Table 8A.1 Average Feeling Thermometer Toward Congressional Candidates 1978-2004 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Democratic Candidate 64 61 62 59 64 62 65 60 56 59 59 59 57 60 Republican Candidate 62 60 59 57 58 57 59 54 58 57 57 58 58 58 Both Dem. & Rep. Cands. 59 57 58 56 57 56 58 55 54 56 56 55 56 56 Incumbent Candidate 68 65 65 62 66 65 66 61 60 61 61 62 60 65 Challenger Candidate 53 52 54 50 22 49 65 50 52 52 53 52 53 51 Source: The National Election Studies This uses the 0-100 thermometer scores. The score for 'Both Dem. & Rep. Cands' is produced by adding the Republican and Democratic Congressional candidate thermometer ratings and then dividing the sum by 2. All results are rounded to the nearest integer. This represents variables VCF0906,VCF0907,VCF1017,VCF0908,VCF0909 in the NES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009a was used to produce this table. Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Average Feeling Thermometer Toward Congressional Candidates 1978-2004 AVERAGE AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS FOR: DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Males 63 60 61 57 63 61 64 58 55 57 58 56 56 58 Females 65 61 64 60 66 64 66 61 57 60 61 61 57 63 Whites 63 60 61 58 63 61 64 59 54 57 57 58 57 57 Blacks 73 72 72 63 68 64 69 65 68 67 70 65 56 74 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 68 70 68 65 71 68 74 70 65 62 58 67 65* 64* High School Diploma 65 61 65 59 65 64 64 60 57 61 60 59 56 62 Some College, no Degree 62 59 59 57 61 60 65 58 55 58 61 57 57 58 College Degree/ Post-grad 62 58 57 58 61 60 63 58 54 56 58 59 56 60 Income 0-16 Percentile 68 68 68 62 68 66 68 62 62 61 59 62 ** 64 Income 17-33 Percentile 64 60 65 61 68 67 67 63 62 63 64 61 ** 62 Income 34-67 Percentile 64 60 64 60 64 61 66 61 56 58 59 57 ** 60 Income 68-95 Percentile 63 57 60 57 60 59 62 56 51 55 58 59 ** 59 Income 96-100 Percentile 59 59 55 49 62 59* 53 53 52 57 58 56 ** 58 Professionals 62 59 59 58 62 61 65 58 55 57 61 59 ** 63 White Collar 62 60 61 59 63 63 63 61 54 58 61 60 ** 59 Blue Collar 66 63 65 61 66 62 65 60 58 60 59 59 ** 59 Unskilled 65 60* 68* 54 63 58 69 65 60* 64* 66* 61* ** 66* Farmers 66* 61* 61* 56 62 60 66 58 62* 52* 67* 53* ** 62* Housewives 65 62 64 57 66 66 68 60 57 60 53 58 ** 59 Union Households 67 61 65 60 64 65 67 61 62 63 60 63 61 59 Non-Union Households 63 61 62 59 64 62 65 59 55 58 59 58 56 61 South 70 65 66 62 68 64 69 61 60 61 62 57 56 63 Nonsouth 62 59 61 58 62 61 64 59 54 58 59 60 57 59 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 55* 50 69* 55 56 55 57 Born 1959-1974 61 55 57 56 61 60 62 55 56 57 57 57 54 60 Born 1943-1958 62 58 61 56 61 61 63 58 53 56 60 59 57 59 Born 1927-1942 65 60 63 60 64 64 68 62 58 62 61 60 59 66 Born 1911-1926 67 65 65 62 71 65 69 68 62 62 65 66 63 73 Born 1895-1910 68 65 66 67 72 67 71 62 54* 66* 90* 64* 50* ** Born before 1895 66* 89* 43* 85* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 69 66 69 65 70 68 70 65 64 64 65 65 62 68 Independents & Apolitical 61 56 58 56 62 62 62 56 53 56 54 55 52 60 Republicans (incl leaners) 57 53 51 52 55 55 57 52 47 51 51 49 50 51 Liberals 67 63 67 62 67 68 68 63 63 65 68 64 61 66 Moderates 64 62 63 61 66 63 64 60 59 61 58 61 58 62 Conservatives 60 56 56 54 59 59 60 55 49 51 54 53 51 51 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8A.1.1 Source: The American National Election Studies Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Average Feeling Thermometer Toward Congressional Candidates 1978-2004 AVERAGE AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS FOR: REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Males 62 58 58 56 58 55 58 55 57 57 55 59 58 57 Females 63 61 59 58 59 58 60 53 58 57 58 58 58 59 Whites 64 60 59 58 59 58 59 55 59 59 58 59 59 59 Blacks 53 53 56 48 56 48 57 51 55 53 57 50 53 51 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 69 63 62 57 58 56 61 51 58 60 60 61 54* 55* High School Diploma 62 59 60 58 60 55 60 54 56 56 58 58 59 60 Some College, no Degree 62 60 56 57 59 60 61 55 59 57 57 60 58 60 College Degree/ Post-grad 60 58 58 56 57 57 56 54 59 59 55 57 57 55 Income 0-16 Percentile 64 63 60 54 59 56 61 51 53 55 58 54 ** 57 Income 17-33 Percentile 62 60 58 57 58 56 58 54 56 54 58 57 ** 58 Income 34-67 Percentile 63 60 60 59 59 56 60 54 59 57 56 56 ** 60 Income 68-95 Percentile 62 59 57 57 58 57 58 55 58 61 59 60 ** 58 Income 96-100 Percentile 64 62 57 58 60 66* 56 56 59 58 55 63 ** 56 Professionals 63 59 59 56 57 57 59 54 58 58 55 59 ** 54 White Collar 63 60 59 58 59 58 60 54 56 59 59 58 ** 62 Blue Collar 62 59 58 57 58 54 58 55 57 56 56 58 ** 60 Unskilled 60 58* 52* 59 57 59 65 54 50* 47* 56* 55* ** 56* Farmers 65* 70* 70* 58 58 63 60 56 54* 66* 62* 62* ** 56* Housewives 65 61 60 61 63 60 60 51 62 58 61 55 ** 62 Union Households 62 57 54 54 58 55 59 55 58 54 56 54 57 61 Non-Union Households 63 61 60 58 59 57 59 54 58 58 57 59 58 58 South 61 61 61 57 60 55 60 54 60 59 61 62 59 60 Nonsouth 63 59 58 57 58 57 59 54 56 56 55 56 58 58 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 57* 60 56* 60 52 57 53 Born 1959-1974 60 55 58 55 56 52 57 54 56 55 53 56 57 58 Born 1943-1958 60 57 56 56 57 55 58 52 58 58 57 59 59 61 Born 1927-1942 62 59 58 58 60 60 61 55 58 59 60 62 60 60 Born 1911-1926 66 62 60 60 61 61 62 58 60 60 59 63 59 57 Born 1895-1910 69 71 65 61 70 62 65 53 57* 56* 74* 100* 65* ** Born before 1895 73* 55* 95* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 59 56 53 52 54 49 54 49 52 51 51 51 51 50 Independents & Apolitical 61 56 59 55 55 52 61 52 52 56 57 58 53 55 Republicans (incl leaners) 68 65 66 62 64 64 64 60 63 64 65 66 65 66 Liberals 56 53 49 51 51 48 51 47 48 48 46 48 50 47 Moderates 62 58 57 56 59 56 59 54 57 57 56 59 58 57 Conservatives 67 63 63 63 61 63 62 59 62 63 63 63 64 66 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8A.1.2 Source: The American National Election Studies Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Average Feeling Thermometer Toward Congressional Candidates 1978-2004 AVERAGE AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS FOR: BOTH DEM. & REP. CANDS. '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Males 58 56 56 55 56 54 58 55 53 55 54 54 55 55 Females 61 58 59 57 58 58 59 55 56 58 57 56 57 57 Whites 60 57 57 56 57 56 58 55 54 56 55 55 57 55 Blacks 60 58 64 55 59 54 60 57 64 61 59 57 54 61 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 62 63 63 59 56 56 64 56 61 58 59 56 59* 58* High School Diploma 60 57 60 56 59 56 58 56 55 58 56 56 58 58 Some College, no Degree 58 57 55 55 57 56 60 54 54 55 57 55 57 55 College Degree/ Post-grad 59 55 56 56 55 57 56 54 52 55 53 54 54 55 Income 0-16 Percentile 63 59 61 53 59 56 60 54 56 55 58 53 ** 57 Income 17-33 Percentile 60 57 59 58 60 57 60 56 58 57 58 57 ** 59 Income 34-67 Percentile 59 57 60 58 56 55 58 56 54 55 53 54 ** 57 Income 68-95 Percentile 59 56 55 55 56 56 57 54 53 57 56 56 ** 54 Income 96-100 Percentile 57 57 54 51 56 62* 54 53 52 54 54 57 ** 55 Professionals 59 56 56 55 55 56 58 55 53 56 55 55 ** 55 White Collar 57 59 58 57 57 58 57 57 53 56 56 56 ** 56 Blue Collar 60 58 59 57 59 55 58 55 55 57 58 55 ** 56 Unskilled 59 57* 59* 57 59 56 64 56 55* 26* 60* 56* ** 60* Farmers 61* 58* 62* 54 57 55 60 55 54* 56* 62* 54* ** 59* Housewives 62 57 60 57 60 58 59 54 56 59 54 54 ** 57 Union Households 61 57 58 56 57 57 58 56 58 56 58 56 56 56 Non-Union Households 59 57 58 56 57 56 58 55 54 56 55 55 56 56 South 61 59 60 57 58 57 59 56 56 60 59 55 58 57 Nonsouth 59 57 57 56 57 56 58 55 54 55 55 55 56 56 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 55* 55 65* 52 53 58 54 Born 1959-1974 58 55 56 53 55 54 58 53 53 56 53 53 55 57 Born 1943-1958 58 54 56 55 55 55 57 54 54 56 56 56 56 56 Born 1927-1942 59 58 58 57 58 59 57 56 56 57 57 57 56 57 Born 1911-1926 61 59 59 58 60 59 61 61 58 57 60 60 62 62 Born 1895-1910 62 65 62 60 63 57 65 54 57* 48* ** ** 58* ** Born before 1895 70* 68* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 60 58 59 56 58 56 59 55 61 56 56 56 56 57 Independents & Apolitical 57 55 55 54 56 54 55 54 52 55 57 54 51 55 Republicans (incl leaners) 60 57 56 56 56 57 58 55 50 57 55 54 57 56 Liberals 57 56 56 55 58 57 58 53 57 55 55 55 55 54 Moderates 60 57 58 57 58 56 59 56 57 55 55 55 56 57 Conservatives 60 57 57 57 56 57 57 55 50 57 56 55 58 56 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8A.1.3 Source: The American National Election Studies Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Average Feeling Thermometer Toward Congressional Candidates 1978-2004 AVERAGE AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS FOR: INCUMBENT CANDIDATE '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Males 67 64 64 61 65 64 65 60 59 61 59 62 60 64 Females 69 65 65 63 67 65 67 62 62 62 62 62 60 66 Whites 68 64 64 62 65 64 66 61 60 61 60 62 61 64 Blacks 72 72 70 62 69 63 67 64 67 64 66 65 56 70 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 74 73 69 66 69 65 74 70 64 64 64 72 66* 64* High School Diploma 69 63 67 62 67 65 66 61 60 62 61 61 60 65 Some College, no Degree 66 65 61 61 65 64 67 62 60 60 61 62 60 65 College Degree/ Post-grad 65 63 61 62 64 64 62 60 60 61 60 62 60 65 Income 0-16 Percentile 70 71 68 63 69 66 69 63 63 63 61 63 ** 67 Income 17-33 Percentile 70 65 64 62 69 66 66 64 64 63 63 63 ** 65 Income 34-67 Percentile 69 64 66 62 65 63 67 61 61 61 60 61 ** 65 Income 68-95 Percentile 67 60 63 62 64 64 64 59 57 60 61 63 ** 64 Income 96-100 Percentile 67 66 63 60 66 72* 57 61 59 59 57 62 ** 64 Professionals 68 64 63 62 64 65 65 60 60 60 60 63 ** 66 White Collar 68 63 66 63 65 66 65 63 57 63 63 61 ** 65 Blue Collar 68 65 66 63 67 62 66 62 62 61 59 62 ** 64 Unskilled 64 62* 69* 60 61 60 69 66 57* 67* 67* 64* ** 66* Farmers 71* 78* 73* 60 64 69 68 62 65* 64* 63* 64* ** 62* Housewives 70 66 64 61 67 69 69 59 63 62 61 58 ** 65 Union Households 69 63 64 62 67 65 69 63 66 61 60 63 62 64 Non-Union Households 68 65 65 62 66 64 66 61 59 61 61 62 60 65 South 70 67 68 64 69 66 67 62 64 63 62 64 60 68 Nonsouth 68 63 63 61 64 64 65 61 58 60 60 61 60 64 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 56* 57 64* 60 57 56 57 Born 1959-1974 64 58 59 58 63 61 62 57 59 58 57 59 58 64 Born 1943-1958 65 61 63 59 63 62 64 61 59 60 62 63 61 67 Born 1927-1942 68 64 65 64 66 68 70 63 61 64 65 65 65 68 Born 1911-1926 72 69 68 66 72 68 72 68 66 65 60 68 67 68 Born 1895-1910 74 71 68 71 74 69 69 60 58* 66* 65* 70* 59* ** Born before 1895 72* 85* 64* 85* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 70 68 66 65 69 66 68 64 64 60 59 62 60 66 Independents & Apolitical 65 58 62 59 62 61 64 57 56 59 57 59 55 63 Republicans (incl leaners) 67 63 63 60 63 63 64 59 58 63 64 62 62 64 Liberals 68 64 63 62 66 65 65 62 60 58 55 58 58 64 Moderates 68 64 65 63 67 65 65 62 62 61 61 64 62 65 Conservatives 68 64 64 61 65 66 65 60 59 61 63 64 62 64 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8A.1.4 Source: The American National Election Studies Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Average Feeling Thermometer Toward Congressional Candidates 1978-2004 AVERAGE AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS FOR: CHALLENGER CANDIDATE '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Males 52 51 51 48 24 46 64 50 52 50 52 50 52 49 Females 54 54 56 52 21 52 66 49 52 54 54 54 53 53 Whites 54 52 53 51 24 49 65 50 52 51 52 53 53 50 Blacks 46 53 59 47 16 45 65 47 54 58 57 50 49 55 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 52 55 57 52 17 56 73 46 55 56 39 53 54* 37* High School Diploma 54 53 54 52 21 49 65 50 51 53 54 53 54 54 Some College, no Degree 52 52 53 49 25 49 67 48 55 51 55 51 53 51 College Degree/ Post-grad 53 50 54 48 25 48 60 50 52 50 50 51 50 46 Income 0-16 Percentile 56 55 56 48 16 49 66 47 48 53 52 49 ** 48 Income 17-33 Percentile 50 49 56 54 23 52 67 49 53 50 57 53 ** 53 Income 34-67 Percentile 53 53 56 53 22 48 66 51 54 51 53 50 ** 52 Income 68-95 Percentile 53 54 52 48 25 48 63 50 51 53 53 55 ** 49 Income 96-100 Percentile 49 49 46 43 23 53* 58 46 55 52 51 55 ** 50 Professionals 52 50 52 48 24 48 64 50 52 53 54 51 ** 47 White Collar 51 54 51 50 23 50 64 49 50 49 54 53 ** 53 Blue Collar 54 54 57 52 22 49 65 50 53 53 54 52 ** 53 Unskilled 61 54* 51* 48 25 51 67 46 55* 46* 50* 47* ** 53* Farmers 54* 33* 48* 48 31 44 69 53 45* 48* 100* 53* ** 44* Housewives 54 56 58 55 18 52 69 50 57 50 49 56 ** 52 Union Households 54 54 55 50 23 51 67 50 53 53 52 52 54 52 Non-Union Households 53 52 54 50 22 49 65 49 52 52 53 52 52 50 South 53 53 53 49 14 46 66 49 52 54 55 51 54 51 Nonsouth 53 52 54 51 27 50 65 50 52 51 52 53 52 51 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 50* 52 61* 51 51 57 51 Born 1959-1974 50 49 55 51 19 46 60 50 52 54 52 52 51 51 Born 1943-1958 54 52 52 50 23 48 63 48 51 50 51 53 53 48 Born 1927-1942 52 53 55 49 24 50 68 49 53 52 52 51 51 54 Born 1911-1926 53 51 55 51 24 52 71 54 55 51 65 57 49 48 Born 1895-1910 53 58 58 52 21 55 74 49 45* 61* 85* ** 57* ** Born before 1895 58* 50* ** ** 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 52 52 57 49 22 47 67 48 52 53 56 53 52 49 Independents & Apolitical 55 55 53 50 13 52 63 52 46 58 48 52 52 49 Republicans (incl leaners) 53 52 50 52 26 50 63 52 54 49 50 51 53 52 Liberals 50 52 56 47 23 50 64 45 50 54 59 54 52 47 Moderates 54 53 52 50 24 50 65 49 54 52 48 52 52 52 Conservatives 54 52 52 53 25 49 63 52 52 51 53 47 55 51 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8A.1.5 Source: The American National Election Studies Table generated: 27NOV05 Table 8A.2 Average Feelings Toward Congressional Candidates 1978-2000 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 Democratic Candidate .6 .6 .8 .6 .8 .8 .7 .5 .4 .3 .6 .5 Republican Candidate .5 .6 .6 .5 .5 .5 .3 .3 .4 .5 .5 .4 Net Pro Dem. - Pro Rep. -.1 -.1 .2 .1 .3 .1 .3 .2 -.2 -.2 .2 .1 Incumbent Candidate .8 .8 .9 .8 .9 .8 .7 .7 .6 .6 .7 .7 Challenger Candidate .1 .2 .2 .1 .2 .2 .1 0 .1 .1 .3 .2 Source: The National Election Studies "Is there anything in particular that you liked about {U.S. House Democratic candidate}? What is that? Anything else?" "Is there anything in particular that you didn't like about {U.S. House Democratic candidate} What is that? Anything else?" "Is there anything in particular that you liked about {U.S. House Republican candidate}? What is that? Anything else?" "Is there anything in particular that you didn't like about {U.S. House Republican candidate} What is that? Anything else?" Affect (feelings) toward the Democratic Congressional candidate is the number of Democratic Congressional candidate 'likes' minus the number of Democratic Congressional candidate 'dislikes.' Affect (feelings) toward the Republican Congressional candidate is the number of Republican Congressional candidate 'likes' minus the number of Republican Congressional candidate 'dislikes.' The Net affect (Pro Dem. - Pro Rep.) toward the Democratic and Republican Congressional candidates is the difference between two sums: the sum of Democratic Congressional candidate 'likes' and Republican Congressional candidate 'dislikes' MINUS the sum of Democratic Congressional candidate 'dislikes' and Republican Congressional candidate 'likes.' Affect (feelings) toward the Incumbent Congressional candidate is the number of Incumbent Congressional candidate 'likes' minus the number of Incumbent Congressional candidate 'dislikes.' Affect (feelings) toward the Challenger Congressional candidate is the number of Challenger Congressional candidate 'likes' minus the number of Challenger Congressional candidate 'dislikes.' This represents variables VCF0982,VCF0986,VCF0988,VCF0995,VCF0999 in the NES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009a was used to produce this table. Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Average Feelings Toward Congressional Candidates 1978-2000 AVERAGE AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS FOR: DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 Males .5 .6 .7 .5 .6 .8 .6 .5 .2 .1 .5 .5 Females .7 .6 .9 .6 .9 .7 .8 .6 .5 .5 .6 .5 Whites .6 .5 .7 .6 .7 .7 .7 .5 .3 .3 .5 .5 Blacks .9 .8 1.3 .7 1 .6 .9 .7 .8 .7 1.4 .7 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. .7 1 1.1 .9 1 .8 .9 .9 .6 1 1 .9 High School Diploma .6 .5 .9 .5 .7 .7 .6 .5 .4 .4 .6 .5 Some College, no Degree .5 .5 .6 .5 .5 .7 .7 .4 .2 .3 .5 .5 College Degree/ Post-grad .6 .6 .6 .6 1 .8 .8 .6 .4 .2 .6 .6 Income 0-16 Percentile .7 .8 1.1 .6 .9 .7 .8 .6 .6 .5 .6 .5 Income 17-33 Percentile .6 .6 .8 .7 1 .9 .8 .7 .6 .6 .5 .6 Income 34-67 Percentile .6 .5 .8 .5 .7 .8 .7 .5 .3 .3 .6 .5 Income 68-95 Percentile .6 .6 .7 .5 .6 .7 .6 .5 .3 .1 .5 .6 Income 96-100 Percentile .6 .6 .4 .1 1.2 .7* -.1 0 .3 0 .6 0 Professionals .6 .5 .6 .7 .9 .8 .8 .6 .3 .3 .7 .5 White Collar .6 .6 .8 .5 .6 .9 .7 .5 .5 .3 .7 .6 Blue Collar .5 .6 .9 .6 .7 .6 .6 .5 .3 .4 .5 .5 Unskilled .5 .7* .8* .5 .8 .3 .9 .9 .3* 0* .6* .8* Farmers .4* .4* .5* .6 .5 .8 .7 .5 .6* -.1* 1.5* .4* Housewives .7 .7 .7 .5 .8 .8 .9 .5 .4 .2 .2 .4 Union Households .7 .7 1.1 .6 .8 .8 .9 .6 .7 .4 .6 .6 Non-Union Households .6 .5 .7 .6 .8 .8 .7 .5 .3 .3 .6 .5 South .9 .6 .9 .6 .9 .7 .7 .5 .5 .3 .6 .2 Nonsouth .5 .6 .7 .6 .7 .8 .7 .5 .3 .3 .6 .6 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** -.1* -.1 .2* .3 .4 Born 1959-1974 .5 0 .4 .2 .4 .5 .4 .2 .2 .1 .2 .3 Born 1943-1958 .5 .5 .7 .5 .7 .7 .7 .5 .3 .2 .7 .6 Born 1927-1942 .7 .6 .8 .7 .7 .7 .9 .6 .5 .4 .8 .5 Born 1911-1926 .8 .9 .9 .8 1.3 1 .9 1 .7 1 1.1 1.1 Born 1895-1910 .7 .7 1.1 1 1.2 .9 .9 .6 1* .9* 1.0* 2.7* Born before 1895 .5* .8* 2* 2* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) .8 .8 1.2 .9 1.1 1 1 .8 .8 .7 1 .9 Independents & Apolitical .3 .3 .3 .5 .3 .7 .3 .3 .3 .2 .1 .3 Republicans (incl leaners) .4 .3 .2 .2 .4 .4 .2 .2 -.1 -.2 0 0 Liberals .8 .8 1.1 .8 1 1.1 1.1 .8 .9 .8 1.2 .9 Moderates .6 .6 .9 .8 .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .6 .5 .7 Conservatives .5 .3 .3 .3 .5 .6 .4 .3 0 -.2 .4 .2 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8A.2.1 Source: The American National Election Studies Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Average Feelings Toward Congressional Candidates 1978-2000 AVERAGE AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS FOR: REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 Males .5 .5 .6 .4 .4 .5 .3 .3 .5 .5 .4 .5 Females .6 .7 .6 .5 .5 .5 .4 .2 .4 .4 .5 .4 Whites .6 .6 .6 .5 .5 .6 .4 .4 .5 .6 .5 .5 Blacks 0 .3 -.1 .2 .2 .1 .1 0 .1 .1 .3 -.1 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. .6 .4 .5 .4 .5 .5 .2 .2 .5 .3 .7 .3 High School Diploma .5 .6 .6 .5 .4 .3 .3 .2 .4 .3 .5 .4 Some College, no Degree .6 .7 .5 .3 .5 .7 .5 .3 .5 .5 .5 .5 College Degree/ Post-grad .6 .6 .6 .5 .5 .7 .2 .3 .5 .7 .4 .4 Income 0-16 Percentile .6 .8 .5 .2 .4 .5 .2 .1 .3 .3 .5 .3 Income 17-33 Percentile .5 .6 .5 .5 .3 .3 .3 .2 .3 .3 .5 .5 Income 34-67 Percentile .5 .6 .6 .5 .5 .4 .3 .3 .4 .3 .3 .3 Income 68-95 Percentile .5 .6 .7 .4 .4 .6 .3 .3 .6 .8 .5 .4 Income 96-100 Percentile .7 .6 .3 .8 .6 1* .4 .4 .6 .8 .7 .3 Professionals .6 .6 .7 .4 .4 .5 .4 .4 .5 .7 .4 .5 White Collar .6 .5 .8 .4 .6 .5 .4 .3 .4 .5 .5 .3 Blue Collar .5 .6 .4 .4 .3 .4 .2 .2 .4 .3 .5 .6 Unskilled .1 .6* -.1* .4 .7 .5 .3 .3 .1* -.1* -.2* .3* Farmers .7* 1.1* .9* .8 .7 .7 .4 .3 .2* .2* -.2* .2* Housewives .7 .8 .5 .8 .5 .7 .4 .2 .6 .6 .6 .2 Union Households .5 .4 .3 .3 .3 .4 .3 .3 .5 .3 .4 .1 Non-Union Households .6 .7 .6 .5 .5 .5 .3 .3 .4 .5 .5 .5 South .3 .5 .6 .4 .5 .4 .2 .2 .3 .5 .6 .5 Nonsouth .6 .7 .6 .5 .4 .6 .3 .3 .5 .5 .4 .4 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** -.1* .3 .3* .4 .2 Born 1959-1974 .5 .3 .3 .2 .3 .3 .1 .3 .2 .2 .2 .3 Born 1943-1958 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .4 .2 .2 .6 .6 .5 .4 Born 1927-1942 .6 .7 .7 .7 .6 .6 .6 .3 .4 .5 .7 .8 Born 1911-1926 .8 .8 .7 .8 .7 .8 .6 .5 .8 .8 .5 .7 Born 1895-1910 .7 1.1 1.1 .8 1 .5 .3 .3 1* .8* 1.3* .8* Born before 1895 1.4* .5* 2* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) .3 .3 .2 .2 .1 .1 0 -.1 0 .1 .2 0 Independents & Apolitical .4 .3 .4 .2 .4 .3 .3 .2 .3 .4 .3 .3 Republicans (incl leaners) .9 1 1.1 .8 .8 .9 .6 .7 .8 1 .9 1 Liberals .3 .2 0 0 .1 0 -.1 -.3 -.1 0 -.1 0 Moderates .5 .6 .5 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .5 .3 Conservatives .9 .9 .9 .9 .7 .9 .6 .7 .8 .9 .8 .7 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8A.2.2 Source: The American National Election Studies Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Average Feelings Toward Congressional Candidates 1978-2000 AVERAGE AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS FOR: NET PRO DEM. - PRO REP. '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 Males 0 -.1 -.1 0 .2 .2 .2 0 -.3 -.4 .2 0 Females -.1 -.1 .5 .1 .3 .1 .4 .3 -.1 0 .1 .1 Whites -.1 -.1 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 -.3 -.3 .1 0 Blacks .7 .1 1.5 .4 .8 .5 .7 .6 .4 .6 .8 .7 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. .1 .8 1.1 .3 .8 .5 .8 .7 .2 .4 .4 1.1 High School Diploma -.1 -.2 .3 0 .3 .3 .3 .1 -.2 .1 0 .2 Some College, no Degree 0 -.3 -.1 .1 0 -.3 .1 0 -.5 -.3 .2 -.1 College Degree/ Post-grad -.2 .2 -.1 .2 .4 0 .4 .2 .1 -.5 .3 .1 Income 0-16 Percentile 0 -.2 .7 .4 .5 .4 .6 .4 .3 0 0 .1 Income 17-33 Percentile 0 0 .4 0 .6 .5 .4 .5 .1 .3 .1 0 Income 34-67 Percentile 0 -.2 .1 0 .1 .2 .3 0 -.2 0 .4 .2 Income 68-95 Percentile -.1 -.2 0 .1 .2 -.1 .3 .1 -.3 -.6 .1 .2 Income 96-100 Percentile -.2 .3 -.1 -.6 .2 -.5* -.2 -.4 -.3 -.6 .1 0 Professionals -.1 .1 -.2 .2 .3 .3 .3 .1 -.1 -.4 .6 0 White Collar -.2 .1 .1 .1 .2 -.1 .4 .1 -.2 -.1 .2 .4 Blue Collar .1 0 .4 .1 .3 .2 .3 .2 -.2 .1 0 0 Unskilled .7 .2* 1* .4 .3 -.5 .7 0 .1* 0* .9* .2* Farmers -.7*-1.1* -.7* -.3 -.5 .1 .5 .1 -.1* -.2* 2* .7* Housewives -.2 -.4 .2 -.5 .5 0 .5 .2 -.7 -.6 1.0 .3 Union Households .2 .1 .9 .3 .3 .5 .5 .2 .1 0 .4 .7 Non-Union Households -.1 -.1 .1 0 .2 0 .3 .2 -.2 -.2 .1 0 South .4 0 .4 .2 .2 0 .6 .3 .1 -.1 .3 -.1 Nonsouth -.1 -.1 .1 0 .3 .1 .2 .1 -.3 -.2 .1 .2 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** -.1* -.5 -.1* 0 .1 Born 1959-1974 0 -.3 .3 0 .2 .3 .2 -.1 0 -.1 0 0 Born 1943-1958 .1 0 .4 .2 .2 .1 .5 .2 -.3 -.4 .2 .2 Born 1927-1942 -.1 -.2 .1 .1 .1 -.1 .3 .3 -.1 -.2 .3 0 Born 1911-1926 -.1 .1 0 0 .7 .1 .2 .4 -.4 .2 .7 .2 Born 1895-1910 -.4 -.3 .2 -.2 -.5 .6 .8 .4 .1* .2*-3.4* 2* Born before 1895 -.8* .3* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) .4 .4 1.1 .7 .9 .9 .9 .7 .7 .6 .8 .9 Independents & Apolitical -.3 0 -.1 .1 -.1 .4 .2 0 -.3 -.1 -.1 0 Republicans (incl leaners) -.6 -.6 1.0 -.6 -.5 -.7 -.5 -.5 1.0 -1.2 -.7 -.9 Liberals .4 .4 1.3 .8 1 1 1.3 .9 1.5 .8 1.4 .9 Moderates .1 -.1 .4 .3 .3 .2 .4 .1 0 .3 -.1 .3 Conservatives -.6 -.6 -.9 -.7 -.4 -.3 -.4 -.4 -.9 -1.1 -.4 -.5 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8A.2.3 Source: The American National Election Studies Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Average Feelings Toward Congressional Candidates 1978-2000 AVERAGE AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS FOR: INCUMBENT CANDIDATE '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 Males .7 .8 .9 .7 .8 .9 .7 .7 .5 .6 .6 .8 Females .9 .9 .9 .8 .9 .8 .8 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 Whites .8 .8 .9 .8 .8 .9 .8 .7 .6 .7 .6 .8 Blacks .9 .9 .9 .7 1.1 .5 .8 .8 .8 .6 1 .6 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. .9 1.1 1 1.1 1 .8 .8 1 .8 .7 .9 1.2 High School Diploma .8 .8 .9 .7 .8 .7 .7 .6 .6 .6 .6 .7 Some College, no Degree .8 .8 .8 .7 .7 1 .8 .7 .6 .6 .6 .7 College Degree/ Post-grad .9 .9 .9 .9 1.1 1 .7 .8 .7 .7 .7 .8 Income 0-16 Percentile .8 .9 1 .7 .9 .9 .7 .7 .6 .7 .7 .6 Income 17-33 Percentile .9 .9 .8 .8 1 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 .6 .9 Income 34-67 Percentile .8 .8 1 .7 .8 .8 .8 .6 .5 .5 .6 .6 Income 68-95 Percentile .8 .7 .8 .8 .7 .9 .7 .7 .6 .7 .7 .7 Income 96-100 Percentile 1 1 .9 1 1.3 1.2* .4 .5 .8 .8 .8 .2 Professionals .9 .9 1 .9 1.1 .9 .8 .7 .6 .8 .6 .8 White Collar .9 .7 1 .7 .7 1 .7 .6 .6 .7 .8 .7 Blue Collar .7 .8 .9 .7 .8 .7 .6 .6 .5 .5 .6 .9 Unskilled .3 .8* .8* .5 .9 .4 .9 1.1 .2* .2* .4* .9* Farmers .7* 1.5* 1.1* .8 .8 1 .6 .7 .7* .2* 1.2* .3* Housewives 1 .8 .7 .9 .8 .8 .9 .7 .8 .5 .7 .3 Union Households .8 .8 .9 .8 .8 .8 .9 .7 1 .5 .7 .6 Non-Union Households .8 .8 .9 .8 .9 .9 .7 .7 .5 .7 .6 .7 South .8 .8 1 .8 1 .8 .6 .6 .7 .7 .7 .6 Nonsouth .8 .8 .9 .8 .8 .9 .8 .7 .5 .6 .7 .8 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** -.3* .4 .4* .5 .4 Born 1959-1974 .8 .1 .6 .3 .5 .6 .4 .3 .4 .4 .3 .5 Born 1943-1958 .6 .6 .7 .7 .8 .8 .7 .7 .6 .6 .8 .8 Born 1927-1942 .8 .9 1 .9 .8 .9 1 .8 .7 .8 1 1 Born 1911-1926 1.1 1.2 1.1 1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 .7 1.3 Born 1895-1910 .9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 .9 .8 .7 1.2* 1.1* -.4* 2.5* Born before 1895 1.3* 1* 2* 2* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) .9 .8 1 .9 1 .9 .9 .8 .7 .5 .7 .7 Independents & Apolitical .5 .4 .5 .6 .5 .7 .4 .4 .5 .5 .3 .5 Republicans (incl leaners) .9 .9 .9 .7 .8 .8 .6 .6 .5 .8 .7 .9 Liberals .8 .9 .9 .8 1 .9 .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .4 Moderates .8 .8 .9 .9 .9 .9 .7 .7 .6 .7 .7 .8 Conservatives .9 .8 .9 .7 .8 .9 .7 .7 .6 .7 .8 .7 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8A.2.4 Source: The American National Election Studies Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Average Feelings Toward Congressional Candidates 1978-2000 AVERAGE AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS FOR: CHALLENGER CANDIDATE '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 Males .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 0 0 .1 0 .3 .1 Females .1 .2 .4 .2 .2 .3 .1 0 .2 .2 .3 .3 Whites .1 .2 .2 .1 .2 .3 .1 0 .2 .1 .2 .2 Blacks 0 .3 .5 0 0 0 .1 -.1 0 .2 .4 0 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. .1 0 .5 .1 .3 .1 0 0 .2 .7 .9 0 High School Diploma .1 .2 .3 .2 .2 .2 0 0 .1 .1 .3 .2 Some College, no Degree .1 .3 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 -.1 .2 0 .3 .2 College Degree/ Post-grad 0 .1 .1 0 .1 .4 .2 0 .1 .1 .2 .2 Income 0-16 Percentile .3 .5 .2 .1 .3 0 0 0 0 .1 .2 0 Income 17-33 Percentile -.1 0 .3 .3 .1 .3 .1 0 .2 .1 .3 .2 Income 34-67 Percentile .1 .1 .2 .2 .1 .2 0 0 .2 .1 .3 .2 Income 68-95 Percentile 0 .3 .4 .1 .1 .3 .1 0 .2 .1 .3 .2 Income 96-100 Percentile -.1 .1 -.5 -.4 0 .1* -.1 -.1 .2 0 .4 0 Professionals -.1 -.1 .2 0 0 .3 .1 .1 .2 .1 .4 .2 White Collar .1 .3 .3 .1 .1 .2 .2 0 .2 -.1 .4 .1 Blue Collar .1 .2 .3 .2 .2 .2 0 -.1 .2 .2 .4 .1 Unskilled .4 .4* -.3* .2 .3 .1 .1 0 .1* -.3* -.1* .2* Farmers -.2* -.3* -.1* .2 .3 .2 .2 0 0* -.1* -.3* .4* Housewives .1 .5 .3 .2 .3 .5 -.1 0 .1 .3 -.2 .5 Union Households .2 .2 .4 .1 .2 .4 0 0 .2 .1 .2 .2 Non-Union Households 0 .2 .2 .1 .2 .2 .1 0 .1 .1 .3 .2 South .1 .1 .2 0 .1 .1 0 0 0 .1 .4 .1 Nonsouth .1 .2 .3 .2 .2 .3 .1 0 .2 .1 .3 .2 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0* .1 0* .1 .3 Born 1959-1974 0 .2 -.1 0 .1 .1 0 .1 .1 0 .1 .2 Born 1943-1958 0 .1 .2 0 .1 .3 0 -.2 .2 .1 .3 .1 Born 1927-1942 .2 .2 .4 .2 .3 .2 .2 0 .1 .1 .4 .1 Born 1911-1926 .1 .1 .2 .3 .3 .4 0 .1 .3 .4 .7 .4 Born 1895-1910 -.1 .4 .9 .2 .8 .2 .1 .5 .6* .3* 1.3* 0* Born before 1895 0* .5* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) .1 .2 .4 0 .2 .1 0 -.2 0 .2 .4 .3 Independents & Apolitical .1 .2 .1 -.1 .1 .4 0 .1 .1 .1 0 .1 Republicans (incl leaners) 0 .2 0 .3 .2 .3 .1 .2 .3 0 .2 0 Liberals 0 .1 .2 -.1 .1 .2 .1 -.3 0 .2 .6 .5 Moderates .1 .4 .3 .2 .2 .2 0 .1 .2 .2 .1 0 Conservatives .1 .2 .1 .2 .2 .3 .1 .2 .2 0 .3 0 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8A.2.5 Source: The American National Election Studies Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Approval of Congressperson Running for Re-Election 1980-2004 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Approve 57 52 69 59 66 64 62 59 66 61 58 ** 61 Disapprove 8 8 9 8 7 11 12 13 14 12 11 ** 11 Don't Know 34 40 22 33 28 26 26 28 20 27 31 ** 29 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ N 1296 1237 1752 1987 1662 1778 1578 1491 1335 1129 1412 977 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 8A.3 Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "In general, do you approve or disapprove of the way {running U.S. House incumbent Representative} has been handling his/her job?" NOTE: If the U.S. House representative in R's district was NOT running for re-election (i.e., was 'retiring'), then this question does not apply. The 1982 data set included 2 sets of approval vars for 2 running incumbents due to redistricting in two Congressional districts (19 cases); for this year, the incumbent who represented R's sampling location BEFORE the 1982 redistricting has been considered R's 'incumbent.' For 1992 redistricted LA06, neither of 2 Republican 'incumbents' had previously represented the geographic area and are not included. This question is variable VCF0991 in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Approval of Congressperson Running for Re-Election 1980-2004 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Approve' Percent of group: '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Males 58 54 68 61 66 62 65 60 66 60 63 ** 63 Females 57 51 70 58 65 65 60 58 66 61 54 ** 59 Whites 59 54 72 60 68 65 64 59 68 61 62 ** 62 Blacks 54 45 56 55 52 61 63 65 62 66 46 ** 63 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 60 55 62 58 58 64 69 44 55 54 43 ** 48* High School Diploma 56 52 71 57 66 65 62 59 64 59 51 ** 59 Some College, no Degree 57 51 68 58 66 63 62 56 68 60 63 ** 61 College Degree/ Post-grad 59 53 69 64 70 63 62 66 68 65 66 ** 66 Income 0-16 Percentile 57 52 59 56 58 58 59 57 64 61 49 ** 57 Income 17-33 Percentile 59 51 68 61 69 70 65 56 67 54 51 ** 64 Income 34-67 Percentile 59 55 74 60 66 65 64 59 67 59 59 ** 59 Income 68-95 Percentile 58 53 72 62 69 65 62 60 64 66 67 ** 66 Income 96-100 Percentile 60 57 70 67 76* 56 62 75 71 65 70 ** 64 Professionals 63 54 72 66 69 64 60 62 68 63 63 ** 67 White Collar 57 54 72 59 72 65 64 62 68 63 59 ** 61 Blue Collar 56 51 69 56 59 64 62 55 64 59 56 ** 57 Unskilled 51* 57* 68* 57 55* 57 72* 53* 77* 34* 48* ** 64* Farmers 74* 53* 63 67 80 59 71 67* 51* 76* 56* ** 61* Housewives 52 51 63 55 66 66 60 59 63 63 57 ** 59 Union Households 56 54 71 60 66 71 65 72 68 66 58 ** 64 Non-Union Households 58 52 69 59 65 62 62 56 66 59 58 ** 60 South 60 62 71 63 67 63 60 63 67 59 54 ** 65 Nonsouth 56 48 68 57 65 64 63 57 66 62 60 ** 59 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** 50* 51 57 57 42 ** 47 Born 1959-1974 40 43 58 50 55 53 51 53 58 57 52 ** 58 Born 1943-1958 49 47 70 54 63 64 64 63 67 63 61 ** 67 Born 1927-1942 62 51 72 62 74 72 69 64 74 68 69 ** 69 Born 1911-1926 68 64 72 74 74 76 74 62 77 57 73 ** 71 Born 1895-1910 66 54 70 60 66 65 52* 59* 73* 64* 34* ** ** Born before 1895 78* 75* 100* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 61 54 72 62 67 69 66 63 65 62 59 ** 62 Independents & Apoliticals 36 38 55 43 50 49 49 41 60 42 39 ** 49 Republicans (incl leaners) 61 55 70 61 68 62 62 60 68 65 64 ** 63 Liberals 59 53 70 58 65 61 64 60 63 54 51 ** 60 Moderates 60 56 74 63 68 65 61 61 65 65 64 ** 64 Conservatives 62 55 71 64 69 67 62 63 69 64 70 ** 61 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8A.3.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Approval of Congressperson Running for Re-Election 1980-2004 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Disapprove' Percent of group: '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Males 10 10 12 10 8 13 12 14 16 14 12 ** 10 Females 7 7 7 6 6 9 12 12 14 11 10 ** 11 Whites 8 8 10 8 7 11 13 13 15 12 12 ** 11 Blacks 6 11 6 10 4 8 7 10 13 9 10 ** 11 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 5 5 5 6 7 3 7 10 15 8 9 ** 8* High School Diploma 8 7 8 8 7 10 11 11 16 10 12 ** 10 Some College, no Degree 9 9 10 8 6 12 13 15 11 15 7 ** 11 College Degree/ Post-grad 10 12 13 9 8 13 13 17 17 16 14 ** 12 Income 0-16 Percentile 8 7 9 8 6 9 10 9 15 12 11 ** 15 Income 17-33 Percentile 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 13 13 13 13 ** 9 Income 34-67 Percentile 8 8 9 9 7 10 13 15 14 14 9 ** 10 Income 68-95 Percentile 11 10 12 9 8 14 15 13 17 12 12 ** 11 Income 96-100 Percentile 9 10 8 7 3* 12 9 18 15 11 12 ** 10 Professionals 8 10 11 8 7 11 14 15 16 18 10 ** 9 White Collar 8 6 9 8 4 11 11 13 11 12 12 ** 14 Blue Collar 8 7 8 8 7 10 10 12 14 10 12 ** 10 Unskilled 13* 8* 13* 12 14* 11 15* 22* 8* 24* 17* ** 6* Farmers 0* 8* 13 9 11 12 12 12* 29* 5* 20* ** 10* Housewives 6 9 7 6 8 9 14 10 18 8 9 ** 4 Union Households 11 9 9 10 7 7 14 9 16 12 10 ** 10 Non-Union Households 7 8 9 8 7 11 12 14 14 13 11 ** 11 South 6 8 9 6 7 11 13 9 12 11 11 ** 6 Nonsouth 9 8 9 9 6 11 12 16 16 13 11 ** 12 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** 20* 12 11 7 6 ** 11 Born 1959-1974 6 8 10 7 5 11 12 11 12 12 12 ** 9 Born 1943-1958 8 9 9 8 6 14 14 14 18 15 13 ** 10 Born 1927-1942 8 10 11 10 7 9 13 13 16 12 11 ** 13 Born 1911-1926 7 7 7 7 7 6 8 15 11 16 11 ** 12 Born 1895-1910 10 5 6 7 11 6 17* 5* 8* 0* 0* ** ** Born before 1895 0* 0* 0* 0* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 7 9 8 9 7 10 11 9 15 15 12 ** 10 Independents & Apoliticals 9 3 7 5 5 9 14 13 12 9 12 ** 11 Republicans (incl leaners) 9 9 11 8 6 12 13 17 15 11 9 ** 10 Liberals 11 12 10 10 9 12 11 13 19 20 10 ** 14 Moderates 8 10 10 8 6 12 13 10 15 10 8 ** 8 Conservatives 10 10 13 9 8 13 15 17 15 12 13 ** 12 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8A.3.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Approval of Congressperson Running for Re-Election 1980-2004 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Don't Know' Percent of group: '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 Males 32 36 20 29 26 25 23 26 18 25 25 ** 27 Females 36 42 23 36 29 26 28 30 21 28 35 ** 30 Whites 33 38 18 32 26 24 23 28 17 27 26 ** 27 Blacks 40 44 38 36 44 31 29 26 25 25 44 ** 26 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 35 40 34 36 35 33 24 46 30 38 48 ** 44* High School Diploma 36 41 21 34 28 25 27 31 20 31 36 ** 31 Some College, no Degree 33 40 21 33 29 25 24 28 21 25 30 ** 28 College Degree/ Post-grad 30 35 18 26 23 24 25 18 15 19 20 ** 22 Income 0-16 Percentile 35 41 32 37 36 33 32 35 21 26 40 ** 28 Income 17-33 Percentile 37 43 26 33 24 23 27 31 20 34 36 ** 27 Income 34-67 Percentile 33 37 17 32 27 25 23 26 20 28 33 ** 31 Income 68-95 Percentile 31 37 16 29 23 21 23 27 19 21 21 ** 22 Income 96-100 Percentile 31 33 22 26 22* 32 29 7 14 25 18 ** 26 Professionals 30 35 17 26 24 25 26 23 16 19 27 ** 24 White Collar 35 40 19 32 24 23 25 25 21 25 29 ** 25 Blue Collar 36 42 23 36 34 26 28 33 21 31 32 ** 33 Unskilled 36* 35* 20* 31 31* 31 14* 25* 15* 43* 35* ** 30* Farmers 26* 39* 24 24 9 29 17 21* 20* 19* 25* ** 29* Housewives 42 40 30 38 26 25 26 32 19 30 34 ** 36 Union Households 33 37 20 30 27 21 21 19 16 22 32 ** 26 Non-Union Households 35 40 22 34 28 26 26 30 20 28 31 ** 29 South 34 30 20 31 26 26 27 28 22 30 36 ** 28 Nonsouth 35 43 22 34 29 25 25 28 18 25 29 ** 29 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** 30* 37 32 36 53 ** 42 Born 1959-1974 54 49 31 43 40 36 37 36 30 31 36 ** 33 Born 1943-1958 42 44 20 37 31 22 23 22 16 23 26 ** 23 Born 1927-1942 30 40 16 28 18 20 18 23 10 21 20 ** 18 Born 1911-1926 25 29 21 19 19 18 19 23 12 27 16 ** 18 Born 1895-1910 24 40 24 33 23 29 30* 36* 19* 36* 66* ** ** Born before 1895 22* 25* 0* 100* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 32 37 20 30 26 21 23 28 20 23 29 ** 28 Independents & Apoliticals 54 59 38 52 45 43 37 46 28 49 50 ** 39 Republicans (incl leaners) 30 36 19 31 26 26 25 23 17 25 27 ** 27 Liberals 30 35 21 32 26 27 25 27 18 26 39 ** 26 Moderates 33 34 16 29 26 23 26 29 20 25 27 ** 28 Conservatives 28 35 17 27 24 20 23 20 16 24 17 ** 27 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8A.3.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Had Contact with Congressional Candidate 1978-1994 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 Democratic Candidate 64 61 65 62 62 67 67 65 64 Republican Candidate 53 52 60 55 56 53 44 51 56 Incumbent Candidate 75 77 78 76 77 78 77 77 75 Challenger Candidate 36 37 45 37 33 34 23 40 40 PERCENTAGE WITHIN STUDY YEAR Table 8B.1a Source: The American National Election Studies QUESTION TEXT: "Think of {candidate} [who has been the U.S. Representative from this district/ who ran for the U.S. House of Representatives from this district]. Have you come into contact with or learned anything about (him/her) through any of these ways?" RESPONDENT MET {candidate} PERSONALLY RESPONDENT ATTENDED A MEETING OR GATHERING WHERE {candidate} SPOKE. RESPONDENT TALKED TO A MEMBER OF { candidate} STAFF OR SOMEONE IN {candidate's} OFFICE RESPONDENT RECEIVED SOMETHING IN MAIL FROM {candidate} RESPONDENT READ ABOUT {candidate} IN A NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE. RESPONDENT HEARD {candidate} ON THE RADIO. RESPONDENT SAW {candidate} ON TV NOTE: This table counts as contact any 'yes' response to the types specified. The 1982 data set included 2 sets of approval vars for 2 running incumbents due to redistricting in two Congressional districts (19 cases); for this year, the incumbent who represented R's sampling location BEFORE the 1982 redistricting has been considered R's 'incumbent.' Data for some candidates may have been derived using var for type of House race. This question is from variables VCF0946A,VCF0947A,VCF0948A,VCF0949A in the ANES Cumulative Data File dataset. Consult the Cumulative Data File codebook for complete question text and annotation. Weight variable VCF0009A was used to produce this table (see weight documentation). Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Had Contact with Congressional Candidate 1978-1994 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Democratic Candidate' Percent of group: '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 Males 66 64 69 65 64 70 67 68 65 Females 62 58 62 60 61 65 66 63 64 Whites 64 61 66 66 62 68 66 66 64 Blacks 68 64 63 49 69 64 67 60 64 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 52 59 49 48 51 57 59 54 49 High School Diploma 63 58 63 60 60 66 65 61 64 Some College, no Degree 67 63 70 68 64 68 69 71 64 College Degree/ Post-grad 73 67 71 70 70 75 73 73 66 Income 0-16 Percentile 59 58 54 63 57 60 61 59 61 Income 17-33 Percentile 58 65 63 58 65 69 62 63 66 Income 34-67 Percentile 67 61 69 66 65 67 71 68 67 Income 68-95 Percentile 70 63 73 66 66 73 72 72 63 Income 96-100 Percentile 66 56 70 59 58 58* 57 58 65 Professionals 71 64 70 68 72 70 74 70 66 White Collar 63 59 67 69 59 71 69 71 66 Blue Collar 60 60 63 58 61 63 64 62 61 Unskilled 57 64* 63* 52* 50 63* 63 70* 76* Farmers 61* 64* 59* 58* 60 84* 66 51 73* Housewives 63 57 61 59 57 64 60 59 67 Union Households 63 65 71 67 66 71 69 71 71 Non-Union Households 64 59 63 61 61 66 66 64 63 South 69 63 69 58 65 72 69 70 64 Nonsouth 62 60 63 64 61 65 66 63 65 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 67* 53 Born 1959-1974 51 47 58 52 57 61 64 60 61 Born 1943-1958 62 57 68 66 63 69 71 72 66 Born 1927-1942 67 66 64 64 66 71 67 69 71 Born 1911-1926 65 66 66 65 64 69 63 62 66 Born 1895-1910 64 63 57 51 54 67 57 52 42* Born before 1895 48* 50* 43* 100* 0* ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 66 67 68 67 68 73 73 69 67 Independents & Apoliticals 54 46 48 52 55 56 55 58 48 Republicans (incl leaners) 64 57 67 60 57 63 61 64 66 Liberals 65 66 74 67 68 69 69 71 65 Moderates 68 66 71 67 65 72 68 66 72 Conservatives 68 64 70 66 62 68 69 68 67 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8B.1.1 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Had Contact with Congressional Candidate 1978-1994 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Republican Candidate' Percent of group: '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 Males 56 52 61 60 56 55 47 55 58 Females 51 52 59 50 55 51 41 48 54 Whites 56 55 62 59 60 56 47 57 62 Blacks 34 24 49 29 42 32 30 31 29 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 43 34 48 24 37 42 25 25 21 High School Diploma 51 52 58 54 52 47 42 44 50 Some College, no Degree 54 53 60 59 61 56 49 57 63 College Degree/ Post-grad 64 61 72 68 66 66 56 68 70 Income 0-16 Percentile 43 42 52 39 42 37 34 42 39 Income 17-33 Percentile 52 54 55 49 55 54 35 38 47 Income 34-67 Percentile 53 55 58 56 57 52 42 53 59 Income 68-95 Percentile 59 57 70 63 64 63 53 61 66 Income 96-100 Percentile 61 59 71 59* 74 68* 71 74 75 Professionals 60 56 66 62 65 59 54 62 68 White Collar 54 55 61 54 58 56 45 55 60 Blue Collar 49 50 56 54 49 45 39 45 49 Unskilled 42* 55* 48* 68* 51* 32* 32* 42* 42* Farmers 76* 67* 74* 50* 55* 71* 48 52 61* Housewives 50 45 58 48 58 51 41 41 54 Union Households 51 49 57 55 56 48 43 55 58 Non-Union Households 54 53 61 55 56 54 44 50 55 South 45 47 62 47 58 51 37 47 54 Nonsouth 55 53 59 57 55 53 47 53 57 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 42* 41 Born 1959-1974 49 48 52 45 49 46 40 50 58 Born 1943-1958 52 51 61 61 58 54 49 58 63 Born 1927-1942 56 55 66 58 62 54 46 51 53 Born 1911-1926 53 54 60 52 52 57 41 41 44 Born 1895-1910 51 50 53 37 48 50 32* 39 35* Born before 1895 27* 20* 50* 0* ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 48 46 55 50 51 43 37 43 48 Independents & Apoliticals 47 51 49 48 44 46 39 45 44 Republicans (incl leaners) 65 60 74 61 66 64 56 63 68 Liberals 51 47 66 60 51 50 45 51 58 Moderates 55 54 60 55 61 57 47 53 54 Conservatives 63 57 70 64 66 62 54 62 67 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8B.1.2 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Had Contact with Congressional Candidate 1978-1994 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Incumbent Candidate' Percent of group: '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 Males 76 79 78 80 78 81 78 79 76 Females 74 75 78 72 77 76 76 75 75 Whites 77 79 80 81 79 81 79 79 78 Blacks 71 67 70 54 72 66 69 62 65 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 63 70 66 55 63 65 66 59 46 High School Diploma 73 75 77 74 76 75 75 72 70 Some College, no Degree 81 76 80 82 80 81 81 83 81 College Degree/ Post-grad 83 84 86 86 85 90 85 84 86 Income 0-16 Percentile 66 71 69 66 67 68 68 67 63 Income 17-33 Percentile 70 77 74 69 80 79 72 72 73 Income 34-67 Percentile 79 78 81 79 78 80 80 82 77 Income 68-95 Percentile 83 80 85 81 83 84 84 82 81 Income 96-100 Percentile 80 76 80 83* 88 82* 83 79 91 Professionals 83 81 83 86 84 84 86 82 84 White Collar 76 75 79 81 80 84 80 81 77 Blue Collar 71 75 75 71 74 72 72 74 70 Unskilled 67 77* 65* 70* 67 71* 71 79* 71* Farmers 75* 85* 85* 73* 78 89 80 74 84* Housewives 76 73 78 69 73 76 77 67 72 Union Households 77 78 79 79 80 79 80 81 80 Non-Union Households 75 76 78 75 77 78 77 76 74 South 68 78 81 73 77 77 74 75 75 Nonsouth 78 76 76 77 78 79 79 77 75 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 60* 52 Born 1959-1974 63 62 68 61 69 71 69 72 76 Born 1943-1958 73 72 77 79 78 80 82 83 79 Born 1927-1942 79 81 81 81 83 82 81 79 76 Born 1911-1926 80 82 82 78 82 81 79 73 74 Born 1895-1910 73 82 75 64 66 77 72 58* 54* Born before 1895 54* 56* 63* 100* 0* ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 76 77 78 76 78 80 80 77 74 Independents & Apoliticals 65 67 65 66 67 66 64 68 55 Republicans (incl leaners) 80 79 83 78 81 80 78 79 83 Liberals 76 76 86 81 77 78 79 80 75 Moderates 78 80 83 79 80 84 81 76 79 Conservatives 82 80 83 82 84 84 83 82 83 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8B.1.3 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 27NOV05 THE ANES GUIDE TO PUBLIC OPINION AND ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR ______________________________________________________ Had Contact with Congressional Candidate 1978-1994 PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED: 'Challenger Candidate' Percent of group: '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 Males 40 38 50 41 35 38 25 43 41 Females 32 36 42 33 32 31 20 37 38 Whites 38 38 47 40 35 36 23 44 42 Blacks 24 24 40 21 32 23 20 17 27 Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 25 25 28 16 25 27 12 15 15 High School Diploma 34 35 41 35 28 30 20 35 37 Some College, no Degree 36 41 50 39 36 38 28 45 43 College Degree/ Post-grad 48 42 57 50 43 44 30 53 47 Income 0-16 Percentile 29 29 31 29 26 23 18 33 31 Income 17-33 Percentile 30 42 40 35 31 34 13 26 34 Income 34-67 Percentile 38 39 44 39 35 32 23 43 40 Income 68-95 Percentile 41 41 56 42 40 45 30 49 47 Income 96-100 Percentile 39 37 59 31* 40 38* 30* 51 43* Professionals 44 39 55 41 44 37 29 48 47 White Collar 31 39 49 36 30 35 24 45 44 Blue Collar 32 35 40 36 28 32 20 36 35 Unskilled 26* 42* 43* 44* 22* 21* 16* 31* 42* Farmers 48* 48* 52* 31* 37* 60* 18* 35 50* Housewives 34 28 38 33 34 31 17 30 35 Union Households 31 38 48 38 34 37 22 47 44 Non-Union Households 37 36 45 37 33 34 23 39 39 South 34 33 48 24 34 34 17 37 41 Nonsouth 36 38 45 40 33 34 25 41 39 Born 1975 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 40* 31 Born 1959-1974 30* 34 33 28 31 29 24 38 40 Born 1943-1958 36 34 52 43 36 36 26 49 43 Born 1927-1942 40 42 46 38 36 32 21 39 42 Born 1911-1926 33 39 44 35 26 41 16 28 32 Born 1895-1910 34 32 33 21 28 30 12* 30* 22* Born before 1895 16* 11* 20* 0* ** ** ** ** ** Democrats (incl leaners) 32 37 43 38 35 31 22 35 35 Independents & Apoliticals 32 31 36 31 24 31 19 43 28 Republicans (incl leaners) 44 39 54 36 34 38 25 45 48 Liberals 36 39 55 45 36 34 24 44 43 Moderates 39 40 47 39 38 39 23 40 41 Conservatives 43 41 53 41 34 39 27 47 46 * numbers followed by an asterisk indicate 50 or fewer total respondents within group ** indicates question not asked or no cases within group Table 8B.1.4 Source: The American National Election Studies NOTE: variable used for race grouping has changed. See Table 1A.3 Table generated: 27NOV05