The ANES Bibliography - L

Both authors and co-authors are indexed. Please note all entries are listed alphabetically by main author only.

A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   M   N   O   P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W   X   Y   Z  

Abelson, Robert P., Elizabeth Loftus, and Anthony G. Greenwald. 1992. Attempts to Improve the Accuracy of Self-Reports of Voting. in Questions About Questions: Inquiries into the Cognitive Bases of Surveys. ed. Judith M. TanurNew York, NY: Russell Sage.

Abramowitz, Alan I., David J. Lanoue, and Subha Ramesh. 1988. Economic Conditions, Causal Attributions and Political Evaluations in the 1984 Presidential Election. Journal of Politics 50, no. 4: 848-63.

Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, Matthew Diamond, Abraham Diskin, Renan Levine, and Thomas J. Scotto. 2004. Strategic Abandonment or Sincerely Second Best? The 1999 Israeli Prime Ministerial Election. Journal of Politics 66, no. 3: 706.

Agnello Jr., Thomas J. 1967. Class Voting in the Anglo-American Political Systems. Party Systems and Voter Alignments. eds. Seymour Martin Lipset, and Stein RokkanNew York, NY: Free Press.

Aldrich, John H., Claire Kramer, Peter Lange, Renan Levine, John Rattliff, Laura Stephenson, and Elizabeth Zechmeister. 1999. Job Insecurity and Globalization: Evidence from Europe. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Alvarez, R. Michael, and Dean Lacy. 1994. Heterogeneity in Economic Voting. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Alwin, Duane F. Undated. Aging, Personality, and Social Change: The Stability of Individual Differences Over the Adult Life Span. in Life-Span Development and Behavior. eds. David L. Featherman, Richard M. Lerner, and Marion Perlmutter, 135-85. Vol. 12. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Anderson, Christopher J., and Andrew J. LoTempio. 2002. Winning, Losing and Political Trust in America. British Journal of Political Science 32, no. 2: 335-51.

Babbitt, Paul R., and Richard R. Lau. 1994. The Impact of Negative Political Campaigns on Political Knowledge. Presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association.

Banaszak, Lee Ann, and Jan E. Leighley. 1987. Education, Employment and Social Context in the Development of Gender Consciousness. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Barreto, Matt, and David Leal. 2005. Latinos, the Military, and the 2004 Presidential Election. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Barrilleaux, Charles J., Thomas M. Holbrook, and Laura Langer. 2002. Electoral Competition, Legislative Balance, and American State Welfare Policy. American Journal of Political Science 46, no. 2: 415-27.

Basinger, Scott, and Howard Lavine. 2005. Ambivalence, Information, and Electoral Choice. American Political Science Review 99, no. 2: 169-84.

Basinger, Scott, Howard Lavine, and Scott Mellon. 2004. Voter Heterogeneity: The Consequences of Ambivalence for Senate Elections. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Baumgartner, Frank R., and Beth L. Leech. 1998. The Importance of Groups in Politics and in Political Science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Baxter, Sandra, and Marjorie Lansing. 1983. Women and Politics: The Visible Majority. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Bendyna, Mary E., and Celinda C. Lake. 1994. Gender and Voting in the 1992 Presidential Election. in The Year of the Woman: Myths and Realities. eds. Elizabeth Adell Cook, Sue Thomas, and Clyde WilcoxBoulder, CO: Westview Press.

Berinsky, Adam J., and Howard Lavine. 2007. Self-Monitoring and Political Attitudes: 2006 NES Pilot Study Report, nes011881.

Bowler, Shaun, Todd Donovan, Jeffrey A. Karp, and David J. Lanoue. 2004. Independent’s Day: “Critical citizens” among the US voting public. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association.

Cappella, Joseph N., GangHeong Lee, and Brian Southwell. 1997. The Effects of News and Entertainment on Interpersonal Trust: Political Talk Radio, Newspapers, and Television. Paper presented at the International Communication Association Conference.

Carmines, Edward G., and Geoffrey C. Layman. 1997. Value priorities, partisanship, and electoral choice - The neglected case of the United States. Political Behavior 19, no. 4: 283-316.

Carsey, Thomas M., and Geoffrey C. Layman. 2006. Changing Sides or Changing Minds? Party Identification and Policy Preferences in the American Electorate. American Journal of Political Science 50, no. 2: 464.

Carsey, Thomas M., and Geoffrey C. Layman. 2001. Party Polarization, Party Proximity, and Preferences for Party Control of Government: Evidence from the 2000 National Elections. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association.

Carsey, Thomas M., and Geoffrey C. Layman. 2004. Policy Balancing and Preferences for Party Control of Government. Political Research Quarterly 57, no. 4: 541-50.

Carsey, Thomas M., and Geoffrey C. Layman. 1998. The Role of Attitudinal Conversation in the Partisan Change Process. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Cassel, Carol A., and David B. Hill. 1981. The Decision to Vote. in Public Opinion and Public Policy. 3rd ed. ed., ed. Norman R. LuttbegItasca: Peacock.

Cassel, Carol A., and Robert C. Luskin. 1988. Simple Explanations of Turnout Decline. American Political Science Review 82, no. 4: 1321-30.

Citrin, Jack, and Samantha Luks. 2001. Political Trust Revisited: Deja Vu All Over Again? in What Is It About Government that Americans Dislike? eds. John R. Hibbing, Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, James H. Kuklinski, and Dennis Chong, 9-27. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Citrin, Jack, and Samantha Luks. 2001. Revisiting Political Trust in an Angry Age. in What is it about Government that Americans Dislike? eds. John R. Hibbing, and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, 9-27. Cambridge University Press.

Clark, Terry Nichols, Seymour Martin Lipset, and Michael Rempel. 2001. The Declining Political Significance of Social Class. in The Breakdown of Class Politics: A Debate on Post-Industrial Stratification. eds. Terry Nichols Clark, and Seymour Martin Lipset, 77-104. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Condit, Celeste M., Roxanne L. Parrott, Tina M. Harris, John Lynch, and Tasha Dubriwny. 2004. The Role of "Genetics" in Popular Understandings of Race in the United States . Public Understanding of Science 13, no. 3: 249-72.

Conover, Pamela Johnston, and David Lowery. 1988. Pilot Study Questions on Welfare/Poverty, NES Pilot Study Report, No. nes002264.

Copeland, C., and D. N. Laband. 2002. Expressiveness and Voting. Public Choice 110, no. 3-4: 351-63.

Cummings, Scott, and T. Lambert. 1998. Immigration restrictions and the American worker: An examination of competing interpretations. Population Research and Policy Review 17, no. 6: 497-520.

Dalton, Russell J., Ian McAllister, and Martin P. Wattenberg. 2002. Political Parties and Their Publics. in Party Change in Europe. eds. Richard Luther, and Ferdinand Müller-Rommel, 19-42. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

de Guchteneire, Paul, Lawrence LeDuc, and Richard G. Niemi. 1991. A Compendium of Academic Studies of Elections Around the World, Update 1. Electoral Studies 10, no. 3: 231-43.

de Guchteneire, Paul, Lawrence LeDuc, and Richard G. Niemi. 1985. A Compendium of Academic Survey Studies of Elections Around the World. Election Studies 4: 159-74.

Declercq, Eugene R., Thomas L. Hurley, and Norman R. Luttbeg. 1977. Presidential Voting Change in the South: 1956-1972. Journal of Politics 39, no. 2: 480-92.

Declercq, Eugene R., Thomas L. Hurley, and Norman R. Luttbeg. 1975. Voting in American Presidential Elections: 1956-1972. American Politics Quarterly 3: 222-46.

Dreyer, Edward C. 1974. Media Use and Electoral Choices: Some Political Consequences of Information Exposure. in Public Opinion and Public Policy. 2nd. ed., ed. Norman R. LuttbegHomewood, IL: Dorsey.

Eibach, Richard P., Lisa K. Libby, and Thomas D. Gilovich. 2003. When Change in the Self Is Mistaken for Change in the World. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84, no. 5: 917-31.

Erber, Ralph, and Richard R. Lau. 1990. Political Cynicism Revisited: An Information-Processing Reconciliation of Policy-Based and Incumbency-Based Interpretations of Changes in Trust and Government. American Journal of Political Science 34, no. 1: 236-53.

Erber, Ralph, and Richard R. Lau. 1986. Political Cynicism Revisited: The Role of Political Schemata in the Decline of Trust in Government. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Erikson, Robert S., Thomas D. Lancaster, and David W. Romero. 1989. Group Components of the Presidential Vote, 1952-1984. Journal of Politics 51, no. 2: 337-46.

Erikson, Robert S., and Norman R. Luttbeg. 1973. American Public Opinion: Its Origins, Content, and Impact. New York: Wiley.

Erikson, Robert S., Norman R. Luttbeg, and Kent L. Tedin. 1991. American Public Opinion: Its Origins, Context, and Impact. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company.

Fackler, Tim, and Tse-min Lin. 1998. "Are You Being Served? A Pooled Cross-Sectional Analysis of Corruption News, Economic Conditions, and the Vote, 1964-1992." .

Fallows, James, Jedediah Purdy, Michael Lind, Shannon Brownlee, Ray Boshara, Gregory Rodriguez, Margaret Talbot, Michael Calabrese, Maya Macguineas, Katherine Boo, David Friedman, Karen Kornbluh, James P. Pinkerton, Ricardo Bayo, Jonathan Rauch, and Ted Halstead. 2003. The Real State of the Union. 75-125.

Feldman, Stanley. 1985. Economic Self-Interest and the Vote: Evidence and Meaning. In Economic Conditions and Electoral Outcomes: The United States and Western Europe. Heinz Eulau, and Michael S. Lewis-BeckNew York: Agathon Press.

Feldman, Stanley, and Patricia Conley. 1991. Explaining Explanations of Changing Economic Conditions. In Economics and Politics: The Calculus of Support. Helmut Norpoth, Michael S. Lewis-Beck, and Jean-Dominique LafayAnn Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Ferman, Gerald S., and Jack Levin. 1975. Social Science Research: A Handbook for Students. New York, NY: Halsted.

Fisher, Alan M. 1981. Jewish Political Shift? Erosion, Yes; Conversion, No. in Party Coalitions in the 1980's. ed. Seymour Martin LipsetSan Francisco, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies.

Gant, Michael M., and Norman R. Luttbeg. 1991. American Electoral Behavior: 1952-1988. Itasca, IL: F.E. Peacock Publishers, Inc.

Gant, Michael M., and Norman R. Luttbeg. 1987. The Cognitive Utility of Partisanship. The Western Political Quarterly 40: 499-517.

Gant, Michael M, and Norman R. Luttbeg. 1983. A Comparison of Ideology and Political Party as Cognitive Structures. Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Gant, Michael M., and Norman R. Luttbeg. 1985. Voting for the Democrat or for the Republican: The Cognitive Utility of Partisanship . Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Gant, Michael M., and William Lyons. 1993. Democratic Theory, Nonvoting, and Public Policy: the 1972-1988 Presidential Elections. American Politics Quarterly 21, no. 2: 185-204.

Garand, James C., and Marci Glascock Lichtl. 2000. Explaining Divided Government in the United States: Testing an Intentional Model of Split-Ticket Voting. British Journal of Political Science 30, no. 1: 173-91.

Gelman, Andrew, and Thomas H. Little. 1998. Improving on Probability Weighting for Household Size. Public Opinion Quarterly 62, no. 3: 398-404.

Gilmour, Robert S., and Robert B. Lamb. 1975. Political Alienation in Contemporary America. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.

Gimpel, James G., J. Celeste Lay, and Jason E. Schuknecht. 2003. Cultivating Democracy: Civic Environments and Political Socialization in America. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.

Graham, Jr. Cole Blease, Robert W. Oldendick, and Michael W. Link. 1996. Across the Great Divide: Examining Black-White Differences in Political Attitudes. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research.

Green, John C., and James L. Guth. 1993. From Lambs to Sheep: Denominational Change and Political Behavior in America. Rediscovering the Religious Factor in American Politics. eds. David C. Leege, and Lyman A. Kellstedt, 100-17. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

Green, John C., and James L. Guth. 1998. United Methodists and American Culture: A Statistical Portrait. In The People(s) Called Methodists. William B. Lawrence, and et. al., 27-55. Vol. Vol. 2. Nashville: Abingdon Press.

Green, John C., and Lyman A. Kellstedt. 1993. Knowing God's Many People: Denominational Preference and Political Behavior. in Rediscovering the Religion Factor in American Politics. editors David C. Leege, and Lyman A. Kellstedt, 53-71. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

Guth, James L., and John C. Green. 1993. Salience: The Core Concept? in Rediscovering the Religion Factor in American Politics. editor David C. Leege, and Lyman A. Kellstedt, 157-74. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

Hajnal, Zoltan, and Taeku Lee. 2003. The Multidimensionality of African American Party Identification. Paper prepared for the 3rd Minnesota Symposium, Political Psychology Perspectives on Race and Politics.

Hamill, Ruth, Milton Lodge, and Frederick Blake. 1985. The Breadth, Depth, and Utility of Class, Partisan, and Ideological Schemata. American Journal of Political Science 29, no. 4: 850-70.

Hawkey, Earl W. 1988. Public Opinion in the South Today. In Contemporary Southern Politics. James F. LeaBaton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

Hill, David B., and Norman R. Luttbeg. 1980. Trends in American Electoral Behavior. Itasca, IL: Peacock Publishers.

Huckfeldt, R. Robert, and Ronald Lake. 2000. A Report on the Social Network Battery in the 1998 American National Election Study Pilot Study, NES Pilot Study Report, No. nes010110.

Huddy, Leonie, Francis K. Neely, and Marilyn R. LaFay. 2000. The Polls -- Trends: Support for the Women's Movement. Political Opinion Quarterly.

Javers, Eamon, Daniel Lathrop, Liz Oliner, Robert Schlesinger, and David R. Segal. 15 July 1998. CYNICAL? US? The Hill, sec. OPEN SECRETS OF THE HILL , p. 14.

Jelen, Ted G., Corwin E. Smidt, and Clyde Wilcox. 1993. The Political Effects of the Born-Again Phenomenon. in Rediscovering the Religion Factor in American Politics. eds. David C. Leege, and Lyman A. Kellstedt, 199-215. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

Jelen, Ted G., and Clyde Wilcox. 1993. Preaching to the Converted? The Causes and Consequences of Viewing Religious Television. in Rediscovering the Religion Factor in American Politics. eds. David C. Leege, and Lyman A. Kellstedt, 255-69. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

Jones-Correa, Michael A., and David L. Leal. 2001. Political participation: Does religion matter? Political Research Quarterly 54, no. 4: 751-70.

Katona, George, Charles A. Lininger, and Eva Mueller. 1962. 1961 Survey of Consumer Finances. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Survey Research Center, University of Michigan.

Katona, George, Charles A. Lininger, and Eva Mueller. 1964. 1963 Survey of Consumer Finances. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Survey Research Center, University of Michigan.

Kellstedt, Lyman A. 1993. Religion, the Neglected Variable: An Agenda for Future Research on Religion and Political Behavior. in Rediscovering the Religion Factor in American Politics. eds. David C. Leege, and Lyman A. Kellstedt, 273-303. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

Kellstedt, Lyman A., and Corwin E. Smidt. 1993. Doctrinal Beliefs and Political Behavior: Views of the Bible. in Rediscovering the Religion Factor in American Politics. eds. David C. Leege, and Lyman A. KellstedtArmonk: M.E. Sharpe.

Kenski, Henry C., and William Lockwood. 1989. The Catholic Vote from 1980 to 1986: Continuity or Change? In Religion and Political Behavior in the United States. Ted G. JelenNew York: Praeger.

Kenski, Henry C., and William Lockwood. 1991. Catholic Voting Behavior in 1988: A Critical Swing Vote. in The Bible and the Ballot Box: Religion and Politics in the 1988 Election. James L. Guth, and John C. GreenBoulder, CO: Westview Press.

Kenski, Henry C., and William Lockwood. 1990. Catholic Voting: The Shift from New Deal Loyalist to Critical Swing Vote. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Kinder, Donald R. 1986. Presidential Character Revisited. in Political Cognition. eds. Richard R. Lau, and David O. Sears, 233-56. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Kinder, Donald R., and David O. Sears. 1985. Public Opinion and Political Action. in The Handbook of Social Psychology. eds. G. Lindzey, and E. Aronson.

Kirkpatrick, Samuel A., and William Lyons. 1976. Age Effects and Contending Impacts on the Vote. Presented at the annual meeting of the International Political Science Association Congress.

Kirkpatrick, Samuel A., William Lyons, and Michael R. Fitzgerald. 1975. Candidates, Parties, and Issues in the American Electorate: Two Decades of Change. American Politics Quarterly 3: 247-83.

Knight, Kathleen, and Carolyn V. Lewis. 1989. Liberalism and Conservativism in Presidential Election Politics. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Knoke, David, and David E. Long. 1975. The Economic Sensitivity of the American Farm Vote. Rural Sociology 40, no. Spring: 7-17.

Kollman, Ken, and John H. Miller. 1997. Computational Political Economy. in The Economy as an Evolving Complex System II: Proceedings. eds. W. Brian Arthur, Steven N. Durlauf, and David A. Lane, 461-90. New York, NY: Perseus Books, LLC.

Kornberg, Allan, Joel Cooper, and Darwyn Linder. 1970. Understanding Political Behavior: The Relevance of Reactance Theory. Midwest Journal of Political Science 14, no. 1: 131-38.

LA Times - Washington Post Service. 10 November 1996. Disunited They Stand: Nation's Distrusters Defy Unity. The Oregonian, sec. Northwest Living, p. L.10.

Lacey, Robert J. 2005. The Electoral Allure of Direct Democracy: The Effect of Initiative Salience on Voting, 1990-96. State Politics and Policy Quarterly 5, no. 2: 168.

Lacy, Dean. 1998. Back from Intermission: The 1994 Elections and the Return to Divided Government. in Great Theatre : The American Congress in the 1990s. eds. Herbert F. Weisberg, and Samuel C. Patterson, 83-108. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Lacy, Dean. 2003. Dependent Preferences and Over-Time Instability in Survey Responses. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Lacy, Dean. 2005. The Electoral Allure of Direct Democracy: The Effect of Initiative Salience on Voting, 1990-96. State Politics and Policy Quarterly 5, no. 2: 168-82.

Lacy, Dean. 1998. Electoral Support for Tax Cuts: A Case Study of the 1980 American Presidential Election. American Politics Quarterly 26, no. 3: 288-307.

Lacy, Dean. 1998. The Theory of Nonseparable Preferences in Survey Response. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Lacy, Dean. 2001. A Theory of Nonseparable Preferences in Survey Response. American Journal of Political Science 45, no. 2: 239-58.

Lacy, Dean, and Barry C. Burden. 1999. The Vote-Stealing and Turnout Effects of Ross Perot in the 1992 U.S. Presidential Election. American Journal of Political Science 43, no. 1: 233-55.

Lacy, Dean, and Barry C. Burden. 2000. The Vote-Stealing and Turnout Effects of Ross Perot in the 1992 U.S. Presidential Election. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Lacy, Dean, and J. Tobin Grant. 1999. The Impact of the Economy on the 1996 Election: The Invisible Foot. in Reelection 1996: How Americans Voted. eds. Herbert F. Weisberg, and Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, 99-110. Chappaqua, NY: Chatham House Publishers of Seven Brideges, L.L.C.

Lacy, Dean, and Philip Paolino. 1998. Downsian Voting and the Separation of Powers. American Journal of Political Science 42, no. 4: 1180-99.

Lacy, Dean, and Philip Paolino. 2003. Policy Expectations Voting in Gubernatorial Elections: The Role of Institutions.

Ladd, Everett Carl, and Karlyn H. Bowman. 1998. What's Wrong: A Survey of American Satisfaction and Complaint. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.

Ladd, Jonathan, and Gabriel Lenz. 2004. Emotions and Voting Behavior: A Critique. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Ladd, Jr. Everett C. 1995. The 1994 Congressional Elections: The Postindustrial Realignment Continues. Political Science Quarterly 110, no. 1: 1-24.

Ladd, Jr. Everett C. 1997. 1996 Vote: The "No Majority" Realignment Continues. Political Science Quarterly 112, no. 1: 1-28.

Ladd, Jr. Everett C. 1981. The Brittle Mandate: Electoral Dealignment and the 1980 Presidential Election. Political Science Quarterly 96: 1-25.

Ladd, Jr. Everett C. 1976. Liberalism Upside Down: The Inversion of the New Deal Order. Political Science Quarterly 91: 577-600.

Ladd, Jr. Everett C. 1997. Measuring American Society and Performance. The Public Perspective 8, no. 6: 1.

Ladd, Jr. Everett C. 1976. The Polls: The Question of Confidence. Public Opinion Quarterly 40: 544-52.

Ladd, Jr. Everett C. 1982. Where Have All the Voters Gone? The Fracturing of America's Political Parties. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Company.

Ladd, Jr. Everett C., and Karlyn H. Bowman. May 1999. The nation says no to class warfare . USA Today, pp. 24-6.

Ladd, Jr. Everett C., and Charles D. Hadley. 1973. Party Definition and Party Differentiation. Public Opinion Quarterly 37, no. 1: 21-34.

Ladd, Jr. Everett C., and Charles D. Hadley. 1973. Political Parties and Political Issues: Patterns in Differentiation Since the New Deal. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Ladd, Jr. Everett C., and Charles D. Hadley. 1975. Transformations of the Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970's. New York, NY: Norton.

Ladd, Jr. Everett C., Charles D. Hadley, and Lauriston King. 1971. A New Political Realignment? The Public Interest 23, no. Spring: 46-63.

Ladd, Jr. Everett C., and Seymour Martin Lipset. 1975. The Divided Academy: Professors and Politics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Ladd, Jr. Everett C., Marilyn Potter, Linda Basilick, Sally Daniels, and Dana Suszkiw. 1979. The Polls: Taxing and Spending. Public Opinion Quarterly 43: 126-35.

Ladewig, Jeffrey. 2004. PocketBook Voting Revisited: Partisanship, Economic Interests and Congressional Elections, 1980-1992. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Lafferty, Mike. 2 November 2004. Bullets and Ballots: Cop-show viewers see crime among top issues, research shows. The Columbus Dispatch, sec. News-Science, p. 06A.

Lafree, Gary. 1998. Losing Legitimacy: Street Crime and the Decline of Social Institutions in America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Lafree, Gary. 1998. Social Institutions and the Crime "Bust" of the 1990s. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 88, no. 4: 1325-68.

Lake, Celinda C. 1984. Coding of Independent/Independents and Apoliticals in the Party Identification Summary Code and Apoliticals in the Rolling Cross Section, NES Technical Report Series (Document nes010124).

Lake, Celinda C. 1983. Comparison of 3-point, 5-point, and 7-point Scales from the CATI Experiment 1982 Election Study, NES Technical Report Series (Document nes010122).

Lake, Celinda C. 1982. Guns, Butter, and Equality: The Women's Vote in 1980. Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Lake, Celinda C. 1986. Power, Equality, and Policy Dimensions of the Women's Vote in 1984. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Lake, Celinda C. 1983. Similarity and Representativeness of 1983 Pilot Samples, NES Technical Report Series (Document nes010121).

Lake, Celinda C., and Kevin Kramer. 1988. The Southerners' Minds. Public Opinion 10: 48-50.

Lamare, James W. 1975. Inter- or Intragenerational Cleavage? The Political Orientations of American Youth in 1968. American Journal of Political Science 19, no. 1: 81-9.

Lamis, Alexander P. 1991. The Future of Southern Politics: New Directions for Dixie. in The Future South: A Historical Perspective for the Twenty-First Century. eds. Joe P. Dunn, and Howard L. Preston, 49-80. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press .

Lamis, Alexander P. 1984. The Two-Party South. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Lammie, Kelli. 2005. Will Mobilization Attempts Succeed?: Young Adults and a Model for Political Participation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Lane, Robert E. 1955. Political Personality and Electoral Choice. American Political Science Review 49, no. 1: 173-90.

Lane, Robert E. 1965. The Politics of Consensus in an Age of Affluence. American Political Science Review 59, no. 4: 874-95.

Lang, Gladys E., and Kurt Lang. 1983. The Battle for Public Opinion: The President, the Press and the Polls During Watergate. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Langbien, Laura I. 1995. Congress and the Presidency 22: 35-56.

Langer, Gary. July 2002-31 August 2002. Trust in Government. The Public Perspective, sec. Vol. 13, No. 4, p. 7.

Lanoue, David J. 1992. One that Made a Difference: Cognitive Consistency, Political Knowledge, and the 1980 Presidential Debate. Public Opinion Quarterly 56, no. 2: 168-84.

Lanoue, David J. 1991. Partisan Schemas and Economic Voting: The Federal Budget Deficit and the 1988 Presidential Election. Political Behavior 13: 285-302.

Lanoue, David J. 1994. Retrospective and Prospective Voting in Presidential-Year Elections. Political Research Quarterly 47, no. 1: 193-205.

Lanoue, David J. 1993. Retrospective & Schematic Assessments of Presidential Candidates: The Environment & the 1988 Election. Polity XXV, no. 4: 547-63.

Lansing, Marjorie. 1973. The Voting Patterns of Black Women. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

LaPolt, Alisa. 2 August 2002. Senior citizens splitting voting bloc. Gannett News Service, p. 1.

Larson, Carlin. 2004. Divided Under the Divine? Black Evangelicals' Relationship with the Christian Right. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Larson, Eric V. 1996. Casualties and Consensus: The Historical Role of Casualties in Domestic Support for U.S. Military Operations. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

Lasorsa, Dominic L. 1991. Effects of Newspaper Competition on Public Opinion Diversity. Journalism Quarterly 68: 38-47.

Latimer, Margaret K. 1983. The Newspaper: How Significant for Black Voters in Presidential Election? Journalism Quarterly 60: 16-47.

Lau, Richard R. 1985. Changing Perspectives on Political Thinking. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Lau, Richard R. 1989. Construct Accessibility and Electoral Choice. Political Behavior 11: 5-32.

Lau, Richard R. 1998. Effectiveness of negative campaigning in US senate elections. Paper prepared for the Annual Conference of the American-Political-Science-Association.

Lau, Richard R. 1989. Individual and Contextual Influences on Group Identification. Social Psychology Quarterly 52: 220-231.

Lau, Richard R. 1979. "Negativity in Person Perception with Applications to Political Behavior." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles.

Lau, Richard R. 1982. Negativity in Political Perception. Political Behavior 4: 353-77.

Lau, Richard R. 1984. Political Schemas, Candidate Evaluations, and Voting Behavior. Presented at the Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition, Cognition and Political Behavior .

Lau, Richard R. 1986. Political Schemata, Candidate Evaluations and Voting Behavior. in Political Cognition. eds. Richard R. Lau, and David O. Sears, 95-126. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Lau, Richard R. 1983. Reference Group Influence on Political Attitudes and Behavior: Preliminary Report on The Importance of Social, Political, and Psychological Contexts. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Lau, Richard R. 1985. Two Explanations for Negativity Effects in Political Behavior. American Journal of Political Science 29, no. 1: 119-38.

Lau, Richard R., Thad A. Brown, and David O. Sears. 1978. Self-interest and Civilians' Attitudes Toward the Vietnam War. Public Opinion Quarterly 42, no. 4: 464-83.

Lau, Richard R., and Ralph Erber. 1985. Political Sophistication: An Information Processing Perspective. in Mass Media and Political Thought. eds. Sidney Kraus, and Richard M. PerloffBeverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Lau, Richard R., and Gerald M. Pomper. 2000. Accentuate the Negative? Effectiveness of Negative Campaigning in U.S. Senate Elections. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Political Science Association.

Lau, Richard R., and Gerald M. Pomper. 2002. Effectiveness of Negative Campaigning in U.S. Senate Elections. American Journal of Political Science 46, no. 1: 47-66.

Lau, Richard R., and Gerald M. Pomper. 2002. Effectiveness of Negative Campaigning in US Senate Elections. American Journal of Political Science 46, no. 1: 47-66.

Lau, Richard R., Gerald M. Pomper, and Erlinda Mazeika. 1995. The Effects of Negative Campaigning. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 1997. Voting Correctly. American Political Science Review 91, no. 3: 585-98.

Lau, Richard R., and David O. Sears. 1981. Cognitive Links Between Economic Grievances and Political Responses. Political Behavior 34: 279-302.

Lau, Richard R., David O. Sears, and Tom Jessor. 1990. Fact or Artifact Revisited: Survey Instrument Effects and Pocketbook Politics. Political Behavior 12: 217-42.

Lauermann, Robin Marie. 2001. "Evaluations of responsiveness: The constituent perspective of representation." Ph.D. Dissertation, State of New York, Buffalo.

Lavine, Howard. 2001. The Electoral Consequences of Ambivalence toward Presidential Candidates. American Journal of Political Science 45, no. 4: 915-29.

Lavine, Howard, and Thomas Gshwend. 2001. Reconsidering the Role of Issue Consistency in Electoral Decision Making: Evidence from Heteroskedasticity Models. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Lavrakas, Paul J., and Michael W. Traugott. 2000. Election Polls, the News Media, and Democracy. New York, NY: Chatham House.

Lawless Jennifer. 2003. Political Ideology in the United States: Liberalism and Convervatism in the 19080s and 1990s. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Lawless Jennifer. 2004. Politics of Prescence? Congresswomen and Symbolic Representation. Political Research Quarterly 57, no. 1: 81-100.

Lawrence, Chris. 2004. "Signifying Nothing." Web page, [accessed 12 March 2004].

Lawrence, David G. 1979. Candidate Orientation and the Quality of the American Electorate. Polity 11: 229-46.

Lawrence, David G. 1991. The Collapse of the Democratic Majority: Economics and Vote Choice Since 1952. Western Political Quarterly 44: 797-820.

Lawrence, David G. 1996. The Collapse of the Democratic Presidential Majority: Realignment, Dealignment, and Electoral Change from Franklin Roosevelt to Bill Clinton. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Lawrence, David G. 1994. Ideological Extremity, Issue Distance, and Voter Defection. Political Research Quarterly 47, no. 2: 397-421.

Lawrence, David G. 1981. Towards An Attitudinal Theory of Political Participation. Polity 14: 332-46.

Lawrence, Eric. 1996. Simulated Maximum Likelihood via the GHK Simulator: An Application to the 1988 Democratic Super Tuesday Primary. Paper presented at the Political Methodology Summer Meeting .

Lawrence, Robert Z. 1997. Is it Really the Economy, Stupid? in Why People Don't Trust Government. eds. Jr. Joseph S. Nye, Philip D. Zelikow, and David C. KingCambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Lawrence, Robert Z. 1997. Postmaterialist Values and the Erosion of Institutional Authority. in Why People Don't Trust Government. eds. Jr. Joseph S. Nye, Philip D. Zelikow, and David C. KingCambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Layman, Geoffrey C. 2001. The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.

Layman, Geoffrey C. 1997. Religion and Political Behavior in the United States. Public Opinion Quarterly 61, no. 2: 288-316.

Layman, Geoffrey C. 1998. Religious Beliefs and Politics: Better Measures are Needed . The Chronicle of Higher Education 44, no. 27: B4-B5.

Layman, Geoffrey C., and Edward G. Carmines. 1997. Cultural Conflict in American Politics: Religious Traditionalism, Postmaterialism, and U.S. Political Behavior. The Journal of Politics 59, no. 3: 751-77.

Layman, Geoffrey C., and Thomas M. Carsey. 1999. Ideological Realignment in Contemporary American Politics: General Ideological Polarization Rather than Conflict Displacement. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Layman, Geoffrey C., and Thomas M. Carsey. 2000. Parties at the Poles: Mass Party Polarization on Multiple Ideological Dimensions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Layman, Geoffrey C., and Thomas M. Carsey. 2002. Party Polarization and "Conflict Extension" in the American Electorate. American Journal of Political Science 46, no. 4: 786-802.

Layman, Geoffrey C., and Thomas M. Carsey. 2002. Party polarization and party structuring of policy attitudes: A comparison of three NES panel studies. Political Behavior 24, no. 3: 199-236.

Layman, Geoffrey C., and John C. Green. 1998. The Changing Religious Voter: The Political Impact of Belonging, Believing, and Behaving in the 1960s and 1990s. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Layman, Geoffrey C., and John C. Green. 2006. Wars and Rumours of Wars: The Contexts of Cultural Conflict in American Political Behaviour. British Journal of Political Science 36, no. 1: 61-89.

Layman, Geoffrey C., and John C. Green. 2006. Wars and Rumours of Wars: The Contexts of Cultural Conflict in American Political Behaviour. British Journal of Political Science 36, no. 1: 61.

Layman, Geoffrey C., and John C. Green. 2006. Wars and Rumours of Wars: The Contexts of Cultural Conflict in American Political Behaviour. British Journal of Political Science 36, no. 1: 61-89.

Layman, Geoffrey C., and Geoffrey C. Layman. 2000. Party polarization and "conflict extension" in the American electorate. Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science AssociationAtlanta, GA.

le Beau, Bryan F. 1999. The Political Mobilization of the New Christian Right, Part III. The American Religious Experience, http://are.as.wvu.edu/index.html.

Le May, Michael C. 1985. The Struggle for Influence: The Impact of Minority Groups on Politics and Public Policy in the United States. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

Leal, David L., and Frederick Hess. 1999. Survey bias on the front porch: Are all subjects interviewed equally? American Politics Quarterly 27, no. 4: 468-87.

LeBlanc, Hugh L., and Mary Beth Merrin. 1979. Independents, Issue Partisanship and the Decline of Party. American Politics Quarterly 7: 240-55.

LeBlanc, Hugh L., and Mary Beth Merrin. 1977. Mass Belief Systems Revisited. Journal of Politics 39, no. 4: 1082-87.

Lederman, Susan S. 1978. "The Effect of Suburban Residence on Political Beliefs and Attitudes." Ph.D dissertation, Rutgers Univerisity.

LeDuc, Lawrence. 1981. The Dynamic Properties of Party Identification: A Four-Nation Comparison. European Journal of Political Review 9: 257-68.

LeDuc, Lawrence. 1976. Measuring the Sense of Political Efficacy in Canada. Comparative Political Studies 8, no. 4: 490-500.

Lee, Eunjung. 2006. "A social resource model of political participation: Mass media use, social capital, and political participation." Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University.

Lee, Jongho. 2000. "Following one's heart: Emotions and voting." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.

Lee Kaid, Lynda, Monica Postelnicu, Kristen Landreville, Hyun Jung Yun, and Abby Gail Legrange. 2007. The Effects of Political Advertising on Young Voters. American Behavioral Scientist 50, no. 9: 1137-51.

Lee, Ki-Inn. 1991. "Patterns of Party Differences in the United States: Elites and Masses on Domestic and Foreign Policy Issues." Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University.

Lee, Meng-Chee. 1982. "The Effects of Race and Education on Attitudes of Alienation: 1964-1976." Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University.

Lee, Rotan E. 23 August 2002. Moving towards a Democratic majority. Philadelphia Tribune, p. 7A.

Lee, Taeku. 1998. Black Insurgency and the Dynamics of Racial Attitudes in the United States, 1956-1964. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science AssociationPresented in revised form at the Faculty Research Workshop, John F. Kennedy School of Government.

Lee, Taeku. 2002. Mobilizing Public Opinion: Black Insurgency and Racial Attitudes in the Civil Rights Era. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Leege, David C. 1996. The Catholic Vote in the 1996 Presidential Elections: Catholic History, the Grim Reaper, the Stork, and Ignored Social Teaching. Commonwealth: 11-18.

Leege, David C. 1993. The Decomposition of the Religious Vote: A Comparison of White, Non-Hispanic Catholics with other Ethnoreligious Groups, 1960-1992. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Leege, David C. 2003. Methodological Advances in Research on American Religion and Politics. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Leege, David C. 1979. Public Trust and Confidence in Government after Vietnam. Presented at the Hubert Humphrey Institute Conference.

Leege, David C. 1995. Religiosity Measures on the National Election Studies: A Guide to Their Use in Voting Studies, Part I. NES Conference on Values and Predispositions.

Leege, David C., and Wayne L. Francis. 1974. Political Research. New York: Basic Books.

Leege, David C., and Lyman A. Kellstedt. 1993. Rediscovering the Religion Factor in American Politics. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

Leege, David C., Lyman A. Kellstedt, and Kenneth D. Wald. 1990. Religion and Politics: A Report on Measures of Religiosity in the 1989 Pilot Study. Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Leege, David C., and Paul D. Mueller. 2000. American Catholics at the Catholic Moment: An Analysis of Catholic Political Patterns, 1952-1996. Paper Presented at the annual meeting of the Political Science Association.

Leege, David C., Kenneth D. Wald, and Lyman A. Kellstedt. 1993. The Public Dimension of Private Devotionalism. in Rediscovering the Religion Factor in American Politics. eds. David C. Leege, and Lyman A. KellstedtArmonk: M.E. Sharpe.

Leege, David C., Kenneth D. Wald, and Lyman A. Kellstedt. 1990. Religion and Politics: A Report on Measures of Religiosity in the 1989 NES Pilot Study, NES Pilot Study Report, No. nes002281.

Leege, David C., Kenneth D. Wald, Brian S. Krueger, and Paul D. Mueller. 2002. The Politics of Cultural Differences: Social Change and Voter Mobilization Strategies in the Post-New Deal Period. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Lefkowitz, Joel K. 2004. Mobilization Matters: The Changing Impact of Mobilization on Vote Choice in Congressional Elections, 1978-2002. Congress and the Presidency 31, no. 2: 119-31.

Lefkowitz, Joel K. 1999. "Winning the House: Re-Election Strategies, Challenger Campaigns, and Mobilization Against Incumbents." Ph.D dissertation, City University of New York.

Legge, Jr. Jerome S. 1983. The Determinants of Attitudes Toward Abortion in the American Electorate. Western Political Quarterly 36: 479-90.

Lehnen, Robert G., and Gary G. Koch. 1974. A General Linear Aproach to the Analysis of Nonmetric Data: Applications for Political Science. American Journal of Political Science 18, no. 2: 283-313.

Leibert, James Gordon. 1993. "Party Identification and Vote Decision in United States Elections: A Meta-Analysis." Ph.D. dissertation, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.

Leighley, Jan E. 1991. Community Context and Political Participation: The Role of Size, Integration and Mobilization. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Leighley, Jan E. 2003. Mass Media and Politics: A Social Science Perspective. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.

Leighley, Jan E. 1991. Participation as a Stimulus of Political Conceptualization. Journal of Politics 53, no. 1: 198-211.

Leighley, Jan E. 1989. Political Attitudes and Participation: Does Intensity Breed Activity? Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Leighley, Jan E. 1988. Political Attitudes and Participation: The Role of Cognition and Affect. Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Leighley, Jan E. 1990. Social Interaction and Contextual Influences on Political Participation. American Politics Quarterly 18 October: 459-75.

Leighley, Jan E. 1989. Social Interaction as a Stimulus of Political Participation. Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Leighley, Jan E. 1988. "The Structure and Consequences of Individual Political Involvement." Ph.D. dissertation, Washington University.

Leighley, Jan E., and Jonathan Nagler. 1992. Socioeconomic Class Bias in Turnout, 1964-1988: The Voters Remain the Same. American Political Science Review 86: 725-36.

Lenberger, Bryce D., Robert M. Groves, and James M. Lepkowski. 1984. A Comparison Of Listed And Randomly Dialed Telephone Numbers. In Proceedings of the American Statistical Association Section on Survey Research Methods.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Lengle, James I. 1980. Divisive Presidential Primaries and Party Electoral Prospects, 1932-1976. American Politics Quarterly 8: 261-77.

Lengle, James I., Diana Owen, and Molly W. Sonner. 1996. Divisive Primaries and Electoral Turnoff. Presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association.

Lens, Vicki. 2003. The Supreme Court and women's rights: A new challenge. Affilia 18, no. 2: 120-32.

Lenz, Gabriel. 2005. Campaign and Media Attention to an Issue Causes Learning-Based Effects, Not Priming. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Leogrande, William M. 1997. Using Presidential Election Returns to Measure Constituency Ideology. American Politics Quarterly 25, no. 1: 3-18.

Leonard, Charles W. 1996. "The "Bubba" Vote: White Southern Culture and the Republican Realignment in Dixie." Ph.D dissertation, University of Missouri.

Leonard, Charles W. 1995. 'Ethnic' Southern Conservatism: White Southern Culture and the Republican Realignment in Dixie. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Lerman, David I. 1982. "The Virtual Majority: Nonvoters in the 1980 Presidential Election." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon.

Leuthold, David A. 1968. Electioneering in a Democracy. New York: Wiley.

Levendusky, Matt. 2005. America the Purple: A New Look at Mass Polarization. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Levin, David. 2003. Estimating the Impact of Personality Factors in Hispanics Propensity to Vote: Does Need to Evaluate Play the Same Role Among Hispanics as Whites? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Levin, Murray B. 1987. Talk Radio and the American Dream. Lexington, KY: D.C. Heath and Company.

Levin-Waldman, Oren M. 1 September 1997. WORKERS STILL NEED A VOICE. The Plain Dealer, sec. Editorials & Forum, p. 9.B.

Levine, H. 2001. The Electoral Consequences of Ambivalence Toward Presidential Candidates. American Journal of Political Science 45, no. 4: 915-29.

Levine, Jeffrey. 2004. Choosing Alone? The Role of Social Networks in Modern Political Choice. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Levine, Jeffrey, Edward G. Carmines, and R. Robert Huckfeldt. 1995. Issues, Ideology, and Partisanship in the United States, 1972-1992. Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Levine, Jeffrey, Edward G. Carmines, and R. Robert Huckfeldt. 1997. The Rise of Ideology in the Post-New Deal Party System, 1972-1992. American Politics Quarterly 25, no. 1: 19-34.

Levine, Renan. 1999. Betting on the Horses: Expectations of the National Economy and Presidential Election Predictions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Levitin, Teresa E., and Warren E. Miller. 1978. Ideological Interpretation of National Elections: Problems in the Analysis of Change . Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Levitin, Teresa E., and Warren E. Miller. 1979. Ideological Interpretations of Presidential Elections . The American Political Science Review 73, no. 3: 751-71.

Levy, Dena, and Peverill Squire. 1994. Constituency Size and Home Style: A Comparison of Senators and Representatives. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Levy, Dena, Charles Tien, and Rachelle Aved. 2003. Do Differences Matter? Women Members of Congress and the Hyde Amendment. in Women and Congress: Running, Winning, and Ruling. ed. Karen O'Connor, 105-25. New York, NY: Haworth Press.

Lewis-Beck, Michael S. 1977. Agrarian Political Behavior in the United States. American Journal of Political Science 21, no. 3: 543-65.

Lewis-Beck, Michael S. 1996. Electoral inquiry cross-national election surveys: A French pre-test. Electoral Studies 15, no. 4: 513-28.

Lewis-Beck, Michael S. 1985. Pocketbook Voting in U.S. National Election Studies: Fact or Artifact. American Journal of Political Science 29, no. 2: 348-56.

Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Richard Nadeau. 2004. Split-Ticket Voting: The Effects of Cognitive Madisonianism. Journal of Politics 66, no. 1: 97-112.

Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Tom W. Rice. 1992. Forecasting Elections. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.

Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Andrew Skalaban. 1989. Citizen Forecasting: Can Voters See into the Future? British Journal of Politics 19: 145-53.

Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Charles Tien. 1999. Voters as forecasters: a micromodel of election prediction. International Journal of Forecasting 15, no. 2: 175-84.

Lewis, Carol W. 2000. Efficiently taking soundings in a sea of change: Two histories of public budgeting and finance . Public Administration Review 60, no. 2: 183.

Lewis, Carol W. 2005. The Ethics Challenge in Public Service : A Problem-Solving Guide. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Lewis, Carol W. 2006. The Field of Public Budgeting and Financial Management, 1789-2004. In Handbook of Public Administration. ed. Gerald J. Miller, Jack Rabin, and W. Bartley HildrethCRC Press.

Lewis, Carol W., and Stuart C. Gilman. 2005. The Ethics Challenge in Public Service: A Problem-Solving Guide. SanFrancisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Lewis, Carol W., and Irene S. Rubin. 1998. Class, Tax, and Power: Municipal Budgeting in the United States. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

Lewis, Carolyn V. 1992. "Affective Polarization in American Politics." Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Houston.

Lewis, Carolyn V. 1999. Are Women for Women? Feminist and Traditional Values in the Female Electorate. Women and Politics 20, no. 1: 1-28.

Lewis, Carolyn V. 1987. The Process of Political Polarization during the 1984 Election Campaign. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Lewis, Carolyn V., and Jason F. Jagemann. 1998. The Racial Polarization of Belief Systems from 1972 to 1996. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Lewis, Dan A., Christine C. George, and Deborah Puntenney. 1995. Welfare Reform Efforts in Illinois. in Reconceiving Decision-Making in Democratic Politics : Attention, Choice, and Public Policy. ed. Bryan D. Jones, 99-138. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Lewis, Erik Lind. 1991. "Hierarchy, Symbolism and the Dynamics of Ideological Self-Identification in the U S , 1972-1984." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky.

Lewis, Gregory B. 2003. Black-white differences in attitudes toward homosexuality and gay rights. Public Opinion Quarterly 67, no. 1: 59-78.

Lewis, Jeffrey B., and Gary King. 1999. No Evidence on Directional vs. Proximity Voting. Political Analysis 8, no. 1: 21-33.

Lewis, Justin. 2001. Constructing Public Opinion. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Liberman, Peter. 2003. Crime, Punishment, and War. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Liberman, Peter. 2005. Punitiveness and American Public Support for the 2003 Gulf War. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Lien, Pei-te. 1998. Who Votes in Multiracial America? An Analysis of Voting Registration and Turnout by Race and Ethnicity. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Lienesch, Michael. 1998. Prophetic Neo-Populists: The New Christian Right and Party Politics in the United States. in The New Politics of the Right : Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies. eds. Hans-Georg Betz, and Stefan Immerfall, 233-48. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Lieske, Joel. 1991. Cultural Issues and Images in the 1988 Presidential Campaign: Why the Democrats Lost-Again! PS: Political Science and Politics: 180-87.

Lieske, Joel. 1994. How Culture Affects the Probability of Voting: A New Answer for the Turnout Riddle. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Lieske, Joel. 1994. MENE, MENE, TEKEL, and PHARSIN: The Meaning of the 1992 Presidential Election. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Lieske, Joel. 2005. Subcultural Effects on Voting Turnout in U. S. Presidential Elections. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American National Election Studies.

Light, Paul. 1988. Baby Boomers. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company.

Link, Michael W., and Robert W. Oldendick. 1996. Social Construction and White Attitudes toward Equal Opportunity and Multiculturalism. Journal of Politics 58: 149-68.

Linneman, Thomas J. 2003. Weathering Change: Gays and Lesbians, Christian COnservatives, and Everyday Hostilities. New York, NY: New York University Press.

Lipinski, Daniel. 2004. Congressional Communication: Content and Consequences. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Lipinski, Daniel. 2001. The Effect of Messages Communicated by Members of Congress: The Impact of Publicizing Votes. Legislative Studies Quarterly 26, no. 1: 81-100.

Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Jr. Everett C. Ladd. 1971. College Generations and Their Politics. New Society 18, no. 7: 654-57.

Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Jr. Everett C. Ladd. 1971. College Generations from the 1930s to the 1960s. The Public Interest 25, no. Fall: 99-113.

Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Jr. Everett C. Ladd. 1972. The Political Future of Activist Generations. in The New Pilgrims: Youth Protest in Transition. eds. Philip G. Altbach, and Robert S. LauferNew York, NY: David McKay.

Lipset, Seymour Martin, and William Schneider. 1987. The Confidence Gap: Business, Labor, and Government in the Public Mind. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Lipset, Seymour Martin, and William Schneider. 1983. The Decline of Confidence in American Institutions. Political Science Quarterly 98: 379-402.

Little, Thomas H. 1989. Southern and Non-Southern Political Behavior: The Nature of Convergence, 1964-1988 . Presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association.

Liu, Alex. 2001. Political Participation and Satisfaction with Democracy in New Democracies. RM Institute Working Paper.

Lloyd, Randall D. 1997. "The Two Hurdles of Voter Turnout." Ph.D dissertation, University of Nevada, Reno.

Lloyd, Randall D. 2001. Voter Registration Reconsidered - Putting First Things First is Not Enough. American Politics Research 29, no. 6: 649-64.

Lockerbie, Brad. 1989. Change in Party Identification: The Role of Prospective Economic Evaluations. American Politics Quarterly 17: 291-311.

Lockerbie, Brad. 2000. Economics and Politics: Egocentric or Sociotropic? Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Lockerbie, Brad. 1991. The Influence of Levels of Information on the Use of Prospective Evaluations. Political Behavior 13: 223-35.

Lockerbie, Brad. 1999. The Partisan Component to the Incumbency Advantage: 1956-1996. Political Research Quarterly 52, no. 3: 631-46.

Lockerbie, Brad. 2002. Party Identification: Constancy and Change . American Politics Research 30, no. 4: 384-405.

Lockerbie, Brad. 1987. Party Identification: Retrospective or Prospective. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Lockerbie, Brad. 1991. Prospective Economic Voting in U.S. House Elections, 1956-88. Legislative Studies Quarterly 16: 239-61.

Lockerbie, Brad. 1992. Prospective Voting in Presidential Elections, 1956-1988. American Politics Quarterly 20, no. 3: 308-25.

Lockerbie, Brad. 1994. The Sophomore Surge - Conversion, Mobilization, or Abstention. Political Research Quarterly 47, no. 4: 961-68.

Lockerbie, Brad. 1988. "The Voters' Decision: The Role of Retrospective and Prospective Economic Evaluations." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Iowa .

Lodge, Milton, Marco R. Steenbergen, and S. Brau. 1995. The Responsive Voter - Campaign Information and the Dynamics of Candidate Evaluation. American Political Science Review 89, no. 2: 309-26.

Lodge, Milton, and Bernard Tursky. 1981. On the Magnitude Scaling of Political Opinion in Survey Research. American Journal of Political Science 25, no. 2: 376-419.

Londregan, John B. 2000. Legislative Institutions and Ideology in Chile. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Long, Samuel. 1978. Personality and Political Alienation Among White and Black Youth: A Test of the Social Deprivation Model. Journal of Politics 40, no. 2: 433-57.

Lopatto, Paul. 1985. Religion and the Presidential Election. New York, NY: Praeger.

Lopez-Pina, Antonia. 1971. Estructuras Electorales Contemporaneas. Madrid: Editorial tecnos.

Lowery, David. 1982. The Attitudinal Consequences of the Tax Revolt. Political Behavior 4: 333-52.

Lowery, David. 2004. Organized Interests and American Government. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Lowery, David, and Lee Sigelman. 1981. Understanding the Tax Revolt: Eight Explanations. American Political Science Review 75: 963-74.

Lowry, Robert C., James E. Alt, and Karen E. Ferree. 1998. Fiscal policy outcomes and electoral accountability in American states . The American Political Science Review 92, no. 4: 759-74.

Lubin, David. 2004. The Republican South: Democratization and Partisan Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Luck, Barbara. 1984. "Reassessing the Dynamics of Public Support to the U S Supreme Court." Ph.D. dissertation, Washington University.

Luevano, Patricia. 1994. Response Rates in the National Election Studies, 1948-1992, NES Technical Report Series (Document nes010162).

Luke, Peter. 13 August 2000. In politics, what's changed the most is voter attitudes. The Ann Arbor News, sec. Opinion, p. B7.

Luke, Peter. 13 August 2000. Most voters will tune out convention - But attitudes have not changed that much since 1960, a survey shows. The Grand Rapids Press, sec. State, p. A27.

Luks, Samantha. 2004. African American Macropartisanship: Explaining the Decline in Democratic Party Identification, 1973-2003. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Luks, Samantha, and Laurel Elms. 2005. African-American Partisanship and the Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement: Generational, Regional, and Economic Influences on Democratic Identification, 1973-1994. Political Psychology 26, no. 5: 735-54.

Luks, Samantha Caroline. 2000. "Learning political cynicism: The role of information, generations, and events in the development of political trust in the United States." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.

Luks, Samantha Caroline, Joanne M Miller, and Lawrence R. Jacobs. 2003. Who Wins? Campaigns and the Third Party Vote . Presidential Studies Quarterly 33, no. 1: 9-30.

Lunch, William L., and Peter W. Sperlich. 1979. American Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam. Western Politics Quarterly 32, no. March: 21-44.

Lunch, William M. 1976. "Midwives of Democracy: The Active Public in American Politics." Ph.D dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.

Lusk, Cynthia M., and Charles M. Judd. 1988. Political Expertise and the Structural Mediators of Candidate Evaluations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 24, no. 2: 105-26.

Luskin, Robert C. 1990. Explaining Political Sophistication. Political Behavior 12: 331-61.

Luskin, Robert C. 1987. Measuring Political Sophistication. American Journal of Political Science 31, no. 4: 856-99.

Luskin, Robert C. 1993. Political Psychology, Political Behavior, and Politics: Questions of Aggregation, Causal Distance, and Taste. in Political Psychology and Political Behavior. ed. James H. KuklinskiCambridge University Press.

Luskin, Robert C. 2002. Political Psychology, Political Behavior, and Politics: Questions of Aggregation, Causal Distance, and Taste. in Thinking about Political Psychology. eds. James H. Kuklinski, and Dennis Chong, 217-52. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Luskin, Robert C. 1983. "The Roots of Political Sophistication." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.

Luskin, Robert C., John P. McIver, and Edward G. Carmines. 1989. Issues and the Transmission of Partisanship. American Journal of Political Science 33: 440-58.

Luttbeg, Norman R. 1985. Attitudinal Components of Turnout Decline: Where Have Some States' Voters Gone? Social Science Quarterly 66: 435-43.

Luttbeg, Norman R. 1974. Public Opinion and Public Policy: Models of Political Linkage. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.

Luttbeg, Norman R., and James B. Cottrill. 1998. Collective, Individual, and Issue Origins of Liberal and Conservative Self Declarations: Why Are We Liberals? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Asociation.

Luttbeg, Norman R., and Michael M. Gant. 1985. The Failure of Liberal/Conservative Ideology as a Cognitive Structure. Public Opinion Quarterly 49, no. 1: 80-93.

Lynch, Frederick R. 1991. Invisible Victims. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers.

Lynch, Michael E. 1973. "A Critical Analysis of the Survey Research Center's Political Efficacy Scale." Ph.D. dissertation, State University of New York at Albany.

Lyons, Michael S., and II John M. Scheb. 22 February 1998. Building a firewall: Bill Clinton's amazing performance ratings: What's going on here? Knoxville News-Sentinel, sec. Perspective, p. F1.

Lyons, William, and II John M. Scheb. 1992. Ideology and Candidate Evaluation in the 1984 and 1988 Presidential Elections. Journal of Politics 54: 573-84.

Lyons, William, and II John M. Scheb. 2001. Ideology, Partisanship and Candidate Evaluation: The 1988-2000 Presidential Elections. Paper prepared for delivery at the 2001 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

MacDonald, Stuart Elaine, George B. Rabinowitz, and Ola Listhaug. 1995. Political Sophistication and Models of Issue Voting. British Journal of Political Science 25, no. 4: 453-83.

Maddox, William S., and Stuart A. Lilie. 1979. An Alternate Analysis of Mass Belief Systems: Liberal, Conservative, Populist and Libertarian. Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Maddox, William S., and Stuart A. Lilie. 1984. Beyond Liberal and Conservative: Reassessing the Political Spectrum. Washington, D.C.: CATO Institute.

Marquette, Jesse F., and Jan E. Leighley. 1983. Vote D, Vote R, or Don't Bother: An Alternative View of Voting Behavior. Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Meffert, Michael F., Michael Guge, and Milton Lodge. 2004. Good, Bad, and Ambivalent: The Consequences of Multidimensional Political Attitudes. in Studies in Public Opinion: Attitudes, Nonattitudes, Measurement Error, and Change. eds. Willem E. Saris, and Paul M. Sniderman, 63-92. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Merrin, Mary Beth, and Hugh L. LeBlanc. 1979. Parties and Candidates in 1972: Objects of Issue Voting. Western Politics Quarterly 32: 59-69.

Miller, Arthur H. 1986. Partisan Cognitions in Transition. in Political Cognition. eds. Richard R. Lau, and David O. Sears, 203-32. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Miller, Arthur H. 1987. Public Opinion and Regional Political Realignment. in The Politics of Realignment: Party Change in the Mountain West. Peter F. Galderisi, Michael S. Lyons, Randy T. Simmons, and John G. Franies, 79-100. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Miller, Arthur H. 1974. Public Policy and Political Cynicism. in Public Opinion and Public Policy. 2nd. ed., ed. Norman R. LuttbegHomewood, IL: Dorsey.

Miller, Arthur H., Anne Hildreth, Kevin M. Leyden, and Christopher Wlezien. 1988. Judging by the Company Candidates Keep: What's a Democrat Do? Public Opinion 11: 14-6.

Miller, Arthur H., and Ola Listhaug. 1990. Political Parties and Confidence in Government: A Comparison of Norway, Sweden and the United States. British Journal of Political Science 20, no. 3: 357-86.

Miller, Arthur H., and Ola Listhaug. 1999. Political Performance and Institutional Trust. in Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governement. ed. Pippa Norris, 204-16. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Miller, Arthur H., and Ola Listhaug. 1984. Political Support in Norway and the United States. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Miller, Arthur H., and Brad Lockerbie. 1992. The United States of America. in Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structure in Western Countries. eds. Mark N. Franklin, Thomas T. Makie, and Henry ValenCambridge, MA: Cambride University Press.

Miller, Warren E. 1964. Majority Rule and the Representative System of Government. in Cleavages, Ideologies, and Party Systems: Contributions to Comparative Political Sociology. editors Erik Allardt, and Yrjo LittunenHelsinski: The Westermarck Society.

Miller, Warren E. 1960. The Political Behavior of the Electorate. in American Government Annual, 1960-61. editors Earl Latham, and othersNew York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Miller, Warren E. 1960. The Study of Electoral Behavior. in American Government Annual, 1960-61. editors Earl Latham, and othersNew York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Miller, Warren E., and Teresa E. Levitin. 1979. Ideological Interpretations of Presidential Elections. American Political Science Review 73: 751-71.

Miller, Warren E., and Teresa E. Levitin. 1977. Leadership and Change: Presidential Elections from 1952-1976. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop.

Mockabee, Stephen T., Kenneth D. Wald, and David C. Leege. 2007. Reexamining Religiosity: A Report on the New Religion Items in the ANES 2006 Pilot Study, ANES Pilot Study Report, No. nes011907.

Murray, Patrick, and Richard R. Lau. 1993. The Salience of Social Groups in Political Perception and Judgment. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Nadeau, Richard, and Michael S. Lewis-Beck. 2001. National Economic Voting in US Presidential Elections. Journal of Politics 63, no. 1: 159-81.

Nadeau, Richard, Richard G. Niemi, and Jeffrey Levine. 1993. Innumeracy About Minority Populations. Public Opinion Quarterly 57: 332-47.

Norpoth, Helmut, and Milton Lodge. 1985. The Difference between Attitudes and Nonattitudes in the Mass Public: Just Measurements. American Journal of Political Science 29, no. 2: 291-307.

Orren, Gary R. 1978. Candidate Style and Voter Alignment in 1976. in Emerging Coalitions in American Politics. ed. Seymour Martin LipsetSan Francisco, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies.

Persily, Nathaniel, and Kelli Lammie. 2004. Perceptions of Corruption and Campaign Finance: When Public Opinion Determines Constitutional Law. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

Persily, Nathaniel, and Kelli Lammie. 2004. Symposium: The Law of Democracy: Campaign Finance After McCain-Feingold: Perceptions of Corruption and Campaign Finance: When Public Opinion Determines Constitutional Law. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 153: 119.

Pomper, Gerald M., and Susan S. Lederman. 1980. Elections in America. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Longman.

Popkin, Samuel L., and Michael A. Dimock. 2000. Knowledge, Trust, & International Reasoning. in Elements of Reason: Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality. eds. A. Rosenthal, Arthur Lupia, Matthew D. McCubbins, Samuel L. Popkin, and James H. Kuklinski, 214-38. New York, NY: Cambride University Press.

Rosenstone, Steven J., Roy L. Behr, and Edward H. Lazarus. 1984. Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Rosenstone, Steven J., and David C. Leege. 1994. An Update on the National Election Studies. PS: Political Science and Politics 27, no. 4: 693-8.

Scholz, John T., and Mark Lubell. 1998. Trust and Taxpaying: Testing the Heuristic Approach to Collective Action. American Journal of Political Science 42, no. 2: 398-417.

Schuman, Howard, Jacob Ludwig, and Jon A. Krosnick. 1986. The Perceived Threat of Nuclear War, Salience, and Open Questions . The Public Opinion Quarterly 50, no. 4: 519-36.

Searing, Donald D., Joel J. Schwartz, and Alden E. Lind. 1973. The Structuring Principle: Political Socializatoin and Belief Systems. American Political Science Review 67, no. 2: 415-32.

Sears, David O. 1986. A Schematic Variant of Symbolic Politics Theory, as Applied to Racial and Gender Equality. in Political Cognition. eds. Richard R. Lau, and David O. SearsHillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Sears, David O., and Richard R. Lau. 1983. Inducing Apparently Self-Interested Political Preferences. American Journal of Political Science 27, no. 2: 223-52.

Sears, David O., and Richard R. Lau. 1979. Personal Impact, Governmental Performance, and Policy Attitudes: A Preliminary Analysis of the 1979 CPS Pilot Study, NES Pilot Study Report, No. nes002239.

Sidanius, James, and Richard R. Lau. 1989. Political Sophistication and Political Deviance: A Matter of Context. Political Psychology 10: 85-109.

Skrentny, John David. 2001. Republican Efforts to End Affirmative Action: Walking a Fine Line. in Seeking the Center: Politics and Policymaking at the New Century. eds. Martin A. Levin, Marc K. Landy, and Martin M. Shapiro, 132-71. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

Sniderman, Paul M. 2000. Taking Sides: A Fixed Choice Theory of Political Reasoning. in Elements of Reason: Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality. eds. Arthur Lupia, Matthew D. McCubbins, Samuel L. Popkin, and James H. Kuklinski, 67-84. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Soss, Joe, Laura I. Langbien, and Alan R. Metelko. 2003. Why Do White Americans Support the Death Penalty? Journal of Politics 65, no. 2: 397-421.

Soss, Joe, and Danielle LeClair. 2004. Race, Sex, and the Implicit Politics of Welfare Reform. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.

Stokes, Donald. 1962. Popular Evaluations of Government: An Empirical Assessment. in Ethics and Bigness: Scientific, Academic, Religious, Political, and Military. editors Harlan Cleveland, and Harold D. LasswellNew York: Harper & Row.

Stone, Walter J. 1987. Regional Variation in Partisan Change: Realignment in the Mountain West. in The Politics of Realignment: Party Change in the Mountain West. Peter F. Galderisi, Michael S. Lyons, Randy T. Simmons, and John G. FraniesBoulder, CO: Westview Press.

Van Wingen, John R., and David C. Valentine. 1988. Partisan Politics: A One-and-a-Half, No-Party System. in Contemporary Southern Politics. ed. James F. Lea.

Wald, Kenneth D., David C. Leege, and Lyman A. Kellstedt. 1993. Church Involvement and Political Behavior. in Rediscovering the Religion Factor in American Politics. eds. David C. Leege, and Lyman A. Kellstedt, 121-38. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

Wattenberg, Martin P., and Arthur H. Miller. 1981. Decay in Regional Party Coalitions: 1952-1980. in Party Coalitions in the 1980's. ed. Seymour Martin LipsetSan Francisco, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies.

Weber, Lori M., Alysha Loumakis, and James Bergman. 2003. Who participates and why?: an analysis of citizens on the internet and the mass public. Social Science Computer Review 21, no. 1: 26-42.

Welch, Michael R., David C. Leege, Kenneth D. Wald, and Lyman A. Kellstedt. 1993. Are the Sheep Hearing the Sheperds? Cue Perceptions, Congregational Responses, and Political Communications. in Rediscovering the Religion Factor in American Politics. eds. David C. Leege, and Lyman A. Kellstedt, 235-54. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

Wielhouwer, Peter W., and Brad Lockerbie. 1994. Party Contacting and Political Participation, 1952-90. American Journal of Political Science 38, no. 1: 211-29.

Wilcox, Clyde, Ted G. Jelen, and David C. Leege. 1993. Religious Group Identifications: Toward a Cognitive Theory of Religious Mobilization. in Rediscovering the Religion Factor in American Politics. eds. David C. Leege, and Lyman A. Kellstedt, 72-99. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

Wuthnow, Robert, and William Lehrman. 1990. Religion: Inhibitor or Facilitator of Political Involvement Among Women? Women, Politics, and Change. editors Louise A. Tilly, and Patricia Gurin, 300-22. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Zipp, John F., Richard Lerman, and Paul Luebke. 1982. Political Parties and Political Participation: A Reexamination of the Standard Socioeconomic Model. Social Forces 60: 1140-53.