leaners) 33 30 31 30 35 33 33 38 37 34 37 ** 37 33 Liberals 20 21 19 18 21 17 15 16 9 15 18 ** 17 11 Moderates 29 29 27 28 29 30 26 29 28 27 30 ** 29 27 Conservatives 34 34 33 33 37 39 34 38 41 36 39 ** 37 36 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4C.2b.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Abortion (2), by Law 1980-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Clear Need' Percent of group: '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 21 20 21 20 20 14 15 15 18 17 16 ** 19 22 Females 17 18 18 16 17 14 13 13 14 16 15 ** 16 14 Whites 19 20 21 19 19 16 15 14 16 18 16 ** 17 19 Blacks 16 16 13 12 15 8 8 14 15 12 10 ** 17 14 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 10 11 10 11 13 8 8 10 14 11 10 ** 13* 4* High School Diploma 18 18 20 18 16 13 13 15 15 14 16 ** 15 17 Some College, no Degree 21 21 23 18 18 16 16 14 15 20 16 ** 23 18 College Degree/ Post-grad 23 23 19 21 26 19 16 14 19 18 15 ** 17 20 Income 0-16 Percentile 15 15 15 11 15 13 11 13 19 17 14 ** 18 13 Income 17-33 Percentile 15 22 16 21 13 12 14 15 16 12 16 ** 17 18 Income 34-67 Percentile 17 17 21 17 17 17 15 13 12 16 16 ** 19 17 Income 68-95 Percentile 24 23 23 22 22 14 16 14 17 19 15 ** 15 20 Income 96-100 Percentile 27 22 19 26 23* 22 12 18 21 22 15 ** 24 34 Professionals 23 21 23 19 21 17 16 14 18 18 17 ** 20 ** White Collar 19 19 21 19 19 14 14 18 16 15 14 ** 18 ** Blue Collar 17 17 19 16 15 12 12 14 14 14 16 ** 18 ** Unskilled 16* 15* 16* 13 21 12 13 12 17* 12* 10* ** 0* ** Farmers 19* 23* 19 23 21 11 18 10* 15* 0* 10* ** 12* ** Housewives 13 17 15 17 19 17 13 7 15 20 14 ** 16 ** Union Households 18 19 22 20 22 12 14 15 11 16 13 ** 19 20 Non-Union Households 19 19 19 17 17 15 14 14 17 16 16 ** 17 18 South 19 18 19 16 15 13 14 14 16 19 14 ** 16 18 Nonsouth 18 19 20 19 20 15 14 14 16 15 15 ** 18 18 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** 0* 18 23 18 12 ** 13 16 Born 1959-1974 18 18 21 19 16 15 12 14 16 16 15 ** 19 21 Born 1943-1958 18 17 19 18 19 14 14 12 14 18 16 ** 16 21 Born 1927-1942 20 22 22 19 19 15 17 17 16 17 11 ** 21 8* Born 1911-1926 18 21 18 17 17 14 15 14 17 11 24 ** 28 ** Born 1895-1910 17 15 15 16 19 4 11 10* 11* 0* 0* ** ** ** Born before 1895 0* 29* 25* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 17 18 20 16 18 14 13 13 16 16 13 ** 15 16 Independents 15 16 12 17 17 9 14 17 17 13 13 ** 22 18 Republicans (incl leaners) 23 22 21 21 19 16 15 15 15 18 18 ** 19 20 Liberals 19 16 21 16 19 15 10 9 15 16 16 ** 14 17 Moderates 17 22 25 19 20 15 18 18 14 17 24 ** 22 18 Conservatives 21 18 18 20 19 15 15 13 15 17 16 ** 16 22 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4C.2b.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Abortion (2), by Law 1980-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Always as Personal Choice' Percent of group: '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 34 35 36 37 36 41 46 38 36 42 39 ** 34 34 Females 36 36 35 39 35 38 46 41 43 38 40 ** 37 44 Whites 36 36 36 39 36 42 47 40 42 41 40 ** 37 39 Blacks 30 34 33 35 33 34 45 40 39 42 32 ** 32 46 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 16 13 15 18 20 21 26 20 14 15 20 ** 12* 11* High School Diploma 32 30 31 34 32 35 40 32 34 37 35 ** 31 31 Some College, no Degree 42 44 42 44 42 46 50 49 46 41 40 ** 33 48 College Degree/ Post-grad 51 51 52 51 41 53 58 51 50 53 51 ** 49 49 Income 0-16 Percentile 23 29 25 29 26 25 33 33 29 35 27 ** 19 39 Income 17-33 Percentile 31 28 32 33 31 38 41 38 39 35 35 ** 34 37 Income 34-67 Percentile 38 38 36 39 38 41 47 39 40 41 38 ** 36 43 Income 68-95 Percentile 42 39 41 44 40 48 51 48 47 43 50 ** 48 41 Income 96-100 Percentile 48 46 53 62 47* 54 69 61 53 48 49 ** 45 33 Professionals 43 45 47 46 43 48 54 50 49 46 47 ** 45 ** White Collar 40 41 39 46 38 46 53 46 47 41 44 ** 37 ** Blue Collar 32 32 31 33 32 35 41 32 33 35 32 ** 32 ** Unskilled 20* 33* 27* 34 35 37 35 23 14* 37* 35* ** 31* ** Farmers 23* 14* 13 18 14 24 22 33* 33* 46* 34* ** 15* ** Housewives 30 27 27 30 28 32 39 35 24 32 28 ** 19 ** Union Households 36 37 39 43 36 48 49 39 46 49 43 ** 35 34 Non-Union Households 35 35 35 37 35 38 45 40 39 38 39 ** 36 41 South 33 29 27 31 29 28 37 32 35 29 35 ** 26 35 Nonsouth 37 38 39 42 38 45 50 44 42 46 42 ** 40 43 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 47 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** 46* 28 32 39 39 ** 39 46 Born 1959-1974 47 42 37 38 40 41 49 43 43 42 43 ** 41 37 Born 1943-1958 41 43 43 43 38 46 51 45 44 44 45 ** 36 27 Born 1927-1942 39 35 35 40 33 34 38 33 34 35 31 ** 28 17* Born 1911-1926 26 27 27 33 31 35 40 33 32 31 23 ** 15 ** Born 1895-1910 22 22 19 20 19 18 26 42* 34* 7* 12* ** ** ** Born before 1895 30* 0* 0* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 36 35 38 40 37 43 52 46 45 47 46 ** 44 50 Independents 40 39 35 36 37 32 45 39 35 39 39 ** 37 31 Republicans (incl leaners) 33 35 32 37 33 38 38 33 33 31 30 ** 25 29 Liberals 53 58 54 56 50 61 69 71 69 63 58 ** 60 67 Moderates 41 41 38 42 43 45 48 46 45 49 42 ** 39 42 Conservatives 31 31 32 32 29 31 35 31 28 28 29 ** 28 23 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4C.2b.4 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ School Prayer (1) 1964-1984 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 Allow Prayer in School 75 75 73 ** ** ** ** ** 60 ** 54 No Religion in School 15 13 13 ** ** ** ** ** 21 ** 21 Don't Know, No Interest 10 12 13 ** ** ** ** ** 20 ** 25 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1563 1286 1343 1406 1927 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4C.3a Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "Some people think it is all right for the public schools to start each day with a prayer. Others feel that religion does not belong in the public schools but should be taken care of by the family and the church. Have you been interested enough in this to favor one side over the other?" (IF YES) "Which do you think--schools should be allowed to start each day with a prayer or religion does not belong in the schools?" This question is variable VCF9051 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ School Prayer (1) 1964-1984 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Allow Prayer in School' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 Males 70 73 67 ** ** ** ** ** 54 ** 48 Females 79 77 78 ** ** ** ** ** 64 ** 58 Whites 74 74 72 ** ** ** ** ** 58 ** 53 Blacks 88 89 89 ** ** ** ** ** 71 ** 68 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 78 81 80 ** ** ** ** ** 79 ** 63 High School Diploma 76 79 79 ** ** ** ** ** 66 ** 60 Some College, no Degree 72 65 63 ** ** ** ** ** 52 ** 51 College Degree/ Post-grad 66 58 55 ** ** ** ** ** 39 ** 38 Income 0-16 Percentile 79 81 83 ** ** ** ** ** 71 ** 62 Income 17-33 Percentile 77 79 75 ** ** ** ** ** 64 ** 60 Income 34-67 Percentile 74 75 75 ** ** ** ** ** 58 ** 53 Income 68-95 Percentile 75 72 68 ** ** ** ** ** 56 ** 49 Income 96-100 Percentile 68 66 57 ** ** ** ** ** 29 ** 51 Professionals 68 ** 64 ** ** ** ** ** 51 ** 45 White Collar 75 ** 74 ** ** ** ** ** 61 ** 54 Blue Collar 75 ** 75 ** ** ** ** ** 64 ** 57 Unskilled 81* ** 90* ** ** ** ** ** 59* ** 52* Farmers 74 ** 73 ** ** ** ** ** 66* ** 66 Housewives 78 ** 79 ** ** ** ** ** 66 ** 61 Union Households 72 77 75 ** ** ** ** ** 59 ** 51 Non-Union Households 76 75 73 ** ** ** ** ** 60 ** 55 South 89 89 85 ** ** ** ** ** 70 ** 68 Nonsouth 70 71 70 ** ** ** ** ** 56 ** 48 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 33 ** 44 Born 1943-1958 65* 63 63 ** ** ** ** ** 52 ** 49 Born 1927-1942 73 72 71 ** ** ** ** ** 63 ** 63 Born 1911-1926 75 77 75 ** ** ** ** ** 72 ** 58 Born 1895-1910 75 81 79 ** ** ** ** ** 72 ** 65 Born before 1895 79 75 80 ** ** ** ** ** 90* ** 0* Democrats (incl leaners) 74 74 74 ** ** ** ** ** 62 ** 50 Independents 64 69 73 ** ** ** ** ** 50 ** 51 Republicans (incl leaners) 79 78 73 ** ** ** ** ** 61 ** 59 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 40 ** 39 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 58 ** 52 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 62 ** 59 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4C.3a.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ School Prayer (1) 1964-1984 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'No Religion in School' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 Males 18 15 16 ** ** ** ** ** 24 ** 23 Females 13 12 11 ** ** ** ** ** 18 ** 20 Whites 16 14 14 ** ** ** ** ** 22 ** 23 Blacks 6 3 5 ** ** ** ** ** 12 ** 9 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 13 10 8 ** ** ** ** ** 7 ** 13 High School Diploma 14 12 11 ** ** ** ** ** 16 ** 15 Some College, no Degree 18 19 20 ** ** ** ** ** 26 ** 25 College Degree/ Post-grad 19 23 23 ** ** ** ** ** 36 ** 38 Income 0-16 Percentile 13 8 11 ** ** ** ** ** 12 ** 20 Income 17-33 Percentile 14 14 9 ** ** ** ** ** 16 ** 19 Income 34-67 Percentile 15 14 14 ** ** ** ** ** 23 ** 21 Income 68-95 Percentile 16 15 14 ** ** ** ** ** 24 ** 24 Income 96-100 Percentile 18 20 31 ** ** ** ** ** 35 ** 26 Professionals 19 ** 21 ** ** ** ** ** 29 ** 30 White Collar 13 ** 12 ** ** ** ** ** 20 ** 20 Blue Collar 16 ** 11 ** ** ** ** ** 17 ** 19 Unskilled 8* ** 5* ** ** ** ** ** 26* ** 16* Farmers 11 ** 11 ** ** ** ** ** 10* ** 5 Housewives 14 ** 11 ** ** ** ** ** 15 ** 17 Union Households 17 12 9 ** ** ** ** ** 24 ** 23 Non-Union Households 14 14 15 ** ** ** ** ** 20 ** 21 South 5 3 5 ** ** ** ** ** 12 ** 12 Nonsouth 18 16 16 ** ** ** ** ** 24 ** 25 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 39 ** 28 Born 1943-1958 23* 21 20 ** ** ** ** ** 24 ** 24 Born 1927-1942 18 14 14 ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** 15 Born 1911-1926 14 12 13 ** ** ** ** ** 15 ** 20 Born 1895-1910 14 11 10 ** ** ** ** ** 13 ** 15 Born before 1895 8 14 10 ** ** ** ** ** 10* ** 100* Democrats (incl leaners) 16 15 13 ** ** ** ** ** 22 ** 25 Independents 20 13 17 ** ** ** ** ** 23 ** 20 Republicans (incl leaners) 11 11 13 ** ** ** ** ** 18 ** 18 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 41 ** 39 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 ** 21 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** 18 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4C.3a.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ School Prayer (1) 1964-1984 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Don't Know, No Interest' Percent of group: '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 Males 12 13 17 ** ** ** ** ** 22 ** 28 Females 9 10 11 ** ** ** ** ** 18 ** 22 Whites 11 12 14 ** ** ** ** ** 20 ** 24 Blacks 6 8 7 ** ** ** ** ** 18 ** 23 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 9 9 12 ** ** ** ** ** 14 ** 24 High School Diploma 10 10 11 ** ** ** ** ** 18 ** 25 Some College, no Degree 10 17 17 ** ** ** ** ** 22 ** 25 College Degree/ Post-grad 15 20 22 ** ** ** ** ** 25 ** 24 Income 0-16 Percentile 8 10 6 ** ** ** ** ** 17 ** 19 Income 17-33 Percentile 9 8 16 ** ** ** ** ** 20 ** 21 Income 34-67 Percentile 11 11 12 ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** 26 Income 68-95 Percentile 9 13 18 ** ** ** ** ** 20 ** 27 Income 96-100 Percentile 14 14 12 ** ** ** ** ** 36 ** 23 Professionals 13 ** 15 ** ** ** ** ** 20 ** 25 White Collar 12 ** 14 ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** 26 Blue Collar 9 ** 14 ** ** ** ** ** 18 ** 24 Unskilled 11* ** 5* ** ** ** ** ** 15* ** 32* Farmers 15 ** 16 ** ** ** ** ** 24* ** 30 Housewives 8 ** 10 ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** 22 Union Households 12 12 15 ** ** ** ** ** 17 ** 26 Non-Union Households 10 11 13 ** ** ** ** ** 21 ** 24 South 5 8 10 ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** 20 Nonsouth 12 13 14 ** ** ** ** ** 20 ** 26 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 27 ** 28 Born 1943-1958 12* 16 17 ** ** ** ** ** 24 ** 28 Born 1927-1942 8 14 15 ** ** ** ** ** 18 ** 21 Born 1911-1926 11 11 12 ** ** ** ** ** 13 ** 22 Born 1895-1910 11 8 11 ** ** ** ** ** 16 ** 20 Born before 1895 13 11 10 ** ** ** ** ** 0* ** 0* Democrats (incl leaners) 10 11 13 ** ** ** ** ** 16 ** 25 Independents 17 17 10 ** ** ** ** ** 27 ** 29 Republicans (incl leaners) 9 11 14 ** ** ** ** ** 21 ** 23 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** 22 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 21 ** 27 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** 23 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4C.3a.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ School Prayer (2) 1986-1998 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 No Prayer in School 12 11 14 11 10 12 16 Silent Prayer Allowed 48 52 48 49 54 55 50 'General' Prayer Allowed 25 25 26 27 23 21 24 Christian Prayer Required 11 10 10 10 10 10 8 Don't Know, Other 4 3 2 3 3 2 3 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 2166 1767 989 2057 1770 1500 1278 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4C.3b Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "Which of the following views comes closest to your opinion on the issue of school prayer?" (RESPONDENT BOOKLET SHOWN TO R) 1. By law, prayer should not be allowed in public schools. 2. The law should allow public schools to schedule time when children can pray silently if they want to. 3. The law should allow public schools to schedule time when children as a group can say a general prayer not tied to a particular religious faith. 4. By law, public schools should schedule a time when when all children would say a chosen Christian prayer. This question is variable VCF9043 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ School Prayer (2) 1986-1998 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'No Prayer in School' Percent of group: '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 Males 13 12 14 11 11 12 18 Females 12 10 13 11 10 11 13 Whites 12 10 13 12 11 13 17 Blacks 9 10 14 8 8 8 8 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 8 9 18 9 13 5 4 High School Diploma 10 8 11 8 8 9 11 Some College, no Degree 10 9 9 9 9 12 16 College Degree/ Post-grad 22 18 24 21 18 18 28 Income 0-16 Percentile 12 12 11 11 8 15 13 Income 17-33 Percentile 11 7 17 7 10 7 12 Income 34-67 Percentile 11 10 11 12 10 10 13 Income 68-95 Percentile 13 12 14 14 12 14 18 Income 96-100 Percentile 24 11* 24* 19 16 18 36 Professionals 17 15 14 16 13 15 20 White Collar 13 11 14 12 10 10 16 Blue Collar 9 9 13 8 8 11 9 Unskilled 18 0* 8* 8* 15 1* 14* Farmers 5 9 17* 5 10* 12* 0* Housewives 9 7 16 10 10 3 15 Union Households 13 12 13 9 11 15 20 Non-Union Households 12 10 14 12 10 11 15 South 7 6 15 6 7 7 9 Nonsouth 15 13 13 14 12 14 19 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** 33* 14 18 25 Born 1959-1974 11 12 13 10 10 12 16 Born 1943-1958 13 11 15 15 11 14 15 Born 1927-1942 13 8 12 7 8 8 9 Born 1911-1926 11 9 12 11 11 10 15 Born 1895-1910 8 18 26* 10 10* 9* 21* Born before 1895 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 14 13 15 14 13 14 20 Independents 9 12 15 9 10 10 12 Republicans (incl leaners) 11 8 11 8 7 9 11 Liberals 23 21 26 24 24 27 39 Moderates 12 11 11 10 10 8 14 Conservatives 10 6 9 8 6 8 8 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4C.3b.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ School Prayer (2) 1986-1998 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Silent Prayer Allowed' Percent of group: '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 Males 51 54 49 52 54 54 51 Females 47 50 47 47 53 56 50 Whites 50 54 50 49 55 56 49 Blacks 43 44 44 48 48 54 53 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 37 33 34 38 36 34 43 High School Diploma 50 51 48 50 54 54 51 Some College, no Degree 51 57 55 54 53 57 52 College Degree/ Post-grad 47 57 49 46 57 59 49 Income 0-16 Percentile 41 41 49 42 56 48 46 Income 17-33 Percentile 48 42 47 46 49 53 45 Income 34-67 Percentile 53 57 47 52 54 57 54 Income 68-95 Percentile 49 57 50 53 54 59 49 Income 96-100 Percentile 48 60* 59* 49 54 53 46 Professionals 50 55 53 47 56 58 49 White Collar 48 54 47 50 52 57 49 Blue Collar 48 48 47 53 53 49 51 Unskilled 39 56* 40* 45* 40 69* 46* Farmers 49 44 47* 49 66* 53* 36* Housewives 49 51 45 47 57 64 47 Union Households 51 54 50 55 49 58 46 Non-Union Households 48 52 48 48 55 55 51 South 45 44 40 47 55 55 52 Nonsouth 50 55 52 50 53 55 49 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** 58* 58 63 55 Born 1959-1974 55 56 57 55 61 62 55 Born 1943-1958 52 58 50 51 53 57 50 Born 1927-1942 47 48 37 46 50 47 47 Born 1911-1926 38 44 46 40 40 43 37 Born 1895-1910 36 35 30* 38 38* 39* 19* Born before 1895 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 46 48 47 47 50 52 47 Independents 52 49 44 53 56 49 47 Republicans (incl leaners) 52 56 51 50 57 61 55 Liberals 46 51 50 47 54 51 39 Moderates 49 50 51 50 52 55 52 Conservatives 54 59 50 49 57 62 54 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4C.3b.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ School Prayer (2) 1986-1998 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: ''General' Prayer Allowed' Percent of group: '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 Males 23 23 26 24 22 20 20 Females 26 26 26 29 25 22 28 Whites 25 25 25 27 24 22 25 Blacks 24 25 22 20 23 15 22 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 23 30 20 24 24 29 28 High School Diploma 24 26 27 28 23 23 26 Some College, no Degree 29 26 27 26 27 20 25 College Degree/ Post-grad 24 18 22 25 19 17 17 Income 0-16 Percentile 25 27 22 26 19 20 24 Income 17-33 Percentile 24 37 19 28 26 22 26 Income 34-67 Percentile 23 22 29 27 25 22 25 Income 68-95 Percentile 28 22 29 26 25 20 24 Income 96-100 Percentile 24 24* 16* 23 22 20 16 Professionals 25 22 27 29 23 20 23 White Collar 27 26 28 28 27 23 27 Blue Collar 25 24 24 22 23 22 26 Unskilled 21 24* 32* 30* 24 13* 10* Farmers 30 31 19* 28 12* 8* 30* Housewives 26 27 25 31 19 22 26 Union Households 25 21 28 24 29 16 24 Non-Union Households 25 26 25 27 22 22 24 South 28 31 27 30 21 20 25 Nonsouth 23 22 25 25 25 22 23 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** 8* 18 19 13 Born 1959-1974 24 22 22 22 19 16 20 Born 1943-1958 24 21 27 26 23 18 26 Born 1927-1942 23 31 32 30 28 32 31 Born 1911-1926 31 27 21 33 34 30 34 Born 1895-1910 25 29 26* 29 24* 18* 28* Born before 1895 100* ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 24 25 23 24 23 20 22 Independents 23 23 29 26 17 27 31 Republicans (incl leaners) 26 25 28 30 25 21 24 Liberals 23 20 16 19 15 14 16 Moderates 28 30 26 31 27 25 26 Conservatives 24 22 30 30 25 21 26 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4C.3b.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ School Prayer (2) 1986-1998 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Christian Prayer Required' Percent of group: '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 Males 9 7 9 10 9 11 8 Females 12 12 11 11 10 9 8 Whites 8 8 9 8 8 7 6 Blacks 20 17 19 21 17 20 15 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 24 22 23 24 19 31 22 High School Diploma 13 12 12 12 12 12 10 Some College, no Degree 7 6 7 8 8 8 5 College Degree/ Post-grad 3 4 4 5 3 3 3 Income 0-16 Percentile 17 17 15 19 12 16 12 Income 17-33 Percentile 14 11 13 15 13 16 15 Income 34-67 Percentile 10 9 11 7 9 9 5 Income 68-95 Percentile 7 6 6 5 6 5 7 Income 96-100 Percentile 3 2* 0* 6 4 2 1 Professionals 4 5 5 6 5 5 4 White Collar 9 6 9 8 9 8 5 Blue Collar 15 16 14 14 13 16 10 Unskilled 18 17* 20* 17* 15 14* 30* Farmers 11 7 8* 14 8* 23* 19* Housewives 14 12 11 9 11 7 10 Union Households 8 10 8 9 10 9 6 Non-Union Households 11 10 11 10 10 10 8 South 16 16 16 15 15 15 12 Nonsouth 8 7 8 8 7 7 6 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** 0* 8 0 5 Born 1959-1974 8 8 6 9 8 8 6 Born 1943-1958 7 8 6 8 10 9 7 Born 1927-1942 13 10 17 13 12 11 10 Born 1911-1926 15 15 17 13 13 17 12 Born 1895-1910 20 14 15* 17 13* 30* 32* Born before 1895 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 12 11 12 12 11 12 9 Independents 10 11 10 9 8 9 5 Republicans (incl leaners) 8 8 8 9 9 7 6 Liberals 7 6 6 7 5 6 3 Moderates 9 6 10 8 9 11 5 Conservatives 10 10 8 10 8 7 9 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4C.3b.4 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ U.S. Should Not Concern Itself with World Problems 1956-2008 '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Agree 25 24 18 ** ** ** 23 ** 20 ** 26 ** 18 ** 24 29 29 30 26 31 27 18 28 21 21 30 Disagree 57 56 66 ** ** ** 74 ** 77 ** 67 ** 78 ** 73 66 67 66 72 67 72 81 70 78 79 67 Don't Know, Other 18 20 16 ** ** ** 3 ** 3 ** 7 ** 5 ** 4 5 4 4 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1758 1812 1919 1337 2688 2385 1398 971 1080 2032 975 2483 1763 1709 1277 891 1471 1210 2322 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4D.1 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "'This country would be better off if we just stayed home and did not concern ourselves with problems in other parts of the world.'" This question is variable VCF0823 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ U.S. Should Not Concern Itself with World Problems 1956-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Agree' Percent of group: '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 24 21 15 ** ** ** 20 ** 18 ** 24 ** 17 ** 19 27 25 25 22 28 25 17 26 18 19 33 Females 25 26 21 ** ** ** 25 ** 21 ** 28 ** 18 ** 28 31 32 33 30 33 28 19 30 24 22 28 Whites 24 23 18 ** ** ** 22 ** 18 ** 24 ** 17 ** 24 27 27 28 24 31 26 18 28 19 19 29 Blacks 36 34 20 ** ** ** 28 ** 31 ** 45 ** 21 ** 25 37 36 34 33 33 35 18 33 37 29 34 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 38 34 30 ** ** ** 38 ** 36 ** 49 ** 37 ** 45 51 48 48 47 50 43 27 67* 49 45 46 High School Diploma 22 22 16 ** ** ** 22 ** 19 ** 28 ** 20 ** 28 35 34 36 31 36 35 25 34 27 26 40 Some College, no Degree 10 13 6 ** ** ** 14 ** 12 ** 16 ** 11 ** 17 20 22 19 22 29 23 16 27 19 20 28 College Degree/ Post-grad 10 7 7 ** ** ** 11 ** 7 ** 10 ** 5 ** 9 15 16 14 12 16 11 7 12 9 8 17 Income 0-16 Percentile 36 35 36 ** ** ** 42 ** 34 ** 43 ** 29 ** 38 44 41 40 36 38 36 21 41 ** 33 37 Income 17-33 Percentile 30 27 25 ** ** ** 28 ** 24 ** 35 ** 25 ** 30 28 33 41 33 37 32 29 35 ** 26 34 Income 34-67 Percentile 22 21 17 ** ** ** 21 ** 18 ** 25 ** 15 ** 20 31 29 25 23 29 28 18 29 ** 20 32 Income 68-95 Percentile 18 18 10 ** ** ** 12 ** 14 ** 18 ** 8 ** 15 19 19 22 17 25 17 13 17 ** 13 26 Income 96-100 Percentile 10 11 6 ** ** ** 9 ** 5 ** 12 ** 9 ** 14 13* 27* 29* 16 19 10 7 19* ** 10 10 Professionals 15 16 7 ** ** ** 15 ** 10 ** 15 ** 9 ** 10 19 19 19 15 20 15 11 18 ** 13 ** White Collar 18 25 14 ** ** ** 16 ** 14 ** 20 ** 16 ** 25 30 26 26 24 32 26 14 30 ** 18 ** Blue Collar 27 24 17 ** ** ** 27 ** 24 ** 30 ** 24 ** 28 37 36 39 33 35 35 28 36 ** 26 ** Unskilled 37 16 35* ** ** ** 30* ** 34* ** 56 ** 25* ** 33* 31* 39 19* 35 49 36* 27* 35* ** 29* ** Farmers 42 40 39 ** ** ** 20 ** 19 ** 38 ** 22* ** 35* 28* 36 34* 32 36* 45* 11* 42* ** 34* ** Housewives 24 25 23 ** ** ** 26 ** 24 ** 31 ** 16 ** 32 30 37 25 34 32 34 17 25 ** 28 ** Union Households 25 25 16 ** ** ** 25 ** 21 ** 26 ** 16 ** 22 30 27 26 22 34 23 18 28 25 18 35 Non-Union Households 25 23 19 ** ** ** 22 ** 19 ** 26 ** 18 ** 24 29 30 30 27 30 28 18 28 21 21 30 South 30 28 25 ** ** ** 28 ** 19 ** 31 ** 19 ** 26 31 32 33 27 33 28 18 31 24 20 30 Nonsouth 23 22 16 ** ** ** 21 ** 20 ** 25 ** 17 ** 23 28 28 28 25 29 26 19 27 20 21 30 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 36 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 15* 39 25 19 34 25 25 28 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 14 ** 24 30 30 28 30 35 30 19 27 19 19 26 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 ** 18 ** 23 ** 17 ** 19 25 23 25 20 25 21 17 25 20 15 29 Born 1927-1942 18 17 14 ** ** ** 17 ** 16 ** 23 ** 13 ** 18 27 29 31 27 28 26 18 28 26 23 45 Born 1911-1926 21 22 15 ** ** ** 22 ** 20 ** 27 ** 17 ** 30 33 35 35 26 31 35 19 36 25 34 ** Born 1895-1910 28 26 22 ** ** ** 31 ** 26 ** 35 ** 30 ** 44 48 50 54* 39 54* 58* 39* 49* 23* ** ** Born before 1895 38 32 28 ** ** ** 43 ** 35 ** 54 ** 33* ** 100* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 26 23 19 ** ** ** 23 ** 21 ** 30 ** 18 ** 29 33 35 34 30 32 27 18 30 27 23 33 Independents 25 21 21 ** ** ** 25 ** 27 ** 26 ** 22 ** 23 29 29 35 34 35 34 23 35 37 35 39 Republicans (incl leaners) 22 23 16 ** ** ** 22 ** 15 ** 21 ** 16 ** 18 24 22 20 17 27 26 18 25 13 14 24 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 ** 21 ** 16 ** 24 32 30 20 23 23 17 15 16 21 20 25 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 14 ** 20 ** 16 ** 23 28 25 32 24 33 31 20 24 22 23 34 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 13 ** 17 ** 13 ** 13 24 21 22 20 25 22 14 29 14 14 24 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4D.1.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ U.S. Should Not Concern Itself with World Problems 1956-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Disagree' Percent of group: '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 61 63 74 ** ** ** 78 ** 80 ** 71 ** 79 ** 78 69 72 72 77 70 74 82 73 82 81 66 Females 54 51 60 ** ** ** 71 ** 76 ** 64 ** 77 ** 68 64 63 61 67 64 70 80 67 75 76 68 Whites 59 58 67 ** ** ** 75 ** 79 ** 69 ** 80 ** 74 69 69 68 74 67 73 81 71 80 80 69 Blacks 29 40 54 ** ** ** 69 ** 66 ** 43 ** 68 ** 62 57 56 58 63 64 63 82 65 63 71 63 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 35 39 50 ** ** ** 57 ** 59 ** 35 ** 50 ** 42 39 42 39 47 44 51 72 33* 48 54 43 High School Diploma 62 58 68 ** ** ** 75 ** 78 ** 65 ** 75 ** 68 60 62 60 66 61 64 74 63 72 73 58 Some College, no Degree 78 74 84 ** ** ** 84 ** 86 ** 80 ** 86 ** 82 78 74 79 77 69 76 84 71 80 80 69 College Degree/ Post-grad 81 85 86 ** ** ** 88 ** 91 ** 87 ** 94 ** 90 81 83 83 86 83 88 92 88 90 91 82 Income 0-16 Percentile 28 31 39 ** ** ** 54 ** 62 ** 43 ** 60 ** 53 49 50 52 60 57 62 78 57 ** 66 58 Income 17-33 Percentile 50 53 49 ** ** ** 69 ** 73 ** 57 ** 71 ** 66 67 64 55 64 61 67 71 65 ** 73 65 Income 34-67 Percentile 62 61 67 ** ** ** 76 ** 80 ** 71 ** 82 ** 76 66 68 72 75 68 70 81 70 ** 80 66 Income 68-95 Percentile 71 68 82 ** ** ** 86 ** 84 ** 79 ** 90 ** 84 80 79 75 81 74 82 86 80 ** 85 73 Income 96-100 Percentile 78 75 93 ** ** ** 89 ** 92 ** 81 ** 85 ** 84 85* 73* 71* 84 78 87 93 81* ** 89 90 Professionals 75 75 87 ** ** ** 83 ** 88 ** 81 ** 89 ** 89 78 79 79 84 79 84 88 80 ** 87 ** White Collar 64 61 71 ** ** ** 83 ** 83 ** 75 ** 80 ** 72 66 69 70 72 64 73 85 69 ** 80 ** Blue Collar 55 53 70 ** ** ** 69 ** 72 ** 64 ** 72 ** 67 57 60 56 64 63 64 71 61 ** 73 ** Unskilled 44 52 46* ** ** ** 70* ** 66* ** 34 ** 73* ** 62* 65* 52 78* 63 46 58* 73* 65* ** 71* ** Farmers 35 38 46 ** ** ** 76 ** 77 ** 51 ** 74* ** 58* 66* 57 63* 66 62* 55* 89* 58* ** 66* ** Housewives 54 51 54 ** ** ** 69 ** 72 ** 58 ** 74 ** 63 66 59 69 62 60 65 83 73 ** 72 ** Union Households 58 54 68 ** ** ** 71 ** 77 ** 69 ** 80 ** 75 66 70 70 76 64 76 81 70 75 79 63 Non-Union Households 56 57 65 ** ** ** 75 ** 78 ** 66 ** 77 ** 72 66 66 65 71 67 71 81 70 78 78 68 South 49 49 56 ** ** ** 69 ** 78 ** 60 ** 77 ** 69 63 64 59 70 63 71 81 68 75 80 67 Nonsouth 60 59 69 ** ** ** 76 ** 77 ** 69 ** 78 ** 74 67 68 69 73 68 72 80 71 79 78 68 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 63 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 85* 57 75 79 64 75 75 70 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 81 ** 71 64 67 67 69 63 69 80 71 81 81 70 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** ** ** 81 ** 81 ** 73 ** 80 ** 79 71 74 71 78 73 79 83 73 79 84 68 Born 1927-1942 64 64 68 ** ** ** 80 ** 81 ** 71 ** 83 ** 78 69 67 66 70 69 71 80 68 72 75 50 Born 1911-1926 63 58 72 ** ** ** 75 ** 77 ** 65 ** 77 ** 65 60 59 60 70 64 64 80 63 74 65 ** Born 1895-1910 53 55 66 ** ** ** 65 ** 70 ** 51 ** 59 ** 49 41 40 36* 51 31* 40* 61* 51* 77* ** ** Born before 1895 39 44 47 ** ** ** 54 ** 59 ** 38 ** 67* ** 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 57 57 64 ** ** ** 74 ** 77 ** 62 ** 78 ** 67 62 61 62 67 65 72 82 69 72 75 65 Independents 56 58 69 ** ** ** 71 ** 67 ** 68 ** 67 ** 71 63 62 51 62 58 64 74 61 61 65 55 Republicans (incl leaners) 61 61 72 ** ** ** 76 ** 83 ** 73 ** 81 ** 80 74 75 78 81 71 74 81 73 86 86 75 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 83 ** 74 ** 82 ** 75 64 65 77 74 73 82 84 82 79 79 73 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 83 ** 74 ** 78 ** 75 67 71 64 73 66 69 79 74 77 75 63 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 85 ** 78 ** 83 ** 85 74 78 76 79 73 77 86 70 85 86 75 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4D.1.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Likelihood of Conventional War 1956-2002 '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 Not Worried 44 ** 32 ** 44 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 33 39 33 45 14 44 ** ** ** 46 16 Somewhat Worried 43 ** 46 ** 45 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 45 41 50 43 43 44 ** ** ** 42 50 Very/Pretty Worried 11 ** 21 ** 10 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 21 19 15 11 41 11 ** ** ** 11 33 Don't Know 1 ** 1 ** 1 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0 1 1 1 1 1 ** ** ** 0 0 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1757 1914 1559 1413 2249 1081 1772 974 2485 679 1310 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4D.2 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: 1956: "Now I'd like to ask you some questions about the chances of our country getting into war. Would you say that at the present time you are pretty worried about this country getting into another war, somewhat worried, or not worried at all?" 1960,1964: "How about the chances of our country getting into war. Would you say that at the present time you are pretty worried about this country getting into another war, somewhat worried, or not worried at all?" 1982-1992, 2000-2002: "How worried are you about our country (1982: How about the chances of) getting into a conventional war (2000 and 2002: at this time), one in which nuclear weapons are not used (1982: neither side uses nuclear weapons)? Are you very (1982: pretty) worried (1982: about this country getting into such a war at the present time), somewhat worried, or not worried at all?" This question is variable VCF0848 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Likelihood of Conventional War 1956-2002 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Not Worried' Percent of group: '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 Males 49 ** 43 ** 51 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 38 50 45 57 21 56 ** ** ** 54 24 Females 40 ** 23 ** 38 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 29 30 25 36 8 34 ** ** ** 41 11 Whites 44 ** 31 ** 44 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 34 41 35 47 13 46 ** ** ** 52 16 Blacks 50 ** 43 ** 45 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 26 28 28 39 17 38 ** ** ** 26 19 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 50 ** 39 ** 47 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 22 34 33 36 13 33 ** ** ** 28* 23* High School Diploma 41 ** 26 ** 41 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 30 36 32 44 14 43 ** ** ** 43 16 Some College, no Degree 43 ** 41 ** 43 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 41 44 34 48 16 44 ** ** ** 50 16 College Degree/ Post-grad 43 ** 33 ** 50 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 39 43 37 50 14 49 ** ** ** 52 17 Income 0-16 Percentile 51 ** 37 ** 49 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 29 28 31 37 8 29 ** ** ** 31 ** Income 17-33 Percentile 45 ** 34 ** 37 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 31 31 26 39 11 38 ** ** ** 46 ** Income 34-67 Percentile 40 ** 30 ** 45 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 33 41 39 47 21 46 ** ** ** 51 ** Income 68-95 Percentile 45 ** 31 ** 44 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 38 43 35 51 14 51 ** ** ** 53 ** Income 96-100 Percentile 45 ** 34 ** 44 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 40 58 28* 51* 10* 54 ** ** ** 49* ** Professionals 45 ** 36 ** 46 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 42 43 37 50 13 50 ** ** ** 52 ** White Collar 37 ** 29 ** 41 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 29 38 28 47 10 44 ** ** ** 46 ** Blue Collar 50 ** 40 ** 50 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 30 40 38 44 19 43 ** ** ** 41 ** Unskilled 48 ** 68* ** 47* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 31* 33 46* 29* 16* 49 ** ** ** 53* ** Farmers 53 ** 40 ** 54 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 34* 44 38* 56 14* 52 ** ** ** 55* ** Housewives 40 ** 21 ** 37 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 32 29 20 33 6 32 ** ** ** 45 ** Union Households 42 ** 35 ** 50 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 33 38 37 45 14 46 ** ** ** 44 19 Non-Union Households 45 ** 31 ** 42 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 34 39 33 45 14 44 ** ** ** 47 16 South 42 ** 25 ** 39 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 32 39 34 45 13 43 ** ** ** 42 19 Nonsouth 45 ** 35 ** 45 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 34 39 33 45 15 45 ** ** ** 48 15 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 46* ** ** ** 46 19 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 29 34 25 49 16 41 ** ** ** 53 17 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** 27* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 35 42 36 44 15 44 ** ** ** 45 17 Born 1927-1942 33 ** 25 ** 42 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 33 38 35 45 16 50 ** ** ** 43 13 Born 1911-1926 41 ** 32 ** 41 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 32 38 34 45 8 45 ** ** ** 36 15 Born 1895-1910 50 ** 36 ** 50 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 35 41 39 45 14* 44 ** ** ** 0* 0* Born before 1895 54 ** 38 ** 49 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 57* 25* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 39 ** 29 ** 43 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 30 28 30 39 12 38 ** ** ** 44 12 Independents 50 ** 37 ** 44 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 39 46 36 46 17 42 ** ** ** 57 39 Republicans (incl leaners) 48 ** 36 ** 45 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 36 50 37 52 18 53 ** ** ** 46 18 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 35 32 25 41 14 38 ** ** ** 56 9 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 34 38 30 43 14 50 ** ** ** 43 15 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 37 50 40 53 19 48 ** ** ** 42 20 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4D.2.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Likelihood of Conventional War 1956-2002 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Somewhat Worried' Percent of group: '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 Males 40 ** 41 ** 39 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 43 34 41 35 43 36 ** ** ** 36 49 Females 46 ** 49 ** 50 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 47 47 57 49 44 51 ** ** ** 47 51 Whites 44 ** 47 ** 46 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 46 42 52 43 48 45 ** ** ** 41 53 Blacks 37 ** 28 ** 39 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 43 41 44 42 33 40 ** ** ** 46 39 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 36 ** 38 ** 41 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 42 38 37 46 29 45 ** ** ** 57* 28* High School Diploma 47 ** 51 ** 48 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 48 43 52 42 42 44 ** ** ** 41 52 Some College, no Degree 49 ** 38 ** 44 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 39 40 51 44 49 45 ** ** ** 41 51 College Degree/ Post-grad 45 ** 51 ** 42 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 46 39 51 43 48 43 ** ** ** 43 49 Income 0-16 Percentile 33 ** 34 ** 37 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 43 42 43 41 37 45 ** ** ** 47 ** Income 17-33 Percentile 42 ** 45 ** 50 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 46 43 52 49 39 47 ** ** ** 41 ** Income 34-67 Percentile 49 ** 50 ** 47 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 49 41 50 41 43 46 ** ** ** 42 ** Income 68-95 Percentile 44 ** 47 ** 47 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 42 42 51 43 51 42 ** ** ** 43 ** Income 96-100 Percentile 42 ** 51 ** 44 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 48 34 62* 47* 46* 42 ** ** ** 51* ** Professionals 45 ** 41 ** 45 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 45 39 50 43 47 43 ** ** ** 41 ** White Collar 51 ** 56 ** 47 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 48 43 54 42 50 46 ** ** ** 47 ** Blue Collar 39 ** 44 ** 39 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 44 40 43 43 39 43 ** ** ** 40 ** Unskilled 36 ** 8* ** 36* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 38* 41 42* 51* 44* 41 ** ** ** 33* ** Farmers 35 ** 42 ** 38 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 55* 32 53* 31 46* 36 ** ** ** 45* ** Housewives 47 ** 49 ** 52 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 44 51 64 49 45 52 ** ** ** 49 ** Union Households 43 ** 41 ** 38 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 40 41 48 41 44 41 ** ** ** 47 47 Non-Union Households 43 ** 47 ** 47 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 46 41 51 44 43 44 ** ** ** 42 51 South 44 ** 53 ** 49 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 50 41 48 42 36 41 ** ** ** 47 50 Nonsouth 43 ** 43 ** 44 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 43 41 51 43 47 45 ** ** ** 41 50 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 38* ** ** ** 37 45 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 50 45 57 42 46 44 ** ** ** 41 55 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** 50* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 44 39 47 44 42 46 ** ** ** 44 47 Born 1927-1942 53 ** 44 ** 46 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 44 44 50 42 40 41 ** ** ** 47 51 Born 1911-1926 46 ** 48 ** 48 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 47 42 49 44 46 44 ** ** ** 45 42 Born 1895-1910 41 ** 47 ** 42 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 40 39 44 41 43* 40 ** ** ** 100* 100* Born before 1895 31 ** 40 ** 38 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 14* 50* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 46 ** 46 ** 46 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 45 44 51 46 39 47 ** ** ** 45 42 Independents 38 ** 46 ** 39 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 42 35 45 39 41 41 ** ** ** 27 38 Republicans (incl leaners) 43 ** 46 ** 46 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 47 40 51 41 51 41 ** ** ** 43 60 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 44 41 51 45 40 50 ** ** ** 39 38 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 44 42 54 46 50 41 ** ** ** 51 49 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 45 37 49 38 45 43 ** ** ** 50 57 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4D.2.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Likelihood of Conventional War 1956-2002 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Very worried' Percent of group: '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 Males 10 ** 16 ** 10 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 16 13 7 36 8 ** ** ** 10 28 Females 12 ** 26 ** 11 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 23 22 17 14 46 14 ** ** ** 12 38 Whites 11 ** 21 ** 10 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 16 12 9 38 8 ** ** ** 8 31 Blacks 10 ** 26 ** 14 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 30 30 26 18 50 22 ** ** ** 28 42 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 12 ** 21 ** 10 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 34 23 26 15 52 20 ** ** ** 14* 49* High School Diploma 11 ** 23 ** 11 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 22 20 16 14 43 12 ** ** ** 16 31 Some College, no Degree 8 ** 19 ** 12 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 16 14 7 35 10 ** ** ** 9 33 College Degree/ Post-grad 11 ** 16 ** 8 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 14 17 11 7 38 8 ** ** ** 5 34 Income 0-16 Percentile 14 ** 27 ** 13 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 28 27 24 21 53 25 ** ** ** 23 ** Income 17-33 Percentile 11 ** 20 ** 12 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 24 25 20 12 49 14 ** ** ** 13 ** Income 34-67 Percentile 11 ** 20 ** 8 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 18 17 11 11 36 9 ** ** ** 7 ** Income 68-95 Percentile 10 ** 22 ** 8 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 15 13 6 35 7 ** ** ** 3 ** Income 96-100 Percentile 12 ** 15 ** 11 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 12 8 10* 2* 44* 4 ** ** ** 0* ** Professionals 9 ** 23 ** 9 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 13 17 12 7 40 7 ** ** ** 8 ** White Collar 11 ** 15 ** 11 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 23 19 17 11 40 9 ** ** ** 7 ** Blue Collar 11 ** 17 ** 11 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 25 19 17 12 41 13 ** ** ** 19 ** Unskilled 13 ** 24* ** 17* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 31* 24 8* 17* 38* 10 ** ** ** 14* ** Farmers 10 ** 14 ** 8 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 11* 23 6* 13 37* 11 ** ** ** 0* ** Housewives 12 ** 27 ** 10 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 24 18 16 16 47 15 ** ** ** 6 ** Union Households 14 ** 22 ** 11 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 26 21 14 14 42 13 ** ** ** 9 34 Non-Union Households 10 ** 21 ** 10 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 19 16 10 41 11 ** ** ** 11 33 South 13 ** 21 ** 11 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 18 20 16 12 49 15 ** ** ** 11 31 Nonsouth 11 ** 21 ** 10 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 23 19 15 11 38 9 ** ** ** 11 35 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 15* ** ** ** 17 35 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 21 21 17 9 38 15 ** ** ** 6 28 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** 23* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 19 15 12 43 10 ** ** ** 11 36 Born 1927-1942 12 ** 30 ** 11 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 22 17 15 12 43 9 ** ** ** 9 37 Born 1911-1926 12 ** 19 ** 10 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 21 19 15 9 43 9 ** ** ** 20 42 Born 1895-1910 8 ** 17 ** 8 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 24 17 9 11 36* 10 ** ** ** 0* 0* Born before 1895 13 ** 21 ** 11 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 29* 25* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 14 ** 24 ** 10 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 25 28 18 14 48 14 ** ** ** 11 46 Independents 10 ** 15 ** 15 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 17 18 13 40 15 ** ** ** 16 22 Republicans (incl leaners) 8 ** 18 ** 9 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 10 11 7 32 6 ** ** ** 10 21 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 26 23 13 46 12 ** ** ** 4 52 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 22 20 16 11 36 9 ** ** ** 6 37 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 18 12 9 9 36 8 ** ** ** 8 22 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4D.2.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Military Spending (1) 1972-1976 '72 '74 '76 Cut Military Spending 35 ** 18 Continue at Least Same 57 ** 76 Don't Know, Other 8 ** 6 ____ ____ ____ N 1167 2849 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4D.3a Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "Some people believe that our armed forces are already powerful enough and that we should spend less money for defense. Others feel that military spending should at least continue at the present level. How do you feel - should military spending be cut, or should it continue at least at the present level?" This question is variable VCF0828 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Military Spending (1) 1972-1976 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Cut' Percent of group: '72 '74 '76 Males 36 ** 17 Females 34 ** 18 Whites 34 ** 17 Blacks 47 ** 22 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 30 ** 12 High School Diploma 32 ** 15 Some College, no Degree 37 ** 19 College Degree/ Post-grad 53 ** 32 Income 0-16 Percentile 30 ** 15 Income 17-33 Percentile 33 ** 19 Income 34-67 Percentile 37 ** 18 Income 68-95 Percentile 38 ** 18 Income 96-100 Percentile 33 ** 23 Professionals 40 ** 24 White Collar 47 ** 18 Blue Collar 30 ** 16 Unskilled 38* ** 18 Farmers 28* ** 10 Housewives 31 ** 14 Union Households 38 ** 17 Non-Union Households 35 ** 18 South 23 ** 13 Nonsouth 40 ** 19 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** Born 1943-1958 45 ** 25 Born 1927-1942 37 ** 17 Born 1911-1926 29 ** 12 Born 1895-1910 34 ** 10 Born before 1895 18* ** 13 Democrats (incl leaners) 41 ** 21 Independents 32 ** 16 Republicans (incl leaners) 29 ** 13 Liberals 63 ** 37 Moderates 33 ** 18 Conservatives 27 ** 11 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4D.3a.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Military Spending (1) 1972-1976 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Continue at Least Same' Percent of group: '72 '74 '76 Males 60 ** 79 Females 55 ** 74 Whites 58 ** 78 Blacks 42 ** 62 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 53 ** 73 High School Diploma 62 ** 80 Some College, no Degree 57 ** 79 College Degree/ Post-grad 46 ** 65 Income 0-16 Percentile 55 ** 70 Income 17-33 Percentile 57 ** 74 Income 34-67 Percentile 57 ** 78 Income 68-95 Percentile 58 ** 79 Income 96-100 Percentile 61 ** 73 Professionals 56 ** 72 White Collar 48 ** 78 Blue Collar 63 ** 79 Unskilled 63* ** 80 Farmers 66* ** 77 Housewives 55 ** 74 Union Households 57 ** 78 Non-Union Households 57 ** 75 South 66 ** 77 Nonsouth 54 ** 76 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** Born 1943-1958 52 ** 70 Born 1927-1942 59 ** 79 Born 1911-1926 62 ** 84 Born 1895-1910 53 ** 76 Born before 1895 55* ** 66 Democrats (incl leaners) 52 ** 72 Independents 58 ** 75 Republicans (incl leaners) 65 ** 83 Liberals 35 ** 60 Moderates 62 ** 80 Conservatives 69 ** 86 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4D.3a.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Military Spending (2), 7-point scale 1980-2008 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Greatly Decrease 1 3 8 8 9 8 11 8 10 4 ** 3 ** 3 7 2 2 8 9 10 9 11 12 10 8 ** 3 ** 5 7 3 5 12 11 14 12 15 20 14 14 ** 7 ** 8 11 4 15 26 28 27 29 29 29 33 28 ** 22 ** 23 24 5 21 15 16 17 15 11 10 16 18 ** 22 ** 24 18 6 20 7 9 7 8 4 4 6 9 ** 14 ** 13 11 Greatly Increase 7 20 4 7 5 6 4 3 3 5 ** 9 ** 9 8 DK, Haven't Thought 15 20 13 11 14 14 14 8 15 ** 20 ** 14 14 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1604 1402 2228 2166 2028 1966 2482 1776 1711 980 1212 1168 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4D.3b Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "Some people believe that we should spend much less money for defense. Others feel that defense spending should be greatly increased. Where would you place yourself on this scale or haven't you thought much about this?" (7-POINT SCALE SHOWN TO R) This question is variable VCF0843 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Military Spending (2), 7-point scale 1980-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Decrease (1,2,3)' Percent of group: '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 9 27 28 32 29 42 42 34 24 ** 12 ** 14 21 Females 10 30 28 35 29 33 39 34 28 ** 14 ** 18 28 Whites 8 28 28 33 28 38 41 33 27 ** 14 ** 15 23 Blacks 17 34 31 37 35 36 42 38 30 ** 11 ** 20 30 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 10 14 28 26 23 21 24 27 22 ** 11* ** 12 16* High School Diploma 8 23 23 29 26 28 33 30 21 ** 10 ** 13 16 Some College, no Degree 9 32 30 36 30 44 46 36 27 ** 17 ** 17 29 College Degree/ Post-grad 13 45 39 46 38 62 57 42 40 ** 16 ** 21 34 Income 0-16 Percentile 13 23 31 30 25 23 39 30 31 ** 8 ** 20 24 Income 17-33 Percentile 10 30 32 35 28 35 37 34 20 ** 15 ** 17 29 Income 34-67 Percentile 8 28 29 34 32 38 41 37 26 ** 15 ** 18 25 Income 68-95 Percentile 10 31 28 33 27 45 42 34 28 ** 13 ** 13 23 Income 96-100 Percentile 8 34 21 40 28* 47 57 44 32 ** 12* ** 16 19 Professionals 11 35 34 40 33 53 52 40 33 ** 19 ** 24 ** White Collar 10 29 28 36 30 40 41 34 24 ** 11 ** 10 ** Blue Collar 9 23 27 29 26 32 36 31 21 ** 10 ** 14 ** Unskilled 22* 31* 24* 14 25 26 25 42 33* ** 21* ** 13* ** Farmers 6* 14* 16 39 36 29 25 16* 30* ** 0* ** 16* ** Housewives 8 25 23 28 24 22 31 26 27 ** 11 ** 13 ** Union Households 10 32 33 35 32 36 41 40 30 ** 15 ** 18 20 Non-Union Households 9 27 27 33 28 38 41 32 26 ** 13 ** 15 25 South 9 22 22 26 22 25 32 27 21 ** 10 ** 14 24 Nonsouth 10 31 30 37 32 43 45 38 29 ** 14 ** 17 25 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 30 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** 69* 37 25 ** 18 ** 22 28 Born 1959-1974 14 39 31 35 36 40 43 38 31 ** 15 ** 16 22 Born 1943-1958 10 36 30 37 31 42 45 37 29 ** 10 ** 16 12 Born 1927-1942 10 28 26 30 23 30 33 27 20 ** 11 ** 8 20* Born 1911-1926 9 20 25 29 23 33 37 24 17 ** 12 ** 12 ** Born 1895-1910 6 7 26 32 29 20 33 15* 21* ** 0* ** ** ** Born before 1895 0* 0* 33* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 13 34 38 43 37 43 48 42 32 ** 17 ** 24 35 Independents 7 30 26 27 31 25 37 31 24 ** 12 ** 16 17 Republicans (incl leaners) 6 19 16 23 19 33 33 26 19 ** 8 ** 6 12 Liberals 22 64 49 57 50 65 64 59 54 ** 33 ** 31 47 Moderates 8 31 29 36 34 39 42 35 23 ** 11 ** 18 22 Conservatives 6 23 21 25 21 36 36 28 20 ** 7 ** 9 16 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4D.3b.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Military Spending (2), 7-point scale 1980-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Increase (5,6,7)' Percent of group: '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 71 34 37 36 34 21 19 29 38 ** 54 ** 55 46 Females 53 20 26 24 25 18 15 21 25 ** 39 ** 40 29 Whites 63 28 32 30 29 19 16 26 31 ** 49 ** 50 39 Blacks 41 17 24 25 24 20 16 24 26 ** 33 ** 36 29 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 49 20 22 19 23 17 21 20 27 ** 38* ** 37 44* High School Diploma 61 27 31 30 31 23 20 26 34 ** 46 ** 48 40 Some College, no Degree 67 26 35 33 32 19 16 27 30 ** 45 ** 50 39 College Degree/ Post-grad 60 28 30 27 22 12 11 23 27 ** 47 ** 44 31 Income 0-16 Percentile 48 18 21 26 25 18 18 25 28 ** 37 ** 39 29 Income 17-33 Percentile 58 24 28 24 32 18 17 22 32 ** 35 ** 35 31 Income 34-67 Percentile 66 29 32 30 30 19 15 22 33 ** 47 ** 53 40 Income 68-95 Percentile 67 31 37 35 29 22 19 29 29 ** 54 ** 54 41 Income 96-100 Percentile 69 34 33 35 36* 27 14 22 26 ** 59* ** 50 43 Professionals 65 28 31 29 24 15 12 24 32 ** 46 ** 45 ** White Collar 58 24 29 29 27 21 16 26 26 ** 46 ** 50 ** Blue Collar 63 29 33 31 33 23 20 26 36 ** 50 ** 48 ** Unskilled 49* 26* 28* 38 30 14 25 21 13* ** 43* ** 36* ** Farmers 71* 28* 34 21 28 14 22 34* 25* ** 40* ** 61* ** Housewives 50 21 30 25 26 20 15 24 28 ** 35 ** 48 ** Union Households 62 24 31 28 29 23 17 19 24 ** 50 ** 45 38 Non-Union Households 60 27 31 29 29 19 17 26 33 ** 45 ** 48 37 South 64 31 34 33 34 24 22 31 37 ** 49 ** 49 39 Nonsouth 59 24 30 27 26 17 15 22 28 ** 44 ** 46 36 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 25 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** 23* 17 30 ** 32 ** 38 38 Born 1959-1974 60 19 33 31 30 20 17 23 26 ** 45 ** 48 38 Born 1943-1958 60 29 32 30 30 21 15 24 32 ** 48 ** 51 51 Born 1927-1942 65 28 32 35 28 23 20 34 41 ** 50 ** 55 57* Born 1911-1926 59 25 31 22 26 15 16 22 33 ** 49 ** 36 ** Born 1895-1910 58 19 22 19 24 11 15 20* 26* ** 85* ** ** ** Born before 1895 30* 29* 33* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 55 20 22 22 20 18 14 18 25 ** 37 ** 31 29 Independents 54 19 27 33 22 20 17 17 26 ** 40 ** 43 26 Republicans (incl leaners) 73 40 43 38 40 22 21 35 41 ** 60 ** 69 52 Liberals 47 13 23 18 18 13 11 11 18 ** 35 ** 25 22 Moderates 64 23 30 30 26 18 18 21 34 ** 49 ** 46 39 Conservatives 73 41 43 39 40 25 21 36 41 ** 60 ** 66 51 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4D.3b.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Condition of Nation's Economy Over the Last Year 1980-2008 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Gotten Better 4 12 43 24 19 4 5 35 38 47 39 5 24 2 Stayed Same 13 18 33 42 50 22 23 38 45 38 44 23 31 7 Gotten Worse 83 70 24 35 31 74 72 28 17 15 17 72 45 90 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1580 1377 2156 2086 1956 1944 2458 1746 1698 1260 1788 1501 1196 2313 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4E.1 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "How about (1996-LATER: Now thinking about) the economy (1990,1994- later: in the country as a whole)?" ALL YEARS EXC.2000 EXPERIMENTAL VERSION: "Would you say that over the past year the nation's economy has gotten better, stayed (all yrs. exc 1984: about) the same or gotten worse?" 2000 EXPERIMENTAL VERSION: "Would you say that over the past year the nation's economy has gotten worse, stayed about the same, or gotten better?" This question is variable VCF0870 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Condition of Nation's Economy Over the Last Year 1980-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Gotten Better' Percent of group: '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 4 15 51 29 26 5 6 40 43 52 42 5 30 3 Females 3 10 36 19 13 3 3 29 34 43 36 4 18 2 Whites 3 13 47 25 20 3 5 37 38 46 36 4 27 2 Blacks 6 2 14 13 10 6 3 27 37 51 49 3 6 3 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 4 3 24 10 10 7 6 17 39 39 37 12 33 11 High School Diploma 4 9 36 20 16 3 4 28 33 45 36 4 17 3 Some College, no Degree 3 18 51 28 21 4 5 33 37 50 43 4 25 2 College Degree/ Post-grad 3 17 62 32 27 2 6 55 50 49 39 5 31 1 Income 0-16 Percentile 5 7 22 12 10 4 5 21 35 46 38 ** 16 4 Income 17-33 Percentile 4 10 34 17 16 4 4 33 34 46 37 ** 17 2 Income 34-67 Percentile 4 13 45 23 21 3 5 37 36 47 42 ** 23 1 Income 68-95 Percentile 2 14 53 31 22 3 5 40 42 52 42 ** 33 2 Income 96-100 Percentile 5 19 73 48 28* 5 4 51 50 40 31 ** 39 4 Professionals 3 17 57 31 21 3 5 49 47 49 40 ** 30 ** White Collar 3 14 43 25 22 2 5 31 35 47 37 ** 25 ** Blue Collar 3 11 36 20 18 4 5 33 37 44 42 ** 17 ** Unskilled 5* 6* 24 25 6* 5 5 24 29* 54* 38* ** 16* ** Farmers 10* 2* 46 15 16 4 5 10* 30* 76* 20* ** 22* ** Housewives 4 6 39 17 14 4 2 21 23 41 34 ** 25 ** Union Households 4 10 38 25 16 2 3 38 45 52 46 4 19 4 Non-Union Households 4 13 44 23 19 4 5 34 37 46 37 5 25 2 South 6 12 37 20 18 7 6 31 37 47 37 6 25 3 Nonsouth 3 12 45 25 19 2 4 36 39 47 40 4 23 2 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 2 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** 8* 21 34 49 42 4 20 2 Born 1959-1974 4 14 42 25 19 3 5 32 35 46 36 5 26 2 Born 1943-1958 4 15 48 27 20 4 6 38 40 46 39 4 24 2 Born 1927-1942 3 11 44 27 16 4 3 37 39 47 39 6 26 5 Born 1911-1926 3 8 35 14 20 3 3 35 42 51 43 3 15 ** Born 1895-1910 6 7 33 10 15 6 7 30* 51* 15* 34* 0* ** ** Born before 1895 0* 14* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 4 7 26 18 11 4 2 37 49 54 50 4 10 1 Independents 4 9 39 21 15 3 3 29 29 47 32 0 15 3 Republicans (incl leaners) 3 23 64 32 29 4 8 33 26 38 26 7 43 4 Liberals 3 11 40 22 16 3 3 53 53 55 46 4 13 2 Moderates 2 13 40 22 19 2 4 37 37 48 41 2 20 2 Conservatives 3 20 61 32 27 6 7 34 35 44 32 8 42 4 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4E.1.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Condition of Nation's Economy Over the Last Year 1980-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Stayed Same' Percent of group: '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 14 21 29 40 49 21 26 37 42 34 41 24 30 8 Females 12 16 37 43 51 24 20 39 47 42 46 22 32 7 Whites 12 19 32 42 50 21 24 37 44 39 46 24 32 6 Blacks 17 15 41 40 51 27 18 38 47 39 38 13 30 10 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 21 20 40 52 53 37 27 53 33 43 43 15 14 11 High School Diploma 13 19 38 41 53 23 22 41 47 39 45 28 34 8 Some College, no Degree 9 15 31 37 47 20 20 35 46 37 42 22 30 9 College Degree/ Post-grad 12 20 23 44 45 14 27 31 41 39 44 17 31 4 Income 0-16 Percentile 18 19 41 52 54 28 25 42 46 36 45 ** 28 11 Income 17-33 Percentile 13 18 33 40 49 27 20 41 42 41 46 ** 26 10 Income 34-67 Percentile 13 20 33 42 48 20 24 38 47 38 41 ** 33 5 Income 68-95 Percentile 10 17 31 39 51 19 24 34 45 36 41 ** 30 6 Income 96-100 Percentile 5 11 20 31 41* 14 26 35 41 45 49 ** 28 4 Professionals 13 20 27 40 50 15 23 29 43 37 44 ** 27 ** White Collar 10 14 32 40 45 20 22 38 45 38 47 ** 34 ** Blue Collar 15 20 37 41 52 25 23 41 44 40 38 ** 33 ** Unskilled 14* 14* 39 50 64* 32 17 44 38* 40* 48* ** 30* ** Farmers 13* 22* 38 34 63 26 35 59* 43* 24* 70* ** 32* ** Housewives 11 18 36 45 48 27 21 44 53 43 53 ** 31 ** Union Households 13 14 34 41 51 23 18 35 43 35 37 17 31 7 Non-Union Households 13 20 33 42 50 22 24 38 45 39 45 24 31 7 South 14 21 38 46 51 28 26 41 45 38 44 24 34 8 Nonsouth 12 17 32 40 50 20 22 36 44 39 44 23 30 7 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 7 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** 23* 44 48 36 39 19 25 5 Born 1959-1974 10 26 39 47 54 25 23 38 47 40 44 26 31 7 Born 1943-1958 13 17 32 40 47 18 24 37 43 40 43 23 36 12 Born 1927-1942 10 15 30 35 54 20 23 33 43 36 48 19 30 17 Born 1911-1926 16 17 35 47 46 24 20 43 44 36 50 30 32 ** Born 1895-1910 14 26 35 45 52 43 29 23* 30* 67* 26* 17* ** ** Born before 1895 20* 29* 75* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 17 16 36 40 49 21 17 38 39 37 40 16 27 5 Independents 13 16 39 44 47 24 20 35 46 32 40 27 30 13 Republicans (incl leaners) 7 23 28 43 51 24 32 38 52 42 50 29 36 9 Liberals 18 15 33 40 48 12 16 29 37 33 43 12 27 4 Moderates 11 17 35 43 48 21 21 40 45 38 50 25 35 7 Conservatives 10 19 26 37 48 21 28 36 47 40 46 27 30 9 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4E.1.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Condition of Nation's Economy Over the Last Year 1980-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Gotten Worse' Percent of group: '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 82 65 20 31 25 75 68 23 15 14 18 71 40 89 Females 84 74 27 38 36 74 76 32 19 15 17 74 50 92 Whites 85 68 20 32 29 77 71 26 17 15 18 71 41 92 Blacks 77 83 45 47 39 67 80 35 17 10 13 84 64 87 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 75 77 36 38 37 56 67 30 28 17 20 73 54 78 High School Diploma 83 73 27 39 31 73 74 31 21 17 19 68 49 89 Some College, no Degree 87 67 19 35 32 76 75 32 17 13 15 74 45 89 College Degree/ Post-grad 84 62 15 24 28 84 68 14 9 12 17 78 38 95 Income 0-16 Percentile 78 74 37 36 36 68 70 37 19 19 17 ** 55 85 Income 17-33 Percentile 83 72 33 43 35 69 76 26 25 13 17 ** 57 88 Income 34-67 Percentile 82 68 22 34 30 76 72 25 17 15 17 ** 44 93 Income 68-95 Percentile 88 68 16 30 26 79 72 26 13 13 16 ** 37 92 Income 96-100 Percentile 89 71 7 21 30* 81 70 13 9 15 21 ** 33 92 Professionals 84 63 17 29 29 82 72 22 11 15 17 ** 42 ** White Collar 87 72 24 35 33 77 73 32 19 15 16 ** 42 ** Blue Collar 82 69 28 38 31 71 72 26 18 15 19 ** 49 ** Unskilled 82* 81* 37 25 30* 63 77 32 34* 6* 14* ** 54* ** Farmers 77* 76* 15 51 21 70 59 31* 27* 0* 10* ** 46* ** Housewives 85 76 25 38 38 69 77 35 24 16 13 ** 44 ** Union Households 82 76 28 34 33 76 79 27 13 12 17 79 50 89 Non-Union Households 84 68 23 35 31 74 71 28 18 15 18 71 44 91 South 80 67 25 34 31 66 68 28 18 15 19 70 42 89 Nonsouth 85 71 23 35 31 78 74 28 17 15 16 74 47 91 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 90 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** 69* 35 18 15 20 77 55 93 Born 1959-1974 87 60 19 29 27 72 72 30 18 14 20 70 44 91 Born 1943-1958 83 67 20 33 33 78 70 25 17 14 18 73 40 86 Born 1927-1942 86 74 26 38 30 76 74 29 18 17 13 74 44 78 Born 1911-1926 81 75 30 39 34 73 77 22 14 13 7 66 53 ** Born 1895-1910 79 67 32 45 33 52 65 47* 20* 18* 41* 83* ** ** Born before 1895 80* 57* 25* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 79 77 38 42 40 76 81 25 12 10 10 80 63 94 Independents 83 75 22 34 38 73 77 37 25 21 28 73 55 84 Republicans (incl leaners) 90 54 8 25 19 72 60 29 22 19 23 64 22 88 Liberals 79 74 28 38 36 86 82 17 10 11 11 84 60 94 Moderates 87 70 25 35 33 77 75 24 17 14 10 73 44 91 Conservatives 87 61 14 32 25 73 65 30 18 16 22 66 28 88 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4E.1.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Condition of Nation's Economy Over the Next Year 1980-2008 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Get Better 30 39 29 21 23 11 32 29 25 24 23 ** 37 28 Stay About the Same 40 40 51 56 55 31 49 55 62 57 58 ** 46 41 Get Worse 31 21 20 23 22 58 19 16 13 19 18 ** 17 31 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1424 1313 2040 2045 1883 1895 2348 1733 1685 1241 1740 1160 1164 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4E.2 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "What about the next 12 months (1980,1982: or so)?" ALL YEARS EXC. 2000: "Do you expect the (1986,1988,1992: national) economy to get better, get worse, or stay about the same?" 2000 STANDARD VERSION: "Do you expect the economy, in the country as a whole, to get better, stay about the same, or get worse?" 2000 EXPERIMENTAL VERSON: "Do you expect the economy, in the country as a whole, to get worse, stay about the same, or get better?" This question is variable VCF0872 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Condition of Nation's Economy Over the Next Year 1980-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Get Better' Percent of group: '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 37 46 30 24 25 13 33 31 26 25 25 ** 40 28 Females 24 33 28 19 22 10 31 27 24 22 22 ** 33 28 Whites 29 41 28 20 21 9 30 26 21 20 20 ** 39 23 Blacks 37 26 23 24 39 16 34 39 40 37 40 ** 28 43 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 35 27 25 23 16 15 35 38 26 28 31 ** 28 59* High School Diploma 29 34 26 21 25 11 31 25 26 24 27 ** 37 29 Some College, no Degree 31 48 32 22 22 13 30 30 24 25 22 ** 37 30 College Degree/ Post-grad 26 44 34 20 25 8 34 34 25 20 17 ** 37 22 Income 0-16 Percentile 31 23 27 23 28 18 34 36 38 33 28 ** 38 31 Income 17-33 Percentile 24 39 24 23 26 8 30 27 21 29 30 ** 36 30 Income 34-67 Percentile 26 37 29 22 22 10 31 26 24 20 20 ** 37 26 Income 68-95 Percentile 32 45 32 19 21 10 31 29 22 20 18 ** 35 27 Income 96-100 Percentile 38 53 37 25 25* 14 37 34 29 19 18 ** 41 26 Professionals 29 47 31 18 22 10 33 34 27 20 16 ** 35 ** White Collar 27 43 31 22 23 11 34 29 20 25 27 ** 42 ** Blue Collar 31 33 27 22 26 11 30 25 26 24 27 ** 36 ** Unskilled 44* 33* 15* 21 18 20 24 31 14* 28* 32* ** 34* ** Farmers 21* 35* 35 18 24 17 37 28* 45* 22* 19* ** 24* ** Housewives 29 36 28 24 16 10 31 27 25 17 26 ** 34 ** Union Households 35 34 24 23 23 11 25 26 24 23 22 ** 30 22 Non-Union Households 28 40 30 21 23 11 33 29 26 24 24 ** 38 29 South 28 40 32 24 27 13 35 30 27 27 27 ** 41 34 Nonsouth 30 38 28 20 21 10 30 28 24 22 22 ** 35 24 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 28 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** 23* 13 13 33 29 ** 44 28 Born 1959-1974 28 34 30 22 28 12 34 28 29 27 22 ** 33 24 Born 1943-1958 25 39 31 23 21 11 30 28 25 23 21 ** 38 32 Born 1927-1942 32 39 27 21 23 9 30 29 23 22 19 ** 32 32* Born 1911-1926 34 38 28 18 20 11 31 40 23 10 34 ** 37 ** Born 1895-1910 33 45 21 20 28 10 48 30* 21* 0* 0* ** ** ** Born before 1895 38* 67* 50* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 34 26 20 20 23 10 29 31 32 30 27 ** 25 25 Independents 28 28 23 20 13 9 23 21 19 16 26 ** 24 26 Republicans (incl leaners) 24 63 40 24 26 13 39 28 18 18 17 ** 54 33 Liberals 37 31 24 18 21 12 25 32 30 28 24 ** 24 23 Moderates 31 40 22 19 21 11 30 29 27 22 16 ** 33 22 Conservatives 26 55 39 24 25 11 39 28 22 19 22 ** 52 33 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4E.2.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Condition of Nation's Economy Over the Next Year 1980-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Stay Same' Percent of group: '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 38 37 48 55 51 27 48 54 60 54 54 ** 42 42 Females 41 43 54 56 57 34 50 56 63 60 62 ** 50 40 Whites 40 41 53 58 57 29 52 57 65 58 62 ** 45 43 Blacks 36 36 46 45 40 36 42 42 52 55 42 ** 51 34 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 36 46 52 52 62 41 48 49 63 57 51 ** 49 28* High School Diploma 39 42 54 56 55 33 50 58 60 57 57 ** 46 41 Some College, no Degree 40 35 49 56 55 26 50 52 62 57 56 ** 47 40 College Degree/ Post-grad 43 38 45 55 50 25 48 52 64 58 65 ** 45 43 Income 0-16 Percentile 39 50 47 53 51 38 47 45 52 57 50 ** 40 41 Income 17-33 Percentile 44 38 55 52 55 40 53 61 65 56 54 ** 45 39 Income 34-67 Percentile 44 42 51 58 57 28 51 59 63 57 61 ** 47 40 Income 68-95 Percentile 36 38 51 59 54 27 48 53 64 60 61 ** 50 46 Income 96-100 Percentile 34 29 47 45 57* 16 51 49 59 55 58 ** 45 33 Professionals 42 35 51 57 53 25 48 51 61 57 64 ** 45 ** White Collar 40 38 49 56 56 32 49 51 67 55 55 ** 47 ** Blue Collar 40 43 50 52 53 33 50 59 61 57 52 ** 45 ** Unskilled 29* 39* 49* 60 57 29 52 60 67* 49* 50* ** 48* ** Farmers 38* 43* 49 60 56 22 44 55* 29* 78* 67* ** 61* ** Housewives 40 42 55 57 61 34 52 56 56 68 64 ** 47 ** Union Households 34 41 51 53 56 28 53 53 64 57 60 ** 49 54 Non-Union Households 42 40 51 56 55 31 49 55 61 57 58 ** 45 39 South 40 42 48 57 52 33 48 56 63 57 55 ** 44 37 Nonsouth 39 39 52 55 56 29 50 54 61 57 60 ** 47 44 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 40 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** 69* 66 79 54 59 ** 44 39 Born 1959-1974 41 45 51 57 49 33 47 55 58 55 57 ** 49 44 Born 1943-1958 41 38 50 53 54 24 50 55 58 56 58 ** 45 39 Born 1927-1942 37 38 52 54 57 30 50 55 66 58 65 ** 47 53* Born 1911-1926 37 44 51 61 61 35 54 50 67 70 54 ** 44 ** Born 1895-1910 45 39 55 65 57 54 39 47* 67* 91* 53* ** ** ** Born before 1895 38* 33* 50* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 39 46 52 55 52 30 53 54 61 56 59 ** 52 44 Independents 33 50 50 51 56 31 54 56 57 61 53 ** 50 39 Republicans (incl leaners) 43 27 49 58 57 32 43 56 65 59 60 ** 39 38 Liberals 36 41 47 56 51 26 53 51 60 55 62 ** 52 41 Moderates 41 41 57 58 54 32 50 56 62 63 65 ** 50 44 Conservatives 40 30 48 53 57 27 44 55 61 53 56 ** 36 38 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4E.2.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Condition of Nation's Economy Over the Next Year 1980-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Get Worse' Percent of group: '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 25 18 22 22 24 60 19 16 14 20 22 ** 17 30 Females 36 24 19 25 21 57 19 17 13 18 15 ** 17 32 Whites 31 19 19 22 22 62 18 17 14 22 18 ** 16 34 Blacks 28 38 31 31 21 48 24 19 8 8 18 ** 21 24 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 29 27 24 26 22 45 17 13 11 15 19 ** 23 12* High School Diploma 32 24 20 23 21 56 19 17 14 19 16 ** 17 30 Some College, no Degree 30 17 19 22 23 62 20 18 14 17 22 ** 17 30 College Degree/ Post-grad 31 17 21 25 25 67 18 14 11 23 18 ** 18 35 Income 0-16 Percentile 29 27 26 24 21 44 19 19 10 11 21 ** 21 29 Income 17-33 Percentile 33 23 20 25 20 53 17 13 14 15 16 ** 19 31 Income 34-67 Percentile 30 20 20 20 21 62 18 16 13 23 19 ** 16 34 Income 68-95 Percentile 32 17 17 23 25 64 21 18 14 20 21 ** 15 27 Income 96-100 Percentile 28 17 16 30 18* 70 13 17 12 25 23 ** 13 41 Professionals 29 17 18 25 25 65 19 15 12 24 19 ** 20 ** White Collar 33 19 20 22 21 57 17 20 13 20 18 ** 11 ** Blue Collar 30 24 23 26 21 56 20 16 12 18 21 ** 19 ** Unskilled 26* 28* 36* 19 25 52 24 9 20* 23* 18* ** 18* ** Farmers 41* 22* 15 22 20 61 19 17* 26* 0* 14* ** 15* ** Housewives 31 23 16 18 23 56 18 18 19 15 10 ** 19 ** Union Households 31 25 25 25 21 61 22 21 12 20 18 ** 21 24 Non-Union Households 31 20 19 23 22 58 18 15 13 19 18 ** 16 32 South 32 18 21 19 20 54 17 14 10 15 19 ** 15 29 Nonsouth 30 23 20 25 23 61 20 18 15 21 18 ** 18 32 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 31 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** 8* 20 8 13 13 ** 12 33 Born 1959-1974 31 21 19 22 23 55 19 17 13 18 21 ** 19 33 Born 1943-1958 34 23 19 24 25 65 21 18 16 21 20 ** 17 29 Born 1927-1942 30 23 21 26 20 61 20 16 11 20 16 ** 21 14* Born 1911-1926 29 18 22 22 18 54 14 10 10 20 12 ** 19 ** Born 1895-1910 21 16 24 16 15 37 13 23* 12* 9* 47* ** ** ** Born before 1895 25* 0* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 27 28 27 26 25 60 18 16 8 15 14 ** 23 31 Independents 38 22 27 29 31 60 23 23 25 23 21 ** 25 35 Republicans (incl leaners) 33 10 10 18 17 55 18 16 18 23 23 ** 8 29 Liberals 27 29 28 26 27 63 22 17 10 16 14 ** 24 36 Moderates 29 19 21 23 25 57 19 15 11 15 19 ** 17 34 Conservatives 35 15 13 23 18 63 18 17 17 28 22 ** 13 29 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4E.2.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Respondent's Financial Situation Over the Last Year 1962-2008 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Gotten Better 34 ** 35 34 32 36 28 34 34 32 30 43 40 42 39 30 39 46 52 33 24 43 32 Stayed Same 47 ** 39 47 34 42 31 35 29 25 32 29 33 33 29 35 33 29 27 55 50 25 18 Gotten Worse 19 ** 26 20 34 23 41 31 36 42 38 28 27 25 32 35 28 25 21 12 26 32 50 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1279 1271 1316 810 972 2481 2828 2256 1593 1404 2216 2166 2025 1962 2474 1780 1706 1279 1674 1500 1203 2307 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4E.3 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: 1962-1998,2004: "We are interested in how people are getting along financially these days. Would you say that (1962,1966-1974: you [and your family]; 1976 and later: you [and your family living here]) are better off or worse off financially than you were a year ago." 2000-2002: "We are interested in how people are getting along financially these days. Would you say that you (and your family [2000 FACE-TO-FACE ONLY: living here]) are better off, worse off, or just about the same financially as you were a year ago?" This question is variable VCF0880 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0010A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Respondent's Financial Situation Over the Last Year 1962-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Gotten Better' Percent of group: '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 38 ** 35 37 36 38 32 37 39 37 32 46 45 47 42 34 41 49 55 35 26 47 33 Females 32 ** 35 31 29 34 26 33 31 29 29 41 36 39 36 27 37 43 49 31 22 40 31 Whites 36 ** 35 34 31 36 28 35 34 33 32 46 42 43 38 31 37 45 50 30 22 43 30 Blacks 19 ** 36 33 36 32 30 25 39 26 16 30 33 40 39 25 49 54 54 44 25 37 35 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 20 ** 22 20 24 27 20 25 20 26 18 19 20 20 22 14 31 27 43 19 18 25 26 High School Diploma 37 ** 38 33 33 34 29 33 32 28 26 40 36 41 36 27 37 41 47 30 20 40 30 Some College, no Degree 41 ** 42 43 34 48 29 42 42 36 34 51 43 49 47 34 40 51 55 36 27 48 31 College Degree/ Post-grad 50 ** 47 47 39 41 35 40 45 47 41 57 56 51 47 39 43 54 58 37 28 46 36 Income 0-16 Percentile 11 ** 21 14 22 28 21 23 24 24 19 27 27 32 34 21 35 42 47 19 ** 36 34 Income 17-33 Percentile 22 ** 26 25 23 34 23 26 32 27 27 33 33 35 31 24 34 43 45 27 ** 35 22 Income 34-67 Percentile 40 ** 36 34 33 37 28 36 35 35 30 46 40 44 41 33 36 45 48 35 ** 45 31 Income 68-95 Percentile 52 ** 45 50 39 43 35 43 42 40 38 59 53 51 44 38 47 55 60 43 ** 54 40 Income 96-100 Percentile 45 ** 48 47 65* 31* 35 41 51 39 40 61 72 64* 63 42 55 59 60 48 ** 50 36 Professionals ** ** ** 45 42 40 31 39 42 40 39 52 47 48 45 37 43 54 56 36 ** 46 ** White Collar ** ** ** 34 30 37 28 41 38 33 34 45 42 42 41 32 40 47 49 33 ** 41 ** Blue Collar ** ** ** 34 35 34 30 32 34 28 27 40 37 41 35 28 37 42 49 32 ** 44 ** Unskilled ** ** ** 20* 27* 29* 19* 36 26 40* 21* 37* 32 45 36 29 46 46* 30* 30* ** 44* ** Farmers ** ** ** 19 20* 33* 19 30 33* 45* 16* 39 30 28 40 22 26* 19* 61* 20* ** 43* ** Housewives ** ** ** 29 25 34 23 32 25 26 23 37 34 36 34 20 32 38 47 33 ** 38 ** Union Households ** ** 38 35 30 37 32 37 36 34 33 45 47 43 40 31 42 48 53 39 24 43 29 Non-Union Households ** ** 34 33 33 36 26 34 34 32 29 43 39 42 38 30 38 45 51 32 24 44 32 South 34 ** 29 31 33 37 27 33 33 35 29 41 39 41 41 33 42 54 54 32 26 48 36 Nonsouth 34 ** 37 34 31 35 28 35 35 31 30 44 41 43 38 29 37 41 51 33 23 41 29 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 43 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 38* 52 68 63 43 35 53 32 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 41 43 47 60 54 61 54 43 48 60 64 40 32 55 30 Born 1943-1958 ** ** 66 60 47 53 39 48 49 41 39 56 50 52 42 35 43 46 51 33 18 41 18 Born 1927-1942 53 ** 45 45 39 39 30 35 29 30 24 40 34 33 31 20 25 28 36 23 10 22 14 Born 1911-1926 38 ** 35 33 27 27 23 25 24 24 19 21 18 16 19 11 18 20 32 12 6 18 ** Born 1895-1910 23 ** 23 13 19 21 11 17 16 19 22 16 13 19 15 17 8* 24* 19* 32* 0* ** ** Born before 1895 7 ** 10 5 24* 21* 29 21 15* 25* 0* 0* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 34 ** 36 33 32 33 29 31 35 33 26 32 37 35 37 25 43 52 56 39 23 33 26 Independents 39 ** 38 38 25 32 29 37 36 32 27 42 37 41 36 25 32 36 40 31 23 41 33 Republicans (incl leaners) 35 ** 33 33 35 41 25 38 33 32 39 57 47 52 43 39 35 40 49 26 24 56 40 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** 31 28 35 41 38 34 45 44 45 40 33 45 54 54 45 26 37 29 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** 40 26 36 34 32 29 39 39 41 41 25 38 48 53 35 24 42 27 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** 40 32 40 36 33 38 56 43 48 41 37 37 43 50 31 25 53 40 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4E.3.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Respondent's Financial Situation Over the Last Year 1962-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Stayed Same' Percent of group: '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 45 ** 41 45 33 41 28 34 27 24 30 30 30 31 27 35 34 29 24 54 48 25 19 Females 48 ** 37 48 35 42 33 36 31 27 33 27 34 34 30 35 33 30 30 55 53 25 17 Whites 46 ** 39 46 35 43 32 37 31 25 33 29 33 34 30 36 35 31 29 58 52 28 19 Blacks 51 ** 39 45 30 30 22 30 22 32 30 27 33 28 27 33 30 23 19 47 51 21 13 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 56 ** 49 57 41 49 48 47 42 33 43 44 53 41 52 49 45 48 31 72 63 35 35 High School Diploma 44 ** 38 46 32 42 29 35 30 27 34 29 32 34 30 37 33 30 30 57 53 28 19 Some College, no Degree 45 ** 29 40 35 32 22 26 24 24 27 24 29 31 20 28 31 25 25 53 51 18 15 College Degree/ Post-grad 34 ** 33 36 29 41 26 33 23 16 27 24 27 27 25 36 33 28 24 52 44 26 18 Income 0-16 Percentile 62 ** 45 55 30 43 32 42 29 33 33 28 33 29 29 31 30 24 24 61 ** 21 14 Income 17-33 Percentile 52 ** 45 56 38 43 33 38 29 29 31 32 34 40 35 37 34 32 27 58 ** 23 17 Income 34-67 Percentile 44 ** 40 46 34 37 30 34 28 20 32 27 32 33 27 34 36 31 31 54 ** 27 19 Income 68-95 Percentile 32 ** 34 35 33 41 27 28 27 22 29 24 29 30 25 33 30 26 25 49 ** 19 16 Income 96-100 Percentile 47 ** 30 40 13* 62* 37 38 26 22 30 24 16 26* 22 37 27 19 23 44 ** 24 21 Professionals ** ** ** 36 30 43 31 33 24 23 29 26 31 30 25 32 32 28 28 53 ** 23 ** White Collar ** ** ** 49 32 40 29 26 23 23 29 27 33 34 25 31 28 29 28 53 ** 29 ** Blue Collar ** ** ** 47 33 40 25 35 29 27 33 29 32 33 29 35 36 29 26 58 ** 24 ** Unskilled ** ** ** 55* 13* 50* 36* 35 40 32* 26* 22* 34 26 34 35 32 23* 37* 47* ** 14* ** Farmers ** ** ** 65 51* 52* 57 48 37* 16* 36* 38 35 47 29 42 53* 48* 27* 53* ** 31* ** Housewives ** ** ** 49 35 45 37 41 39 30 37 33 38 35 40 49 34 37 34 55 ** 33 ** Union Households ** ** 35 47 32 37 28 30 27 23 29 29 28 32 32 33 32 29 28 53 50 23 15 Non-Union Households ** ** 41 47 34 43 32 36 30 26 33 29 34 33 28 36 34 29 27 55 51 25 18 South 48 ** 47 52 37 45 34 39 30 26 33 28 33 31 29 35 33 27 24 56 48 26 20 Nonsouth 46 ** 37 45 33 40 30 33 29 25 32 29 32 33 29 35 34 31 29 54 52 25 17 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 12 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 15* 22 9 18 46 47 16 14 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 24 26 18 14 17 21 16 24 25 18 17 47 49 20 19 Born 1943-1958 ** ** 17 24 21 27 17 22 20 17 23 20 24 23 22 29 28 27 25 55 51 22 30 Born 1927-1942 33 ** 31 38 24 36 25 30 29 22 32 27 36 41 33 44 43 44 41 66 54 47 50 Born 1911-1926 43 ** 37 45 40 49 37 41 38 33 44 49 57 50 55 54 60 57 51 77 63 41 ** Born 1895-1910 56 ** 53 65 44 58 54 59 45 44 54 55 59 59 69 55 55* 61* 66* 57* 100* ** ** Born before 1895 69 ** 60 74 53* 57* 56 67 50* 67* 88* 50* 100* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 47 ** 38 50 30 43 30 33 28 26 31 30 35 35 30 35 31 27 24 51 47 24 17 Independents 39 ** 40 35 40 40 32 37 30 26 32 29 29 29 31 37 31 34 31 54 54 31 20 Republicans (incl leaners) 47 ** 40 45 39 41 33 36 30 24 33 27 31 32 26 35 37 31 30 61 55 25 18 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** 42 27 27 21 21 25 25 29 25 23 28 29 22 24 45 45 23 15 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** 39 32 32 27 24 36 29 33 37 26 38 35 30 27 56 53 24 19 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** 42 29 34 30 23 27 25 32 31 29 34 34 33 29 56 52 24 18 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4E.3.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Respondent's Financial Situation Over the Last Year 1962-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Gotten Worse' Percent of group: '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 17 ** 24 18 31 20 40 29 34 40 38 24 24 22 31 31 26 22 21 11 26 28 48 Females 20 ** 27 21 36 24 42 32 38 44 38 31 29 27 34 38 30 27 22 13 26 36 52 Whites 18 ** 26 20 34 21 40 28 35 42 35 25 26 23 32 33 29 24 21 12 26 29 50 Blacks 30 ** 25 22 34 38 47 45 40 42 54 43 35 32 34 41 22 23 27 9 24 42 52 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 24 ** 29 22 35 24 32 28 38 41 39 38 28 39 26 37 24 25 26 9 19 40 39 High School Diploma 19 ** 24 20 35 24 42 32 38 45 40 31 32 25 35 37 30 28 23 13 27 32 51 Some College, no Degree 14 ** 29 17 31 20 49 32 35 41 39 25 28 20 34 38 29 24 19 11 23 33 53 College Degree/ Post-grad 16 ** 21 16 32 19 39 28 31 37 32 18 16 22 27 26 24 18 19 11 28 28 46 Income 0-16 Percentile 28 ** 34 30 48 29 47 35 47 43 48 44 40 39 37 48 35 34 29 20 ** 43 52 Income 17-33 Percentile 26 ** 29 19 39 23 45 36 39 45 42 36 33 26 35 39 32 24 28 16 ** 41 61 Income 34-67 Percentile 16 ** 24 20 33 26 42 30 37 45 38 26 28 23 32 33 28 24 21 12 ** 28 50 Income 68-95 Percentile 15 ** 22 15 28 16 38 28 31 37 33 17 18 18 31 29 23 20 14 8 ** 27 44 Income 96-100 Percentile 8 ** 23 13 22* 8* 28 21 23 39 30 15 12 11* 15 22 19 22 16 8 ** 25 43 Professionals ** ** ** 19 28 17 37 29 34 37 32 21 22 22 30 31 25 18 16 11 ** 31 ** White Collar ** ** ** 16 38 23 42 33 39 45 36 28 25 25 33 36 32 24 22 14 ** 30 ** Blue Collar ** ** ** 19 32 26 44 33 36 45 40 31 31 26 36 37 27 29 26 10 ** 33 ** Unskilled ** ** ** 25* 60* 21* 44* 29 33 28* 53* 41* 34 28 29 36 22 30* 32* 24* ** 42* ** Farmers ** ** ** 17 29* 15* 25 22 30* 39* 48* 23 35 26 31 36 21* 33* 11* 27* ** 26* ** Housewives ** ** ** 22 40 21 39 28 36 44 40 30 28 28 26 30 34 24 20 12 ** 30 ** Union Households ** ** 27 18 38 26 40 33 37 43 37 27 25 25 28 36 27 23 19 8 26 34 56 Non-Union Households ** ** 25 21 33 21 42 30 36 42 38 28 28 25 33 34 29 25 22 13 25 31 49 South 17 ** 24 17 29 18 39 28 36 39 38 31 27 28 30 32 26 20 22 12 26 26 44 Nonsouth 20 ** 26 21 36 24 42 32 36 43 38 27 27 23 33 36 30 28 21 12 25 34 54 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 45 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 46* 27 24 19 11 19 32 54 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 35 31 36 26 29 18 31 33 27 23 20 14 20 25 52 Born 1943-1958 ** ** 16 16 32 20 44 29 31 42 39 24 25 25 36 36 30 27 24 12 31 37 52 Born 1927-1942 14 ** 24 17 37 25 45 35 41 48 44 33 30 26 36 36 32 27 23 11 36 31 37 Born 1911-1926 20 ** 28 22 33 24 40 34 38 43 37 30 25 33 26 34 23 23 17 11 31 41 ** Born 1895-1910 22 ** 25 22 36 20 35 25 39 37 24 29 29 22 16 28 38* 15* 15* 11* 0* ** ** Born before 1895 24 ** 30 21 24* 21* 15 12 35* 8* 13* 50* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 19 ** 26 18 38 24 41 36 36 41 43 38 29 30 33 40 26 21 20 10 30 44 57 Independents 22 ** 22 26 35 28 40 26 34 41 42 29 34 29 33 38 37 29 30 16 23 28 47 Republicans (incl leaners) 18 ** 27 21 26 18 41 26 37 44 28 16 22 17 31 27 28 29 21 13 21 19 42 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** 28 45 38 38 40 41 30 27 30 37 39 26 24 22 10 29 39 56 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** 21 42 32 39 44 35 32 27 22 33 37 27 22 21 9 23 34 54 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** 18 38 26 34 44 34 19 24 21 30 30 29 25 20 13 23 22 43 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4E.3.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Respondent's Financial Situation Over the Next Year 1956-2008 '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Get Better 44 43 40 38 46 35 34 31 37 22 34 24 30 27 38 40 38 28 34 33 38 41 39 ** 39 37 Stay Same 46 44 50 56 45 53 56 51 53 45 53 47 49 55 53 49 53 54 56 59 55 52 55 ** 52 49 Get Worse 10 13 10 6 9 12 10 18 10 33 13 28 22 18 9 12 9 17 10 7 8 6 6 ** 8 15 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1629 1754 1772 1143 1492 1107 1151 713 881 2225 2570 2131 1437 1307 2094 1040 1952 1928 2402 1753 1689 1260 1638 1159 2210 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4E.4 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: 1956-1960,1964: "Now looking ahead and thinking about the next few years, do you expect your financial situation will stay about the way it is now, get better, or get worse?" 1962,1966 and later: "Now looking ahead--do you think that a year from now (1962,1966-1970: you people; 1972 AND LATER: you [and your family]; 1976 AND LATER EXC. 2000 TELEPHONE: [living here]) will be better off financially or worse off, or just about the same as now?" This question is variable VCF0881 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0010A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Respondent's Financial Situation Over the Next Year 1956-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Get Better' Percent of group: '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 48 46 42 42 52 37 38 32 42 25 39 28 35 30 42 44 43 34 38 38 39 45 44 ** 43 40 Females 41 40 39 34 41 34 31 30 33 20 30 22 26 24 35 37 34 24 30 29 36 38 35 ** 36 33 Whites 43 41 38 39 43 34 35 31 37 21 33 24 29 28 38 38 37 26 33 30 35 39 37 ** 38 33 Blacks 54 61 57 28 68 43 27 29 35 27 42 28 33 19 37 41 43 35 36 42 49 49 47 ** 48 51 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 32 33 29 18 29 16 16 14 20 10 20 11 14 11 15 18 14 12 21 21 14 28 13 ** 26* 28 High School Diploma 46 45 43 42 49 40 36 35 37 21 33 23 30 21 35 37 36 27 32 32 36 39 36 ** 38 35 Some College, no Degree 57 54 55 41 55 47 40 39 47 32 43 31 33 33 50 47 46 34 39 37 40 46 41 ** 46 42 College Degree/ Post-grad 57 53 46 60 62 39 46 39 45 27 39 30 37 39 45 47 45 33 39 36 43 43 44 ** 36 34 Income 0-16 Percentile 30 30 24 16 22 22 20 22 27 19 30 23 23 19 30 37 34 31 35 33 40 42 33 ** 37 35 Income 17-33 Percentile 41 40 36 28 40 30 27 21 42 14 27 26 29 23 33 40 37 24 34 30 30 37 35 ** 38 35 Income 34-67 Percentile 48 47 39 43 56 37 36 32 36 23 34 23 32 28 42 42 37 30 34 36 41 42 43 ** 41 37 Income 68-95 Percentile 49 48 48 52 56 42 44 38 44 26 40 26 32 31 43 42 44 28 35 35 39 40 45 ** 43 38 Income 96-100 Percentile 58 55 57 45 52 48 46 57* 38* 37 38 29 41 37 50 47* 41* 38 32 36 26 43 42 ** 42 34 Professionals 52 50 55 ** 52 ** 44 41 41 26 39 27 33 32 45 39 39 33 37 32 39 42 41 ** 40 ** White Collar 55 53 42 ** 50 ** 37 38 40 23 36 26 30 32 43 43 41 27 36 40 44 43 39 ** 41 ** Blue Collar 45 44 39 ** 50 ** 34 30 37 21 35 24 28 22 36 38 39 28 34 32 37 41 37 ** 37 ** Unskilled 37 44 40* ** 65* ** 5* 0* 38* 34* 38 28 40* 31* 27* 48* 33 38 26 15* 25* 56* 40* ** 47* ** Farmers 34 29 28 ** 27 ** 14* 6* 16* 16 22 20* 23* 18* 32 45* 35 24 24 30* 21* 46* 28* ** 32* ** Housewives 40 36 35 ** 39 ** 29 28 30 19 26 19 24 20 28 32 26 17 26 26 23 35 36 ** 36 ** Union Households 45 42 37 ** 49 35 34 25 38 22 36 23 35 27 35 38 39 25 27 28 35 41 33 ** 39 32 Non-Union Households 44 43 42 ** 45 35 34 33 37 22 34 25 28 27 39 40 38 29 35 34 38 41 40 ** 39 37 South 43 43 40 34 46 29 34 31 39 20 36 22 32 29 38 39 39 30 38 35 41 44 40 ** 44 38 Nonsouth 45 43 41 39 46 37 34 31 36 23 33 25 29 26 38 40 37 27 32 32 36 40 38 ** 38 35 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 47 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 31* 46 53 55 46 ** 55 42 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 47 40 33 55 58 53 45 50 48 57 54 52 ** 47 29 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** 80* 62 63 47 57 35 48 36 40 42 49 51 47 32 36 32 34 43 38 ** 34 23 Born 1927-1942 63 66 67 62 67 51 47 42 45 22 38 20 30 23 35 33 33 18 24 20 20 26 25 ** 20 12 Born 1911-1926 51 49 46 40 47 33 30 24 25 14 20 13 18 10 15 12 12 6 13 13 11 8 8 ** 25 ** Born 1895-1910 37 31 26 22 25 13 10 14 14 5 13 8 11 7 10 6* 7 6 13 4* 0* 0* 0* ** ** ** Born before 1895 15 14 13 7 8 15 6 14* 9* 7 8 10* 13* 0* 25* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 45 46 38 39 48 38 32 29 32 22 34 25 28 21 32 35 33 27 32 34 40 43 40 ** 35 34 Independents 40 34 36 32 44 41 37 29 41 21 35 27 34 28 41 43 38 29 35 31 35 38 41 ** 35 36 Republicans (incl leaners) 45 40 45 39 43 29 37 36 42 23 34 23 30 36 45 44 44 30 36 33 35 40 37 ** 45 41 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 40 26 41 32 37 33 43 44 44 37 35 46 42 42 51 ** 34 37 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 38 23 34 24 28 28 34 39 36 25 32 34 37 41 35 ** 39 34 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 42 21 39 22 32 32 45 41 44 29 39 33 36 41 39 ** 45 38 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4E.4.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Respondent's Financial Situation Over the Next Year 1956-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Stay Same' Percent of group: '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 43 39 48 52 39 52 51 46 49 42 49 43 43 51 49 45 49 47 53 55 54 47 50 ** 48 48 Females 49 49 51 60 49 54 59 56 57 48 57 51 53 58 56 52 57 60 59 63 55 57 59 ** 56 50 Whites 47 46 52 56 47 53 55 51 54 47 55 48 49 55 54 49 54 56 57 62 56 55 56 ** 53 51 Blacks 36 30 34 63 28 48 60 54 50 38 43 48 50 53 52 47 48 51 54 51 46 45 50 ** 43 40 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 54 52 58 73 57 72 68 61 64 56 63 54 59 57 71 62 69 72 62 69 76 68 83 ** 61* 55 High School Diploma 45 41 49 53 44 50 53 50 54 44 54 49 49 59 56 53 56 57 59 62 55 54 56 ** 54 51 Some College, no Degree 36 42 37 54 38 37 50 44 43 41 46 45 47 52 43 41 48 50 53 53 52 48 54 ** 46 45 College Degree/ Post-grad 35 36 44 35 32 43 50 48 50 44 50 40 43 48 48 41 46 44 52 57 52 51 51 ** 54 50 Income 0-16 Percentile 53 50 58 75 58 62 66 58 57 51 59 46 57 49 61 49 52 58 55 58 51 50 56 ** 51 53 Income 17-33 Percentile 50 45 51 66 53 58 61 62 46 43 55 46 48 59 56 54 54 57 56 63 61 58 57 ** 49 49 Income 34-67 Percentile 45 40 52 52 38 52 54 50 55 44 53 48 48 54 50 49 55 54 57 57 52 52 54 ** 54 48 Income 68-95 Percentile 43 43 45 43 38 48 49 48 49 47 50 48 46 55 49 43 50 52 55 60 53 55 50 ** 49 49 Income 96-100 Percentile 34 31 40 53 41 38 46 24* 57* 38 50 47 34 54 44 39* 54* 46 60 59 67 49 53 ** 50 49 Professionals 40 39 38 ** 41 ** 50 45 52 45 51 44 46 55 49 48 52 48 53 60 55 52 54 ** 50 ** White Collar 39 35 48 ** 44 ** 54 51 54 45 48 45 46 55 48 46 51 56 54 55 48 50 55 ** 54 ** Blue Collar 46 42 51 ** 41 ** 53 51 48 43 51 48 49 55 54 50 53 54 57 59 55 54 55 ** 53 ** Unskilled 56 43 40* ** 29* ** 79* 64* 46* 41* 53 48 50* 37* 67* 40* 57 49 62 78* 59* 41* 52* ** 53* ** Farmers 46 49 59 ** 55 ** 67* 65* 72* 56 61 44* 45* 65* 58 48* 54 51 59 62* 62* 54* 59* ** 66* ** Housewives 50 52 55 ** 51 ** 61 53 62 48 62 53 58 60 59 57 63 68 63 65 64 61 62 ** 55 ** Union Households 46 42 53 ** 44 55 56 55 51 44 49 47 45 54 57 48 54 58 60 62 55 51 57 ** 54 50 Non-Union Households 46 45 48 ** 45 52 56 50 54 46 54 48 50 55 52 49 53 54 55 59 55 53 55 ** 52 49 South 48 44 51 61 45 57 55 56 53 46 55 49 49 50 55 49 52 55 53 58 53 52 55 ** 49 49 Nonsouth 46 45 49 55 45 52 56 50 54 45 52 47 49 57 52 49 54 54 57 60 55 53 56 ** 54 49 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 43 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 69* 50 44 39 49 ** 41 43 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 39 45 51 39 35 41 46 45 47 39 42 43 ** 48 52 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** 12* 32 30 43 38 37 42 44 42 45 46 40 47 49 54 60 58 50 55 ** 56 63 Born 1927-1942 31 25 29 34 29 39 47 42 45 45 49 46 45 53 55 55 58 59 63 70 67 66 71 ** 66 74 Born 1911-1926 41 42 47 55 47 54 57 53 64 49 64 52 54 70 69 71 71 70 72 76 78 83 83 ** 64 ** Born 1895-1910 55 52 59 71 57 73 73 67 71 59 72 57 68 63 75 66* 75 83 66 84* 81* 100* 100* ** ** ** Born before 1895 64 65 70 82 74 69 82 67* 79* 61 83 60* 88* 100* 75* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 45 42 52 56 44 52 58 51 55 46 52 47 51 56 56 51 58 55 57 58 54 51 54 ** 54 52 Independents 51 48 50 58 39 46 50 51 46 37 52 46 43 50 52 49 50 59 53 57 54 54 50 ** 54 54 Republicans (incl leaners) 46 48 46 54 48 56 54 53 54 49 55 49 48 55 50 46 49 52 55 61 56 53 59 ** 50 44 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 45 42 44 42 46 51 46 41 48 43 53 49 52 50 43 ** 56 50 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 53 45 55 42 52 52 58 52 55 58 57 60 55 51 59 ** 52 46 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 52 45 50 50 45 55 48 47 47 52 51 60 54 54 55 ** 49 48 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4E.4.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Respondent's Financial Situation Over the Next Year 1956-2008 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Get Worse' Percent of group: '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08 Males 9 15 9 6 9 11 11 22 9 34 13 29 22 19 9 12 9 19 9 7 7 7 6 ** 9 12 Females 10 11 10 6 10 13 10 14 11 32 13 27 21 18 9 12 9 16 11 8 8 5 6 ** 7 17 Whites 10 13 10 6 10 12 10 18 9 32 12 29 22 17 9 13 9 19 10 7 9 7 7 ** 9 16 Blacks 10 9 8 9 4 9 13 17 15 36 15 25 17 28 12 12 9 13 9 7 4 5 4 ** 9 9 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 14 15 13 9 15 12 16 25 17 34 16 36 27 32 15 20 16 17 17 11 11 5 4 ** 13* 17 High School Diploma 8 14 8 5 8 10 10 15 9 35 13 28 21 19 9 10 8 16 10 6 9 6 7 ** 7 14 Some College, no Degree 7 4 7 5 7 16 11 18 9 27 11 24 20 16 7 11 7 16 8 10 8 6 5 ** 8 14 College Degree/ Post-grad 8 12 10 5 6 18 4 13 5 29 11 30 21 12 7 13 9 23 9 7 5 6 5 ** 10 16 Income 0-16 Percentile 17 20 18 8 20 17 14 20 15 30 12 31 20 33 9 14 14 11 10 10 9 8 11 ** 12 12 Income 17-33 Percentile 10 15 13 6 7 12 12 18 12 43 17 28 22 18 11 6 8 19 10 7 8 6 9 ** 13 16 Income 34-67 Percentile 8 13 9 5 6 11 11 18 9 33 13 29 20 18 8 9 8 16 8 7 7 6 3 ** 5 15 Income 68-95 Percentile 8 8 7 5 6 10 7 15 7 27 10 26 22 13 8 14 6 20 11 6 8 5 5 ** 8 13 Income 96-100 Percentile 8 15 4 2 7 15 7 19* 5* 24 11 24 25 9 6 13* 4* 16 9 5 6 7 5 ** 8 17 Professionals 8 11 7 ** 7 ** 6 14 7 29 10 29 21 13 7 13 9 19 10 8 5 6 5 ** 10 ** White Collar 6 12 9 ** 6 ** 9 11 7 32 16 29 25 13 8 11 8 16 10 5 8 7 6 ** 5 ** Blue Collar 10 14 10 ** 9 ** 13 19 15 35 14 28 23 24 9 12 8 18 10 9 8 6 8 ** 10 ** Unskilled 7 13 20* ** 6* ** 16* 36* 15* 24* 9 24 10* 31* 6* 12* 10 13 12 6* 16* 3* 8* ** 0* ** Farmers 20 22 13 ** 18 ** 19* 29* 12* 28 17 37* 32* 18* 10 6* 11 25 17 8* 17* 0* 13* ** 2* ** Housewives 10 12 10 ** 10 ** 10 19 8 33 12 28 19 20 13 11 12 15 11 9 13 5 2 ** 9 ** Union Households 8 16 10 ** 7 10 11 20 11 34 15 30 21 19 9 14 7 17 13 10 9 7 11 ** 7 18 Non-Union Households 10 12 10 ** 10 12 10 17 9 32 12 27 22 18 9 11 9 18 9 7 8 6 5 ** 8 14 South 9 13 9 5 9 14 11 13 9 34 9 29 20 21 7 11 9 15 9 6 6 5 5 ** 7 12 Nonsouth 10 13 10 6 9 11 10 19 10 32 14 28 22 17 10 12 9 19 11 8 9 7 6 ** 9 16 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 10 Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0* 3 3 6 5 ** 5 15 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 14 15 16 6 8 5 9 5 5 5 5 5 ** 6 19 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** 8* 6 7 10 5 28 10 20 18 13 5 8 5 20 10 8 8 7 8 ** 10 15 Born 1927-1942 6 9 4 4 4 10 5 16 10 33 13 34 25 24 10 12 10 23 13 10 13 7 5 ** 14 15 Born 1911-1926 8 10 7 5 6 13 13 23 11 36 17 35 27 20 16 18 17 23 15 11 11 9 9 ** 11 ** Born 1895-1910 9 16 15 7 18 14 16 19 16 37 15 35 21 30 15 28* 18 11 21 12* 19* 0* 0* ** ** ** Born before 1895 21 21 17 11 18 16 12 19* 12* 32 10 30* 0* 0* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 10 13 10 5 8 10 10 21 13 32 15 28 21 23 12 14 9 19 10 8 7 6 6 ** 11 14 Independents 8 18 14 10 17 13 13 20 13 42 13 28 23 22 7 8 13 12 12 12 11 8 10 ** 11 10 Republicans (incl leaners) 9 12 9 7 9 15 10 10 5 28 10 28 22 10 5 9 8 18 9 6 9 6 4 ** 4 15 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 15 32 15 26 17 16 11 15 8 20 11 6 6 7 6 ** 10 12 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 9 31 12 34 21 20 8 9 9 17 11 7 8 7 5 ** 9 20 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 5 34 11 29 23 13 7 13 9 19 9 8 10 5 6 ** 6 14 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group 2008 NOTE: open-ended coding of occupation is not yet complete. .................... Table 4E.4.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 05AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Have Economic Policies of Federal Government Made Things Better/Worse 1984-1996 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 Made Better 36 25 20 ** 4 18 23 No Difference 41 52 57 ** 52 67 60 Made Worse 22 23 23 ** 44 16 17 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 2077 1993 1895 2392 1727 1672 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 4E.5 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: (1988,1992-later: "Over the past year) Would you say that the economic policies of the federal government have made the nation's economy better, worse, or haven't they made much difference either way?" (IF BETTER/WORSE:) "Would you say the economy is much better/worse or somewhat better/worse?" This question is variable VCF9044A in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 20AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Have Economic Policies of Federal Government Made Things Better/Worse 1984-1996 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Made Better' Percent of group: '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 Males 42 31 26 ** 5 19 24 Females 32 19 15 ** 3 16 22 Whites 40 27 21 ** 4 17 22 Blacks 11 11 11 ** 4 23 27 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 13 11 12 ** 7 10 29 High School Diploma 31 19 15 ** 4 14 19 Some College, no Degree 45 31 24 ** 3 21 22 College Degree/ Post-grad 51 36 30 ** 4 24 32 Income 0-16 Percentile 20 12 15 ** 5 14 25 Income 17-33 Percentile 27 19 12 ** 3 19 22 Income 34-67 Percentile 40 23 21 ** 3 18 21 Income 68-95 Percentile 47 34 25 ** 5 19 25 Income 96-100 Percentile 61 48 33* ** 3 21 35 Professionals 46 34 26 ** 4 24 29 White Collar 38 26 22 ** 3 17 22 Blue Collar 29 20 17 ** 4 17 21 Unskilled 22* 25 12* ** 2 6* 23* Farmers 42 8 29 ** 6 18* 26* Housewives 35 18 12 ** 3 7 14 Union Households 31 24 17 ** 3 19 28 Non-Union Households 38 25 21 ** 4 17 22 South 32 21 19 ** 6 16 24 Nonsouth 38 26 20 ** 3 18 23 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** 17* 11 18 Born 1959-1974 37 26 21 ** 4 15 21 Born 1943-1958 43 28 22 ** 4 22 24 Born 1927-1942 35 29 19 ** 4 16 23 Born 1911-1926 29 15 16 ** 2 19 29 Born 1895-1910 23 6 19 ** 7 12* 22* Born before 1895 33* ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 19 15 10 ** 2 24 33 Independents 33 21 16 ** 3 13 17 Republicans (incl leaners) 59 39 33 ** 7 12 12 Liberals 31 23 15 ** 2 38 35 Moderates 32 23 18 ** 3 19 25 Conservatives 56 34 31 ** 7 14 19 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4E.5.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 20AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Have Economic Policies of Federal Government Made Things Better/Worse 1984-1996 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Stayed Same' Percent of group: '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 Males 37 46 52 ** 51 65 55 Females 45 57 61 ** 53 68 63 Whites 39 51 56 ** 52 66 59 Blacks 54 57 62 ** 52 69 60 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 67 68 70 ** 70 79 59 High School Diploma 47 59 63 ** 55 72 64 Some College, no Degree 33 45 49 ** 50 59 58 College Degree/ Post-grad 23 39 45 ** 45 59 51 Income 0-16 Percentile 53 68 67 ** 61 70 61 Income 17-33 Percentile 51 55 61 ** 56 70 61 Income 34-67 Percentile 39 54 55 ** 50 68 64 Income 68-95 Percentile 33 44 53 ** 48 61 55 Income 96-100 Percentile 25 33 40* ** 47 60 44 Professionals 31 41 49 ** 46 58 53 White Collar 37 51 53 ** 54 64 62 Blue Collar 49 59 62 ** 53 71 62 Unskilled 51* 56 67* ** 57 78* 67* Farmers 49 65 56 ** 70 61* 54* Housewives 43 59 64 ** 54 73 69 Union Households 40 50 55 ** 48 66 52 Non-Union Households 41 53 57 ** 53 67 61 South 47 60 61 ** 53 69 62 Nonsouth 39 49 55 ** 52 66 58 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** 50* 81 71 Born 1959-1974 45 60 62 ** 56 71 62 Born 1943-1958 37 46 52 ** 47 60 55 Born 1927-1942 37 45 58 ** 48 65 60 Born 1911-1926 44 60 59 ** 59 68 56 Born 1895-1910 57 74 57 ** 64 77* 63* Born before 1895 67* ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 47 55 58 ** 47 67 55 Independents 51 58 61 ** 54 72 64 Republicans (incl leaners) 32 47 54 ** 58 64 65 Liberals 36 46 55 ** 37 55 52 Moderates 43 55 54 ** 52 68 58 Conservatives 29 44 50 ** 52 62 56 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4E.5.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 20AUG10 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Have Economic Policies of Federal Government Made Things Better/Worse 1984-1996 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Made Worse' Percent of group: '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 Males 21 23 22 ** 44 16 21 Females 23 23 24 ** 43 15 15 Whites 21 22 23 ** 44 17 19 Blacks 35 33 27 ** 44 8 13 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 20 21 18 ** 24 12 12 High School Diploma 22 22 21 ** 41 14 16 Some College, no Degree 21 24 26 ** 47 20 20 College Degree/ Post-grad 27 25 25 ** 51 16 17 Income 0-16 Percentile 27 19 18 ** 35 15 14 Income 17-33 Percentile 23 26 26 ** 41 11 17 Income 34-67 Percentile 22 23 24 ** 47 14 16 Income 68-95 Percentile 20 22 22 ** 47 20 20 Income 96-100 Percentile 14 19 27* ** 50 19 20 Professionals 23 26 25 ** 49 18 18 White Collar 25 23 25 ** 43 19 16 Blue Collar 22 22 22 ** 43 12 18 Unskilled 27* 19 20* ** 41 16* 10* Farmers 9 27 15 ** 24 21* 20* Housewives 22 23 24 ** 42 20 17 Union Households 29 25 28 ** 49 15 20 Non-Union Households 21 22 22 ** 43 16 17 South 21 19 20 ** 41 15 15 Nonsouth 23 25 25 ** 45 16 19 Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** 33* 8 11 Born 1959-1974 18 14 17 ** 40 14 17 Born 1943-1958 20 25 27 ** 48 18 21 Born 1927-1942 28 26 22 ** 48 18 16 Born 1911-1926 27 25 25 ** 39 13 15 Born 1895-1910 20 20 24 ** 30 11* 15* Born before 1895 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 35 30 32 ** 51 9 13 Independents 17 20 23 ** 43 15 20 Republicans (incl leaners) 10 15 14 ** 35 24 23 Liberals 34 31 30 ** 61 7 12 Moderates 25 23 28 ** 45 13 18 Conservatives 15 22 20 ** 41 24 25 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group .................... Table 4E.5.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 20AUG10