THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Voter Registration 1952-2004 '52 '54 '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Nonvoter, Not Registered 20 ** 18 ** 16 ** 14 ** 15 ** 9 ** 20 28 21 23 18 26 20 30 18 24 14 19 15 14 11 Nonvoter, Registered 7 ** 9 ** 5 ** 8 ** 9 ** 6 ** 9 17 7 17 8 21 10 23 7 20 13 28 12 23 13 Voted (Registered) 73 ** 73 ** 79 ** 78 ** 76 ** 85 ** 72 55 71 60 74 53 70 47 75 56 73 52 73 63 77 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1714 1762 1829 1450 1391 1960 2403 2292 1407 1406 1989 2174 1773 1979 2256 1795 1503 1272 1537 1309 1059 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 6A.1 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: 1952-1976,1980: "Now how about the election this November. (1952-1964: Do you know if you are; 1968-1980: Are you) registered/eligible so that you could vote in the November election if you wanted to?" 1952,1978,1982-LATER: "Were you registered to vote in this election?" NOTE: 1972 Form II respondents were not asked about registration; Form II nonvoters are not represented. For 1952 cases without pre-election interviews, post-election registration data have been used. This question is variable VCF0703 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Voter Registration 1952-2004 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Not Registered' Percent of group: '52 '54 '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Males 14 ** 13 ** 11 ** 12 ** 12 ** 8 ** 17 29 19 22 18 27 18 30 16 26 15 22 14 11 11 Females 23 ** 22 ** 20 ** 16 ** 17 ** 11 ** 22 27 23 24 19 25 22 31 20 22 14 17 17 16 10 Whites 14 ** 15 ** 13 ** 12 ** 14 ** 10 ** 19 26 20 22 17 24 19 29 16 22 13 19 14 13 10 Blacks 62 ** 53 ** 44 ** 25 ** 21 ** 7 ** 24 35 19 20 23 28 23 28 20 28 18 21 16 20 8 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 29 ** 27 ** 26 ** 20 ** 22 ** 17 ** 27 33 31 34 32 36 31 34 30 41 31 21 25 33* 32* High School Diploma 14 ** 17 ** 13 ** 14 ** 14 ** 11 ** 24 33 26 27 24 33 29 38 26 33 21 25 23 19 15 Some College, no Degree 7 ** 7 ** 11 ** 6 ** 14 ** 3 ** 11 22 17 19 12 20 13 26 12 16 10 20 12 12 8 College Degree/ Post-grad 4 ** 5 ** 3 ** 8 ** 7 ** 4 ** 8 14 6 9 5 12 3 13 5 9 3 7 4 4 2 Income 0-16 Percentile 35 ** 32 ** 27 ** 23 ** 24 ** 15 ** 32 35 31 30 36 37 38 43 34 38 28 28 33 ** 17 Income 17-33 Percentile 21 ** 25 ** 24 ** 18 ** 23 ** 13 ** 22 34 25 31 23 32 23 35 25 30 21 26 17 ** 16 Income 34-67 Percentile 18 ** 16 ** 14 ** 14 ** 12 ** 11 ** 21 28 22 23 17 25 18 32 16 23 16 19 17 ** 9 Income 68-95 Percentile 11 ** 11 ** 11 ** 8 ** 8 ** 5 ** 14 23 12 14 10 19 12 21 9 17 6 14 6 ** 3 Income 96-100 Percentile 0 ** 5 ** 0 ** 6 ** 3 ** 0 ** 6 14 8 17 5 16 4* 18 8 10 0 9 3 ** 3 Professionals 6 ** 6 ** 8 ** 9 ** 7 ** 5 ** 9 15 8 13 6 13 8 17 9 15 6 9 8 ** 4 White Collar 12 ** 12 ** 7 ** 7 ** 11 ** 6 ** 15 28 20 22 15 21 16 27 14 20 10 20 14 ** 9 Blue Collar 18 ** 20 ** 16 ** 14 ** 18 ** 11 ** 25 36 27 28 26 35 30 37 23 30 22 25 21 ** 16 Unskilled 38 ** 26 ** 15* ** 19* ** 20* ** 8* ** 28 46 28* 32* 26* 39 26* 43 26* 37 29* 25* 16* ** 33* Farmers 16 ** 18 ** 11 ** 24 ** 21 ** 6* ** 22 32* 17* 23* 27 30 22 38 33 36* 15* 7* 9* ** 5* Housewives 21 ** 23 ** 25 ** 17 ** 17 ** 13 ** 25 26 26 25 23 29 22 32 23 27 19 18 18 ** 10 Union Households 19 ** 16 ** 18 ** 12 ** 15 ** 8 ** 14 24 18 20 15 24 18 24 12 17 10 14 10 10 5 Non-Union Households 19 ** 19 ** 15 ** 14 ** 15 ** 10 ** 21 29 22 24 19 27 20 31 19 26 15 21 16 14 12 South 40 ** 31 ** 25 ** 24 ** 20 ** 14 ** 25 31 22 25 23 32 27 36 25 29 20 23 18 18 13 Nonsouth 13 ** 14 ** 13 ** 11 ** 13 ** 8 ** 18 27 21 22 17 23 17 27 15 21 11 17 14 12 10 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 15* 52 21 44 27 29 18 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 64 37 43 33 44 38 47 28 34 19 22 18 12 11 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** ** ** 43* ** 32 ** 13 ** 27 38 27 26 18 30 18 27 16 18 13 17 12 12 7 Born 1927-1942 32 ** 31 ** 25 ** 19 ** 16 ** 8 ** 15 21 16 18 13 15 14 19 12 14 10 9 9 7 6 Born 1911-1926 21 ** 17 ** 13 ** 11 ** 8 ** 7 ** 13 17 14 14 13 13 11 17 13 16 8 11 11 9 9 Born 1895-1910 15 ** 14 ** 14 ** 9 ** 12 ** 9 ** 16 19 15 23 21 18 17 28 14 27* 11* 0* 0* 0* ** Born before 1895 14 ** 14 ** 13 ** 12 ** 20 ** 12 ** 38 15* 40* 29* 0* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 20 ** 17 ** 15 ** 14 ** 14 ** 8 ** 17 26 18 19 18 22 18 26 16 22 15 17 12 14 9 Independents & Apoliticals 42 ** 36 ** 40 ** 37 ** 32 ** 27 ** 36 50 43 54 35 52 44 51 31 46 39 33 36 33 29 Republicans (incl leaners) 11 ** 14 ** 9 ** 8 ** 10 ** 6 ** 16 19 16 17 14 22 16 29 15 20 8 18 12 9 7 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 5 ** 14 26 15 16 13 21 20 22 13 18 9 19 7 12 7 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 8 ** 18 26 17 17 17 26 16 26 14 24 16 22 12 8 12 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 6 ** 11 20 15 15 10 18 11 24 12 16 6 13 8 10 6 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 6A.1.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Voter Registration 1952-2004 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Voted (Registered)/ Registered Nonvoter' Percent of group: '52 '54 '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Males 86 ** 87 ** 89 ** 88 ** 88 ** 92 ** 84 71 81 78 82 73 82 70 84 74 86 78 86 89 89 Females 77 ** 78 ** 80 ** 84 ** 83 ** 89 ** 78 73 77 76 81 75 78 69 80 78 86 83 83 84 90 Whites 86 ** 85 ** 87 ** 88 ** 86 ** 90 ** 81 74 80 78 83 76 81 71 84 78 87 81 86 87 90 Blacks 38 ** 47 ** 56 ** 75 ** 79 ** 93 ** 76 65 81 80 77 72 77 72 80 72 82 79 84 80 92 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 71 ** 73 ** 74 ** 80 ** 78 ** 83 ** 73 67 69 66 68 64 69 66 70 59 69 79 75 67* 68* High School Diploma 86 ** 83 ** 87 ** 86 ** 86 ** 89 ** 76 67 74 73 76 67 71 62 74 67 79 75 77 81 85 Some College, no Degree 93 ** 93 ** 89 ** 94 ** 86 ** 97 ** 89 78 83 81 88 80 87 74 88 84 90 80 88 88 92 College Degree/ Post-grad 96 ** 95 ** 97 ** 92 ** 93 ** 96 ** 92 86 94 91 95 88 97 87 95 91 97 93 96 96 98 Income 0-16 Percentile 65 ** 69 ** 73 ** 77 ** 76 ** 85 ** 68 65 69 70 64 63 62 57 66 62 72 72 67 ** 83 Income 17-33 Percentile 79 ** 75 ** 76 ** 82 ** 77 ** 87 ** 78 66 75 69 77 68 77 65 75 70 79 74 83 ** 84 Income 34-67 Percentile 82 ** 84 ** 86 ** 86 ** 88 ** 89 ** 79 72 78 77 83 75 82 68 84 77 84 81 83 ** 91 Income 68-95 Percentile 89 ** 89 ** 89 ** 92 ** 92 ** 95 ** 86 77 88 86 90 81 88 79 91 83 94 86 94 ** 97 Income 96-100 Percentile 100 ** 95 ** 100 ** 94 ** 97 ** 100 ** 94 86 92 83 95 84 96* 82 92 90 100 91 97 ** 97 Professionals 94 ** 94 ** 92 ** 91 ** 93 ** 95 ** 91 85 92 87 94 87 92 83 91 85 94 91 92 ** 96 White Collar 88 ** 88 ** 93 ** 93 ** 89 ** 94 ** 85 72 80 78 85 79 84 73 86 80 90 80 86 ** 91 Blue Collar 82 ** 80 ** 84 ** 86 ** 82 ** 89 ** 75 64 73 72 74 65 70 63 77 70 78 75 79 ** 84 Unskilled 62 ** 74 ** 85* ** 81* ** 80* ** 92* ** 72 54 73* 68* 74* 61 74* 57 74* 63 71* 75* 84* ** 67* Farmers 84 ** 82 ** 89 ** 76 ** 79 ** 94* ** 78 68* 83* 77* 73 70 78 62 67 64* 85* 93* 91* ** 95* Housewives 79 ** 77 ** 75 ** 83 ** 84 ** 87 ** 75 74 74 75 77 71 78 68 77 73 81 82 82 ** 90 Union Households 81 ** 84 ** 82 ** 88 ** 85 ** 92 ** 86 76 82 80 85 76 82 76 88 83 90 86 90 90 95 Non-Union Households 81 ** 81 ** 85 ** 86 ** 85 ** 90 ** 79 71 78 76 81 73 80 69 81 74 85 79 84 86 88 South 60 ** 69 ** 75 ** 76 ** 80 ** 86 ** 75 69 78 75 77 68 73 64 75 71 80 77 82 82 87 Nonsouth 87 ** 86 ** 87 ** 89 ** 87 ** 92 ** 82 73 79 78 83 77 83 73 85 79 89 83 86 88 90 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 85* 48 79 56 73 71 82 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 36 63 57 67 56 62 53 72 66 81 78 82 88 89 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** ** ** 57* ** 68 ** 87 ** 73 62 73 74 82 70 82 73 84 82 87 83 88 88 93 Born 1927-1942 68 ** 69 ** 75 ** 81 ** 84 ** 92 ** 85 79 84 82 87 85 86 81 88 86 90 91 91 93 94 Born 1911-1926 79 ** 83 ** 87 ** 89 ** 92 ** 93 ** 87 83 86 86 87 87 89 83 87 84 92 89 89 91 91 Born 1895-1910 85 ** 86 ** 86 ** 91 ** 88 ** 91 ** 84 81 85 77 79 82 83 72 86 73* 89* 100* 100* 100* ** Born before 1895 86 ** 86 ** 87 ** 88 ** 80 ** 88 ** 62 85* 60* 71* 100* 100* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 80 ** 83 ** 85 ** 86 ** 86 ** 92 ** 83 74 82 81 82 78 82 74 84 78 85 83 88 86 91 Independents & Apoliticals 58 ** 64 ** 60 ** 63 ** 68 ** 73 ** 64 50 57 46 65 48 56 49 69 54 61 67 64 67 71 Republicans (incl leaners) 89 ** 86 ** 91 ** 92 ** 90 ** 94 ** 84 81 84 83 86 78 84 71 85 80 92 82 88 91 93 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 95 ** 86 74 85 84 87 79 80 78 87 82 91 81 93 88 93 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 92 ** 82 74 83 83 83 74 84 74 86 76 84 78 88 92 88 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 94 ** 89 80 85 85 90 82 89 76 88 84 94 87 92 90 94 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 6A.1.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Voter Turnout 1948-2004 '48 '52 '54 '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 No, did not vote 36 27 ** 27 42 21 40 22 38 24 41 27 47 28 45 29 40 26 47 30 47 25 44 27 48 27 38 23 Yes, voted 64 73 ** 73 58 79 60 78 62 76 59 73 53 72 55 71 60 74 53 70 53 75 56 73 52 73 62 77 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 660 1714 1762 1806 1829 1293 1450 1288 1391 1493 2283 2512 2403 2292 1407 1406 1989 2174 1773 1979 2256 1795 1504 1278 1542 1318 1061 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 6A.2 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: 2000, 2002 VERSION 2, 2004 VERSION 2: "In talking to people about elections, we often find that a lot of people were not able to vote because they weren't registered, they were sick, or they just didn't have time. Which of the following statements best describes you: One, I did not vote (in the election this November); Two, I thought about voting this time - but didn't; Three, I usually vote, but didn't this time; or Four, I am sure I voted?" ALL YEARS 1952-1998 (exc.1962, 2002 VERSION 2, 2004 VERSION 2): "In talking to people about the election we (1972 and later: often) find that a lot of people weren't able to vote because they weren't registered or they were sick or they just didn't have time. (1956- 1960: How about you, did you vote this time?) (1964-1970: How about you, did you vote this time, or did something keep you from voting) (1972-1976: How about you, did you vote in the elections this fall?) (1978 and later: How about you, did you vote in the this November?)" 1962: "One of the things we need to know is whether or not people really did get to vote this fall. In talking to people about the election we find that a lot of people weren't able to vote because they weren't registered or they were sick or something else came up at the last minute. Do you remember for sure whether or not you voted in the November election?" 1948: "In the election, about half the people voted and about half of them didn't. Did you vote?" This question is variable VCF0702 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Voter Turnout 1948-2004 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Did Not vote' Percent of group: '48 '52 '54 '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Males 31 20 ** 20 33 16 36 20 35 22 38 24 44 23 45 27 37 26 47 28 49 23 43 26 48 25 32 25 Females 41 31 ** 32 50 25 42 24 40 26 42 30 50 32 46 30 42 26 48 32 45 26 45 28 48 29 42 22 Whites 33 22 ** 24 40 18 37 20 37 23 39 26 45 27 44 27 39 24 45 28 50 21 41 24 46 25 36 20 Blacks 63 67 ** 65 64 47 61 35 46 32 53 35 65 35 56 33 38 34 50 40 41 33 54 35 47 27 44 29 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 44 38 ** 40 51 33 49 32 48 40 51 42 58 40 52 41 55 42 55 50 36 45 64 48 51 49 44* 49* High School Diploma 33 20 ** 26 44 19 40 22 38 22 44 30 52 34 52 35 46 34 56 41 38 35 54 37 59 39 49 33 Some College, no Degree 21 13 ** 10 30 12 28 11 31 21 29 16 41 17 38 24 33 19 44 22 53 17 39 21 47 23 39 21 College Degree/ Post-grad ** 7 ** 11 23 7 28 12 19 11 17 10 25 13 28 9 23 9 28 8 67 7 21 11 28 8 15 7 Income 0-16 Percentile 67 47 ** 47 59 35 51 36 59 40 57 40 61 46 54 44 54 47 62 53 29 48 65 44 63 52 ** 44 Income 17-33 Percentile 45 31 ** 35 54 29 53 27 46 34 46 37 51 35 54 32 46 31 54 41 42 32 54 39 57 31 ** 32 Income 34-67 Percentile 39 24 ** 24 41 19 38 21 37 21 44 30 50 29 44 28 34 26 47 29 47 23 45 29 47 30 ** 18 Income 68-95 Percentile 26 15 ** 17 29 15 32 14 28 13 28 14 35 20 39 19 32 16 37 18 57 12 33 14 41 14 ** 10 Income 96-100 Percentile 18 5 ** 10 9 6 16 12 18 7 22 10 25 9 27 13 32 9 35 4* 58 10 18 3 20 12 ** 11 Professionals ** 8 ** 11 28 12 ** 15 ** 13 27 15 30 15 32 14 28 13 29 14 61 12 29 13 30 16 ** 10 White Collar ** 16 ** 16 37 10 ** 14 ** 15 33 22 46 22 44 25 39 21 43 25 49 19 41 25 48 27 ** 18 Blue Collar ** 24 ** 29 43 20 ** 25 ** 31 45 31 55 34 53 36 46 35 58 46 39 32 53 36 54 34 ** 34 Unskilled ** 46 ** 44 37 29* ** 38* ** 35* 55* 43* 70* 42 63 33* 47* 40* 75 40* 38 41* 56 55* 67* 43* ** 58* Farmers ** 28 ** 30 33 22 ** 29 ** 32 54 24 41 32 39* 38* 43* 37 56 31 45 37 50* 39* 59* 32* ** 24* Housewives ** 30 ** 32 53 31 ** 25 ** 27 47 33 53 35 46 33 43 30 49 31 45 33 47 32 46 34 ** 25 Union Households 27 24 ** 24 39 23 ** 17 37 24 40 25 50 23 43 25 35 21 45 25 53 15 35 18 34 23 39 15 Non-Union Households 38 27 ** 28 43 20 ** 24 38 24 41 28 46 30 46 29 41 28 48 31 46 27 46 29 51 28 37 25 South ** 52 ** 47 63 34 53 38 47 32 53 39 58 36 52 31 45 34 56 43 36 35 53 35 62 30 45 31 Nonsouth ** 19 ** 21 36 17 34 18 35 21 36 23 43 26 43 28 37 23 43 24 52 20 40 23 41 26 34 20 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 23* 80 53 85 46 69 35 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 74 43 71 47 71 51 26 35 58 36 58 32 40 26 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 52* 62 39 59 34 62 38 57 37 44 26 53 27 50 22 37 23 42 21 28 17 Born 1927-1942 59 42 ** 42 64 30 51 29 42 25 42 23 47 21 39 22 32 20 34 23 62 17 32 19 24 18 22 15 Born 1911-1926 39 27 ** 26 40 17 38 17 31 16 34 21 34 21 32 18 27 17 28 19 61 19 30 14 31 20 22 29 Born 1895-1910 30 22 ** 22 34 18 32 18 33 24 35 27 37 26 39 24 40 31 36 30 50 28 38* 19* 51* 41* 0* ** Born before 1895 36 23 ** 24 33 22 34 23 43 38 39 45 44 53 27* 50* 57* 0* 100* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) ** 28 ** 27 41 21 40 24 38 25 42 27 46 27 45 28 36 26 44 31 50 22 46 27 47 26 38 24 Independents & Apoliticals ** 51 ** 45 68 43 64 45 55 42 55 49 71 45 67 51 70 46 74 55 22 44 66 57 64 52 66 52 Republicans (incl leaners) ** 17 ** 22 37 13 31 13 29 18 31 19 37 21 33 20 33 20 43 23 50 21 36 20 44 21 31 16 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 18 46 21 45 22 32 20 40 31 58 17 36 21 46 17 32 18 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 24 41 27 43 23 35 26 48 26 50 22 47 33 49 21 37 24 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 17 36 18 35 20 31 17 38 19 54 16 31 14 37 16 27 15 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 6A.2.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Voter Turnout 1948-2004 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Yes, voted' Percent of group: '48 '52 '54 '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Males 69 80 ** 80 67 84 64 80 65 78 62 76 56 77 55 73 63 74 53 72 51 77 57 74 52 75 68 75 Females 59 69 ** 68 50 75 58 76 60 74 58 70 50 68 54 70 58 74 52 68 55 74 55 72 52 71 58 78 Whites 67 78 ** 76 60 82 63 80 63 77 61 74 55 73 56 73 61 76 55 72 50 79 59 76 54 75 64 80 Blacks 37 33 ** 35 36 53 39 65 54 68 47 65 35 65 44 67 62 66 50 60 59 67 47 65 53 73 56 71 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 56 62 ** 60 49 67 51 68 52 60 49 58 42 60 48 59 45 58 45 50 64 55 36 52 49 51 56* 51* High School Diploma 67 80 ** 74 56 81 60 78 62 78 56 70 48 66 48 65 54 66 44 59 62 65 46 63 41 61 51 67 Some College, no Degree 79 87 ** 90 70 88 72 89 69 79 71 84 59 83 62 76 67 81 56 78 47 83 61 79 53 77 61 80 College Degree/ Post-grad ** 93 ** 89 77 93 72 88 81 89 83 90 75 87 72 91 77 91 72 92 33 93 79 89 72 92 85 93 Income 0-16 Percentile 33 53 ** 53 41 65 49 64 41 60 43 60 39 54 46 56 46 53 38 47 71 52 35 56 37 48 ** 56 Income 17-33 Percentile 55 69 ** 65 46 71 47 73 54 66 54 63 49 65 46 68 54 69 46 59 58 68 46 61 43 69 ** 68 Income 34-67 Percentile 61 76 ** 76 59 81 62 79 63 79 56 70 50 71 56 72 66 74 53 71 53 77 55 71 53 70 ** 82 Income 68-95 Percentile 74 85 ** 83 71 85 68 86 72 87 72 86 65 80 61 81 68 84 63 82 43 88 67 86 59 86 ** 90 Income 96-100 Percentile 82 95 ** 90 91 94 84 88 82 93 78 90 75 91 73 87 68 91 65 96* 42 90 82 97 80 88 ** 89 Professionals ** 92 ** 89 72 88 ** 85 ** 88 73 85 70 85 68 86 72 87 71 86 39 88 71 87 70 84 ** 90 White Collar ** 84 ** 84 64 90 ** 86 ** 85 67 78 54 78 56 75 61 79 57 75 51 81 59 75 52 73 ** 82 Blue Collar ** 76 ** 71 57 80 ** 75 ** 69 55 69 45 66 47 64 54 65 42 54 61 68 47 64 46 66 ** 66 Unskilled ** 54 ** 56 63 71* ** 63* ** 65* 45* 57* 30* 58 37 68* 53* 60* 25 60* 62 59* 44 45* 33* 57* ** 42* Farmers ** 72 ** 70 67 78 ** 71 ** 68 46 76 59 68 61* 62* 57* 63 44 69 55 63 50* 61* 41* 68* ** 76* Housewives ** 70 ** 68 47 69 ** 75 ** 73 53 67 47 65 54 67 57 70 51 69 55 67 53 68 54 66 ** 75 Union Households 73 76 ** 76 61 77 ** 83 63 76 60 75 50 77 57 75 65 79 55 75 47 85 65 82 66 77 62 85 Non-Union Households 62 73 ** 72 57 80 ** 76 62 76 59 72 54 70 54 71 59 72 52 69 54 73 54 71 49 72 63 75 South ** 48 ** 53 37 66 47 62 53 68 47 61 42 64 48 69 55 66 44 57 64 65 47 65 38 70 55 69 Nonsouth ** 81 ** 79 64 83 66 82 65 79 64 77 57 74 57 72 63 77 57 76 49 80 60 77 59 74 66 80 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 77* 20 47 15 54 31 65 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 26 57 29 53 29 49 74 65 42 64 42 68 60 74 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 48* 38 61 41 66 38 62 43 63 56 74 47 73 50 78 63 77 58 79 72 83 Born 1927-1942 41 58 ** 58 36 70 49 71 58 75 58 77 53 79 61 78 68 80 66 77 38 83 69 81 76 82 78 85 Born 1911-1926 61 73 ** 74 60 83 62 83 69 84 66 79 66 79 68 82 73 83 72 81 39 81 70 86 69 80 78 71 Born 1895-1910 70 78 ** 78 66 82 68 82 67 76 65 73 63 74 61 76 60 69 64 70 50 72 62* 81* 49* 59* 100* ** Born before 1895 64 77 ** 76 67 78 66 77 57 62 61 55 56 47 73* 50* 43* 100* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) ** 72 ** 73 59 79 60 76 62 75 58 73 54 73 55 72 64 74 56 69 50 78 54 73 53 74 62 76 Independents & Apoliticals ** 49 ** 55 32 57 36 55 45 58 45 51 29 55 33 49 30 54 26 45 78 56 34 43 36 48 34 48 Republicans (incl leaners) ** 83 ** 78 63 87 69 87 71 82 69 81 63 79 67 80 67 80 57 77 50 79 64 80 56 79 69 84 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 82 54 79 55 78 68 80 60 69 42 83 64 79 54 83 68 82 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 76 59 73 57 77 66 74 52 74 50 78 53 67 51 79 63 76 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 83 64 82 65 80 69 83 62 81 46 84 69 86 63 84 73 85 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 6A.2.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Tried to Influence How Others Vote 1952-2004 '52 '54 '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 No 73 ** 72 83 67 82 69 78 67 73 68 85 63 79 64 77 68 79 71 83 63 78 72 81 66 71 52 Yes 27 ** 28 17 33 18 31 22 33 27 32 15 37 21 36 23 32 21 29 17 37 22 28 19 34 29 48 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1708 1762 1784 1828 1287 1447 1286 1346 1505 2189 2523 2400 2291 1406 1402 1939 2172 1774 1976 2254 1787 1503 1280 1544 1317 1061 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 6B.1 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "During the campaign, did you talk to any people and try to show them why they should vote for (1984 and later: or against) one of the parties or candidates?" This question is variable VCF0717 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Tried to Influence How Others Vote 1952-2004 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'No' Percent of group: '52 '54 '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Males 67 ** 64 78 61 75 63 73 60 69 63 82 56 74 60 73 65 75 66 78 57 73 67 75 61 65 49 Females 78 ** 78 88 71 87 73 81 73 77 72 87 69 82 67 81 70 82 75 87 68 82 77 86 70 75 55 Whites 71 ** 71 84 65 82 68 76 68 73 68 85 63 78 63 77 65 79 71 82 60 77 71 81 65 73 49 Blacks 88 ** 77 78 78 83 76 89 60 81 69 89 68 83 71 77 74 81 74 86 73 86 78 84 71 62 62 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 82 ** 80 88 75 87 81 89 77 89 82 94 78 89 77 85 85 92 84 94 80 92 79 87 79 81* 80* High School Diploma 69 ** 72 85 66 84 72 79 69 78 72 88 69 85 70 83 73 84 77 87 69 85 78 87 69 77 56 Some College, no Degree 57 ** 58 71 56 79 56 62 59 52 56 81 52 71 56 72 62 74 65 78 57 72 69 79 67 71 49 College Degree/ Post-grad 53 ** 59 71 56 65 41 59 54 47 52 68 44 60 49 65 51 67 57 71 49 66 65 69 56 60 45 Income 0-16 Percentile 82 ** 83 88 76 89 82 88 79 88 79 94 75 87 70 81 76 87 83 89 73 83 79 89 73 ** 64 Income 17-33 Percentile 82 ** 78 87 75 91 72 81 72 84 70 90 68 83 73 82 74 82 78 88 68 83 78 87 69 ** 60 Income 34-67 Percentile 73 ** 67 82 68 80 68 79 65 77 70 84 65 78 64 77 66 79 69 82 61 78 73 83 66 ** 46 Income 68-95 Percentile 66 ** 66 79 57 74 63 72 58 61 61 82 56 73 56 72 62 74 61 78 54 74 64 74 58 ** 45 Income 96-100 Percentile 43 ** 60 75 58 75 46 59 65 50 48 62 42 68 47 74 51 65 62* 73 56 64 56 69 52 ** 42 Professionals 56 ** 61 77 53 ** 53 ** 54 59 58 74 50 66 54 69 61 69 62 72 54 69 67 72 60 ** 44 White Collar 69 ** 71 73 61 ** 62 ** 69 68 66 86 60 77 65 78 68 80 69 87 64 78 73 80 67 ** 51 Blue Collar 66 ** 67 80 68 ** 73 ** 68 80 70 89 64 83 66 83 68 82 78 86 65 82 75 86 68 ** 53 Unskilled 84 ** 80 87 71* ** 69* ** 55* 83* 60* 100* 68 90 73* 74* 70* 79 69* 93 74* 86 71* 86* 81* ** 70* Farmers 81 ** 71 94 66 ** 79 ** 71 81 84 85 79 75* 79* 80* 86 84 69 85 71 83* 75* 100* 82* ** 52* Housewives 80 ** 78 91 74 ** 75 ** 74 79 77 89 76 85 73 81 73 88 76 86 70 82 80 85 66 ** 68 Union Households 71 ** 69 79 67 ** 70 76 64 75 68 86 62 79 62 72 65 77 69 84 60 77 67 75 57 65 44 Non-Union Households 73 ** 73 85 66 ** 68 78 68 73 68 85 64 78 64 79 68 80 71 82 63 78 73 82 67 72 54 South 73 ** 75 85 68 82 71 83 65 77 68 90 64 79 64 78 71 82 72 84 66 77 74 84 65 71 59 Nonsouth 72 ** 71 83 66 81 68 76 68 72 68 83 63 78 64 77 66 78 71 82 61 78 72 79 66 71 49 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 69* 89 81 89 67 81 44 Born 1959-1974 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 86 57 78 69 83 72 85 61 78 77 81 66 73 53 Born 1943-1958 ** ** ** ** ** ** 67* 73 66 67 62 83 60 78 61 75 65 77 68 78 56 74 67 76 64 65 51 Born 1927-1942 67 ** 73 83 65 82 64 76 62 65 65 85 62 76 59 77 66 73 70 80 65 77 68 79 63 67 53 Born 1911-1926 74 ** 70 84 66 80 68 75 68 74 70 84 64 78 69 79 68 84 74 88 73 86 75 89 73 71 75 Born 1895-1910 69 ** 71 81 68 79 72 82 71 84 77 90 70 86 81 88 82 88 84 93 84 84* 80* 100* 91* 100* ** Born before 1895 77 ** 76 86 67 89 77 86 78 96 88 92 86 84* 80* 67* 0* 100* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 75 ** 72 80 67 81 72 80 67 73 67 85 62 79 66 76 66 78 70 82 64 79 77 82 65 70 51 Independents & Apoliticals 85 ** 82 93 78 92 78 85 76 82 81 92 75 91 79 91 81 92 86 94 77 95 82 92 81 85 65 Republicans (incl leaners) 66 ** 68 84 62 79 58 70 64 70 65 82 59 70 55 74 65 76 68 79 56 72 64 76 62 69 49 Liberals ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 49 79 50 69 53 67 55 71 65 72 53 68 74 74 60 69 37 Moderates ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 70 86 65 80 68 75 69 81 74 86 66 85 74 86 70 71 56 Conservatives ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 63 79 51 70 56 69 61 72 63 74 51 68 62 73 62 66 46 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 6B.1.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 27NOV05