FILE anes2000to2004merged_app.txt ----------------------------- ANES 2000-2004 Merged File (2004.M2000) Codebook appendices file VERSION 20110812 (August 12, 2011) Note: sections in the current file [APPENDICES] can be navigated by searching ">>". >> 2000 APPENDIX: NOTES ON SAMPLING VARIABLES PSU (Primary Selection Unit) An abbreviated version of the Census MSA of which it is part for SR MSAs and Non-SR MSAs. For non-MSAs the PSU Name is the name of the county involved. If there is more than one county in the non MSA (non MSA counties were linked to reach a minimum measure of size of 5000 Households) it is named for the county with the most Households in 1990. The hundreds place of the Primary Selection Unit (PSU) for Cross Section Segments that are all from the 1990 National Sample indicates when the segment is in a Self Representing (SR) Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), a Non Self Representing (Non SR) MSA or a Non MSA as designated by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. 100's are SR MSA areas 200's are Non SR MSA areas* 300's are Non MSA areas** 400's are Non MSA PSU's from the 1980 National Sample Design * PSU 434 is a Non Self Representing MSA from the 1980 National Sample Design. **For ANES 2000 all Non MSA PSU's are Non MSA's from the 1980 National Sample Design. The tens place of the PSU for the 1990 National Sample indicate which Census Division the segment is located in. The variable Census Region (described on page two) indicates the Census Region for each of the divisions mentioned below. Division Region (Census Region) ------------------ --------------------- 10 New England North East (1) 20 Middle Atlantic North East (1) 30 East North Central MidWest (2) 40 West North Central MidWest (2) 50 South Atlantic South (3) 60 East South Central South (3) 70 West South Central South (3) 80 Mountain West (4) 90 Pacific West (4) The ones place of the PSU are simply sequential numbers within the division. SEGMENT NAME The name of the city or Census Place or Census MCD with the most housing units (HUs) within the area segment boundary. BELT CODE Code 1 includes all except two of the 28 1990 National Sample Frame self-representing areas. Central Cities of Denver, Co MSA and Kansas City MSA are NOT to be coded 1. Central Cities of all other self-representing areas of the 1990 National Sample Frame are coded 1 (including Nassau- Suffolk NY and Newark NJ as part of the NYC, NY-Northern NJ CMSA; Los Angeles, Anaheim, and Riverside CA as part of the LA-etc. CMSA; and San Francisco and Oakland CA as part of the SF-Oakland CA CMSA). For the most part, no 1990 Frame non-self-representing MSA Central Cities are coded 1, except as noted below. [NOTE: In 1990, the PSU definition in New England states is the New England County Metropolitan Area (NECMA). This means that for the 1990 Frame segments in New England--there may be Central Cities of MSAs included in the NECMA definition that are not in the CMSA/MSA definition. For example, in Boston MA (1990 frame) the Central Cities include not only those for Boston MSA but some from other New England MSAs -- some of which could be outside of the Boston CMSA definition and could be coded `2'. It also means that in the Manchester- Nashua NH NECMA (non-self-representing) there are two segment selections in Nashua, NH (central city of Nashua MA PMSA) which is part of the Boston MA CMSA and has therefore been coded `1'.] Central Cities - as designated in Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1990, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Washington, D.C. (June 1990). Six largest CMSAs - Statistical Abstract of the United States 1991, (111th Edition), U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, Table No. 38. "70 Largest Metropolitan Areas-- Racial and Hispanic Origin Populations: 1990" Pp 33. Suburbs - defined as all "urbanized areas" in the Primary Area exclusive of the areas coded `1' and `2' above, plus the remainder of any county which includes a central city or parts of a central city. NECMA/SMSA The NECMA is the New England County Metropolitan Area code as described in the 1990 SRC National Sample Design and Development documentation. In 1990 the U.S. Census adopted slightly different wording and abbreviations for metropolitan areas, now known collectively as Metropolitan Areas (MAs). What in 1980 were Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) became in 1990 either Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) or Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSAs). MSA is used for a metropolitan area which stands alone, i.e., is not a part of a Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA). PMSA is used for a metropolitan area which is part of a larger CMSA. The metropolitan area standards for the 1990's generally reflect a continuity with those adopted for the 1980's and maintain the basic concepts originally developed in 1950. The few substantive changes made between 1980 and 1990 are detailed in the Federal Register, Vol. 55, No.62 cited in the footnote. New England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs) provide an alternative to the official city-and-town based metropolitan statistical areas in that Census region for the convenience of data users who desire a county-defined set of areas. NECMAs have their separate definition standards detailed in the Federal Register (p. 12159). Since the 1990 SRC National Sample primary stage of selection was based on the NECMA in New England, the 1990 NECMA is provided in place of 1990 MSA or PMSA for this variable. CMSA The 1990 Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) codes are in most cases identical to the 1980 SCSA codes with the exceptions noted in parenthesis. In addition to the major changes noted, minor changes in SCSA and CMSA names have also occurred between 1980 and 1990. >> 2000 APPENDIX: CENSUS DEFINITIONS THIS NOTE CONTAINS DEFINITIONS OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS USED BY THE 1990 U.S. CENSUS OF POPULATION: Metropolitan Statistical Areas Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas Urbanized Areas Places Incorporated Places Unincorporated Places 1. "METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS (MSA's):" The general concept of a metropolitan area is one of a large population nucleus, together with adjacent communities that have a high degree of economic and social integration with that nucleus. In 1990 the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the U.S. Census have used the term Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) for what in 1980 was referred to as Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA). An attempt has been made by the study staff to be consistent in using the newer terms in the current documentation and definitions. The definitions of characteristics to be classified as a metropolitan area have remained fairly consistent--with only minor changes between 1980 and 1990. However, due to changes in population size and density, employment, commuting and other behavior which defines metropolitan areas, the specific geographical composition of any given metropolitan area has, of course, frequently changed. The specific MSA title may also have changed as to which cities are named and in what order. Each MSA has one or more central counties containing the area's main population concentration: an urganized area with at least 50,000 inhabitants. An MSA may also include outlying counties that have close economic and social relationships with the central counties. The outlying counties must have a specified level of commuting to the central counties and must also meet certain standards regarding metropolitan character, such as population density, urban population and population growth. In New England, MSA's are composed of cities and towns rather than whole counties. The population living in MSA's may also be referred to as the metropolitan population. The population is subdivided into "inside central city (or cities)" and "outside central city (or cities)." (The population living outside MSA's constitutes the non-metropolitan population.) Most MSA's have one to three CENTRAL CITIES that are named in the census title of the MSA. 2. "CONSOLIDATED METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS (CMSA's):" In some parts of the country, metropolitan development has progressed to the point that adjoining MSA's are themselves socially and economically interrelated. These areas are designated consolidated metropolitan statistical areas (CMSA's) by the Office of Management and Budget, and are defined using standards included as part of the new MSA standards described above. MSA's that are a part of a CMSA are referred to as primary metropolitan statistical areas (PMSA's). Definitions of the six largest CMSA's: NEW YORK-NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-LONG ISLAND, NY-NJ-CT, CMSA Bergen-Passaic, NJ PMSA Bridgeport-Milford, CT PMSA Danbury, CT PMSA Jersey City, NJ PMSA Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon, NJ PMSA Monmouth-Ocean NJ PMSA Nassau-Suffolk, NY PMSA* New York, NY PMSA* Newark, NJ PMSA* Norwalk, CT PMSA Orange County, NY PMSA Stamford, CT PMSA LOS ANGELES-ANAHEIM-RIVERSIDE, CA, CMSA Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA PMSA* Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA PMSA* Oxnard-Ventura, CA PMSA Riverside-San Bernardino, CA PMSA* CHICAGO-GARY-LAKE COUNTY (IL), IL-IN-WI CMSA Aurora-Elgin, IL PMSA* (Kane Co part only) Chicago, IL PMSA* Gary-Hammond, IN PMSA Joliet, IL PMSA* (Will Co part only) Kenosha, WI PMSA Lake County, IL PMSA* SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND-SAN JOSE, CA, CMSA Oakland, CA PMSA* San Francisco, CA PMSA* San Jose, CA PMSA Santa Cruz, CA PMSA Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA PMSA Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa, CA PMSA PHILADELPHIA-WILMINGTON-TRENTON, PA-NJ-DE-MD, CMSA Philadelphia, PA-NJ, PMSA* Trenton, NJ PMSA Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton, NJ PMSA Wilmington, DE-NJ-MD PMSA DETROIT-ANN ARBOR, MI, CMSA Ann Arbor, MI PMSA Detroit, MI PMSA* * In the SRC 1980 National Sample (1992 ANES sample). For the purpose of size and distance coding of suburbs and non-MSAs, the central cities of the six largest CMSAs are listed as: 1. New York City (Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens), NY, Elizabeth, NJ and Newark, NJ 2. Los Angeles, Long Beach, Pasadena, Pomona, Burbank, Anaheim, Santa Ana, Riverside, San Bernardino and Palm Springs, CA. 3. Chicago, Evanston and Chicago Heights, Aurora, Elgin, Joliet, Waukegan and North Chicago, IL 4. San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley and Livermore, CA 5. Philadelphia and Norristown, PA and Camden, NJ 6. Detroit, Dearborn, Pontiac and Port Huron, MI Both the CMSA definitions and the central city designations above are from Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1990, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC (Jun 1990) (PB90-214420) 3. "URBANIZED AREAS:" The major objective of the Census Bureau in delineating urbanized areas is to provide a better separation of urban and rural population in the vicinity of large cities. An urbanized area consists of a central city or cities, and surrounding closely settled territory ("urban fringe"). 4. "PLACES:" Two types of places are recognized in the census reports--incorporated places and unincorporated places, defined as follows: 5. "INCORPORATED PLACES:" These are political units incorporated as cities, borought, towns and villages with the following exceptions: (a) boroughs in Alaska; and (b) towns in New York, Wisconsin and the New England states. 6. "UNINCORPORATED PLACES:" The Census Bureau has delineated boundaries for closely settled population centers without corporate limits. Each place so delineated possesses a definite nucleus of residences and has its boundaries drawn to include, if feasible, all the surrounding closely settled area. These are called Census Designated Places (CDP's). >> 2000 APPENDIX: 2000 TYPE RACE MASTER CODE DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENT RUNNING 12 Dem incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER 13 Dem incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER 14 Dem incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED 19 Dem incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CHALLENGERS REPUBLICAN INCUMBENT RUNNING 21 Rep incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER 23 Rep incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER 24 Rep incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED 29 Rep incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CHALLENGERS OTHER INCUMBENT RUNNING 31 Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER 32 Other incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER 34 Other incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED 35 Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CHALLENGERS 36 Other incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CHALLENGERS 37 Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CHALLENGERS 39 Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CHALLENGERS NO INCUMBENT RUNNING 51 Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 52 Dem incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 53 Dem incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 55 Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS 56 Dem incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS 57 Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS 59 Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS 61 Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 62 Rep incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 63 Rep incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 65 Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS 66 Rep incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS 67 Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS 69 Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS 71 Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 72 Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 73 Other incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 75 Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS 76 Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS 77 Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS 79 Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS SENATE ONLY -NO RACE IN STATE 81 DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENTS, no race in state 82 REPUBLICAN INCUMBENTS, no race in state 85 DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN INCUMBENTS, no race in state >> 2000 APPENDIX: 2000 CANDIDATE NUMBER MASTER CODE SENATE: ------ OPEN RACE 09 Third party or independent Senate candidate --incumbent 10 Third party or independent Senate candidate --nonincumbent ** 08 Third party or independent Senate candidate --2nd nonincumbent ** 11 Democratic candidate in open Senate race 12 Republican candidate in open Senate race 13 Democratic Senate incumbent 14 Republican Senate incumbent 15 Democratic Senate challenger 16 Republican Senate challenger TERM NOT UP 19 Democratic Senator, term not up in state with race 29 Republican Senator, term not up in state with race 20 Third party or independent Senator, term not up in state with race RETIRING 21 Democratic Senator--retiring (state with open race) 22 Republican Senator--retiring (state with open race) 23 Third party or independent Senator--retiring (state with open race) NO RACE IN STATE 17 Democratic Senator, no race in state (1st Dem) 18 Republican Senator, no race in state (1st Rep) 27 Democratic Senator, no race in state (2nd Dem) 28 Republican Senator, no race in state (2nd Rep) 26 Third party or independent Senator, no race in state HOUSE: ----- OPEN RACE 30 Third party or independent House candidate --nonincumbent ** 31 Democratic candidate in open House race 32 Republican candidate in open House race 33 Democratic House incumbent 34 Republican House incumbent 35 Democratic House challenger 36 Republican House challenger 38 Third party or independent House candidate--2nd nonincumbent ** 39 Third party or independent House candidate--incumbent RETIRING 40 Third party or independent Representative--retiring (district with open race) 41 Democratic Representative--retiring (district with open race) 42 Republican Representative--retiring (district with open race) OTHER: 90 Both Democratic and Republican candidates (used in incumbency varS only) 97 Name given not on Candidate List MISSING DATA: 98 DK; refused to name candidate 99 NA 00 INAP ++VOTE QUESTION ONLY, VOTED OUTSIDE DISTRICT OF IW (CODES 81-92): DISTRICT WITH NO RUNNING INCUMBENT: (VOTE VAR ONLY) 81 Democratic candidate 82 Republican candidate DISTRICT WITH RUNNING INCUMBENT: (VOTE VAR ONLY) 83 Democratic incumbent 84 Republican incumbent 85 Democratic challenger 86 Republican challenger ALL DISTRICTS: (VOTE VAR ONLY) 80 Third party or independent candidate ** 91 Democrat--no name given 92 Republican--no name given ** IF 3RD PARTY/INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE NAMED, THIS CODE IS USED ONLY IF NAME APPEARS ON CANDIDATE LIST (IF NAME NOT ON CANDIDATE LIST, CODE 97 IS USED). NOTE: CODE 97 INCLUDES INSTANCES WHERE R VOTED STRAIGHT MAJOR PARTY TICKET BUT NO CANDIDATE FOR R'S PARTY RAN FOR GIVEN OFFICE (OR: R INSISTS VOTED FOR A MAJOR PARTY'S CANDIDATE BUT NO CANDIDATE RAN FOR GIVEN OFFICE REPRESENTING NAMED MAJOR PARTY). ++ CODES 80-86,91,92 ARE NOT USED IN VARS OTHER THAN VOTE VARS. >> 2000 APPENDIX: ETHNICITY MASTER CODE WESTERN HEMISPHERE ------------- North America ------------- 01. American Indian, tribal mentions 02. Canadian; not specified as French-Canadian (03) 03. Canadian, of French origin 04. Mexican (excluding explicit mention of "Chicano", "Mexican-American") 05. Central American ----------- West Indies ----------- 07. Barbados 08. Cuban 09. Dominican Republic 10. Haitian 11. Jamaican 12. Puerto Rican 13. West Indian--not from one of the above countries 14. West Indian--NA which country ------------- South America ------------- 16. South American--any country EUROPE ------------- British Isles ------------- 18. English, British 19. Irish (not specified as from Northern Ireland, Ulster--22) 20. Scottish 21. Welsh 22. From Northern Ireland (Ulster) 23. Scot-Irish 24. From British Isles; from two or more countries of the British Isles -------------- Western Europe -------------- 26. Austrian 27. Belgian 28. French 29. German; also Pennsylvania Dutch 30. Luxembourg 31. Netherlands, Holland; Dutch 32. Swiss 33. From Western Europe; two or more countries of Western Europe ----------- Scandinavia ----------- 35. Danish 36. Finn, Finnish 37. Norwegian 38. Swedish 39. Icelander 40. Scandinavian; reference to two or more Scandinavian countries --------------------------------------------------- Multiple - Western Europe/Scandinavia/British Isles --------------------------------------------------- 41. Reference to two or more countries from combination of the following areas: British Isles, Western Europe, Scandinavia, Mediterranean countries, Greece -------------- Eastern Europe -------------- 43. Czechoslovakian, Slavic 44. Estonian 45. Hungarian 46. Latvian 47. Lithuanian 48. Polish 49. Russian; from U.S.S.R. 50. Ukrainian 51. Eastern Europe; reference to two or more countries of Eastern Europe ---------------- Balkan Countries ---------------- 53. Albanian 54. Bulgarian 55. Greek 56. Rumanian 57. Yugoslavian 58. Mention of two or more Balkan Countries ----------------------- Mediterranean Countries ----------------------- 60. Italian 61. Portugese 62. Spanish 63. Maltese ----------------- Multiple - Europe ----------------- 64. European; general mention of Europe; reference to two or more European countries of Europe not codeable above ASIA (exc. NEAR EAST) 65. Pakistani 66. Afghan 67. Indian (not American Indian, code 01) 68. Southeast Asia--from Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Burma, Philippines, Indonesia 69. Chinese 70. Japanese; Japanese American 71. Korean 72. Asian NEAR EAST 73. Egyptian 74. Iranian, Persian 75. Iraqi 76. Israeli 77. Jordanian 78. Lebanese 79. Arab, Arabian, Saudi Arabian 80. Syrian 81. Turk, Turkish 82. Armenian AFRICA 83. African; from any African country excluding only Egypt (U.A.R.); South African (formerly 90) OCEANIA 84. South Pacific Islander other than 85 (incl native Hawaiian) 85. Australian, New Zealander, Tasmanian ETHNIC GROUPS 86. White, Caucasian 87. Black; Negro; American Black; African American 88. Chicano; Mexican-American; Hispanic; Latin American 89. Asian-American (exc. specifically Japanese American, 70) OTHER MISCELLANEOUS ** 90. None; neither (response to 'choice' question) 91. Catholic 92. Protestant 93. Jewish 94. Other religious groups 95. Both/all of them (response to 'choice' question only 96. 'American'; 'Just American' 97. Other group; combinations not codeable above MISSING DATA ** 98. DK 99. RF 00. NA; no further mention ** these codes are slightly revised in 2000 >> 2000 APPENDIX: ICPSR STATE AND COUNTRY MASTER CODE UNITED STATES: New England ----------- 101 Connecticut 102 Maine 103 Massachusetts 104 New Hampshire 105 Rhode Island 106 Vermont 109 General mention of area; two or more states in area Middle Atlantic --------------- 111 Delaware 112 New Jersey 113 New York 114 Pennsylvania 118 General mention of area; two or more states in area Multiple - Eastern States ----------------------- 119 EAST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH NEW ENGLAND AND MIDDLE ATLANTIC East North Central ------------------ 121 Illinois 122 Indiana 123 Michigan 124 Ohio 125 Wisconsin 129 General mention of area; two or more states in area West North Central ----------------- 131 Iowa 132 Kansas 133 Minnesota 134 Missouri 135 Nebraska 136 North Dakota 137 South Dakota 138 General mention of area; two or more states in area Multiple - East and Central States -------------------------------- 139 MIDWEST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH EAST NORTH CENTRAL AND WEST North Central Solid South ----------- 141 Alabama 142 Arkansas 143 Florida 144 Georgia 145 Louisiana 146 Mississippi 147 North Carolina 148 South Carolina 149 Texas 140 Virginia 157 General mention of area; the South; two or more states in area Border States ------------- 151 Kentucky 152 Maryland 153 Oklahoma 154 Tennessee 155 Washington, D.C. 156 West Virginia 158 General mention of area; two or more states in area Multiple - South and Border States ----------------------------- 159 SOUTH; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH SOLID SOUTH AND BORDER STATES Mountain States --------------- 161 Arizona 162 Colorado 163 Idaho 164 Montana 165 Nevada 166 New Mexico 167 Utah 168 Wyoming 169 General mention of area; two or more states in area Pacific States -------------- 171 California 172 Oregon 173 Washington 178 General mention of area; two or more states in area Multiple - Mountain and Pacific States ------------------------------------ 179 WEST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH MOUNTAIN STATES AND PACIFIC STATES External States and Territories ------------------------------- 180 Alaska 181 Hawaii 182 Puerto Rico 183 American Samoa, Guam 184 Panama Canal Zone 185 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 186 Virgin Islands 187 Other U.S. Dependencies Multiple - U.S. States/Regions or NA State/Region ----------------------------------------------- Reference to Two or More States from Different Regions of the United States; or NA Which State 191 Northeast and South (New England or Middle Atlantic and Solid South or Border States) 192 Northeast and Midwest (New England or Middle Atlantic and East North Central or West North Central) 194 West (Mountain States or Pacific States) and Midwest; West and Northeast 195 West and South (Solid South or Border States) 196 Midwest and South 198 Lived in 3 or more regions (NA whether lived in one more than the rest) 199 United States, NA which state WESTERN HEMISPHERE Except U.S. North America ------------- 201 North America (except U.S.) comb. Canada, Mexico, and/or Central America 207 Canada -- ancestry of Anglo-Saxon origin 208 Canada -- ancestry of French origin 209 Canada -- NA origin or other origin 219 Mexico 229 Central America West Indies (except Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) -------------------------------------------------- 231 Barbados 232 Cuba 233 Dominican Republic 234 Haiti 235 Jamaica 236 Netherlands Antilles 237 Trinidad and Tobago 238 Islands of Lesser Antilles--except Virgin Islands and Netherlands Antilles 239 West Indies (except Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) or "Caribbean"--reference to two or more West Indian countries South America ------------- 259 South America; South American country or countries EUROPE British Isles ------------- 301 England 302 Ireland (NA North or South); southern Ireland 303 Scotland 304 Wales 305 Northern Ireland (Ulster) 306 Scot-Irish 308 United Kingdom; Great Britain 309 "BRITISH ISLES"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES Western Europe -------------- 310 Austria 311 Belgium 312 France 313 Federal Republic of Germany (W. Germany) 314 German Democratic Republic (E. Germany) 315 Germany--NA East or West 316 Luxembourg 317 Netherlands; Holland 318 Switzerland 319 "WESTERN EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF WESTERN EUROPE Scandinavia ----------- 321 Denmark 322 Finland 323 Norway 324 Sweden 325 Iceland Multiple - Western Europe and Scandinavia --------------------------------------- 328 GENERAL MENTION OF AREA OF WESTERN EUROPE AND/OR SCANDINAVIA AND/OR BRITISH ISLES AND/OR MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES AND/OR GREECE; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES IN DIFFERENT AREAS LISTED ABOVE Scandinavia General ------------------- 329 "SCANDINAVIA"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES Eastern Europe -------------- 331 Czechoslovakia (Slavic) 332 Estonia 333 Hungary 334 Latvia 335 Lithuania 336 Poland 337 Russia (or U.S.S.R.) 338 Ukraine 339 "EASTERN EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE Balkan Countries ---------------- 341 Albania 342 Bulgaria 343 Greece 344 Rumania 345 Yugoslavia 348 General mention of area; reference to two or more Balkan Countries 349 "BALKANS"; GENERAL REFERENCE OF AREA; REFERENCE TO COUNTRIES IN EASTERN EUROPE AND BALKAN COUNTRIES Mediterranean Countries ----------------------- 351 Italy 352 Portugal 353 Spain 354 Malta or Gozo Multiple and General - Europe ----------------------------- 399 "EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE IN DIFFERENT AREAS ASIA except Near East 401 Afghanistan 404 India 405 1990: Pakistan 406 Pakistan 428 Southeast Asia: Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Burma, Philippines, Indonesia; Hong Kong 431 China (mainland) 432 1990: Taiwan, Formosa 434 Taiwan, Formosa 451 Japan 452 Korea (North or South) 499 "ASIA"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF ASIA NEAR EAST 501 U.A.R. (Egypt) 502 Iran 503 Iraq 504 Israel (or Palestine) 505 Jordan 506 Lebanon 507 Saudi Arabia 508 Syria 509 Turkey 599 "NEAR EAST"; "MIDDLE EAST"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF NEAR EAST AFRICA 655 South Africa 699 Africa; any African country or countries, excluding only South Africa and U.A.R. (Egypt) OCEANIA 704 Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania 705 South Pacific islands (exc. 704) OTHER: 997 Other (combinations) not codeable elsewhere 998 DK 999 RF 000 NA >> 2000 APPENDIX: RELIGION Codes followed by * have been newly added in 2000. GENERAL PROTESTANT 010. Protestant, no denomination given 020. Non-denominational Protestant 030. Community church 040. Inter-denominational Protestant 099. Christian (NFS); "just Christian" ADVENTIST 100. 7th Day Adventist 109. Adventist (NFS) ANGLICAN 110. Episcopalian; Anglican 111. Independent Anglican, Episcopalian BAPTIST 120. American Baptist Association 121. American Baptist Churches U.S.A. (inaccurately known as "Northern Baptist") 122. Baptist Bible Fellowship 123. Baptist General Conference 124. Baptist Missionary Association of America 125. Conservative Baptist Association of America 126. General Association of Regular Baptist Churches (G.A.R.B.) 127. National Association of Free Will Baptists (United Free Will Baptist Church) 128. Primitive Baptists 129. National Baptist Convention in the U.S.A. 130. National Baptist Convention of America 131. National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A. 132. Progressive National Baptist Convention 134. Reformed Baptist (Calvinist) 135. Southern Baptist Convention 147. Fundamental Baptist (no denom. ties) 148. Local (independent) Baptist churches with no denominational ties or links to a national fellowship 149. Baptist (NFS) CONGREGATIONAL 150. United Church of Christ (includes Congregational, Evangelical and Reformed) 155. Congregational Christian EUROPEAN FREE CHURCH (ANABAPTISTS) 160. Church of the Brethren 161. Brethren (NFS) 162. Mennonite Church 163. Moravian Church 164. Old Order Amish 165. Quakers (Friends) 166. Evangelical Covenant Church (not Anabaptist in tradition) 167. Evangelical Free Church (not Anabaptist in tradition) 168. Brethren in Christ 170. Mennonite Brethren HOLINESS 180. Christian and Missionary Alliance (CMA) 181. Church of God (Anderson, IN) 182. Church of the Nazarene 183. Free Methodist Church 184. Salvation Army 185. Wesleyan Church 186. Church of God of Findlay, OH 199. Holiness (NFS); Church of God (NFS); R not or NA whether R Pentecostal or Charismatic INDEPENDENT-FUNDAMENTALIST 200. Plymouth Brethren 201. Independent Fundamentalist Churches of America 219. Independent-Fundamentalist (NFS) LUTHERAN 220. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (formerly Lutheran Church in America and The American Lutheran Church); ELCA 221. Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod; LC-MS 222. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod; WELS 223. Other Conservative Lutheran 229. Lutheran (NFS) METHODIST 230. United Methodist Church; Evangelical United Brethren 231. African Methodist Episcopal Church 232. African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 233. Christian Methodist Episcopal Church 234. Primitive Methodist 240. Congregational Methodist (fundamentalist) 249. Methodist (NFS) PENTECOSTAL 250. Assemblies of God 251. Church of God (Cleveland, TN) 252. Church of God (Huntsville, AL) 253. International Church of the Four Square Gospel 254. Pentecostal Church of God 255. Pentecostal Holiness Church 256. United Pentecostal Church International 257. Church of God in Christ (incl. NA whether 258) 258. Church of God in Christ (International) 260. Church of God of the Apostolic Faith 261. Church of God of Prophecy 262. Vineyard Fellowship 263 Open Bible Standard Churches 264 Full Gospel 267. Apostolic Pentecostal 268. Spanish Pentecostal 269. Pentecostal (NFS); Church of God (NFS); R not or NA whether R Pentecostal or Chrismatic PRESBYTERIAN 270. Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. 271. Cumberland Presbyterian Church 272. Presbyterian Church in American (PCA) 275. Evangelical Presbyterian 276. Reformed Presbyterian 279. Presbyterian (NFS) REFORMED 280. Christian Reformed Church (inaccurately known as "Dutch Reformed") 281. Reformed Church in America 282. Free Hungarian Reformed Church 289. Reformed (NFS) RESTORATIONIST 290. Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) 291. Christian Churches and Churches of Christ 292. Churches of Christ; "Church of Christ" (NFS) 293. Christian Congregation NON-TRADITIONAL PROTESTANTS 300. Christian Scientists 301. Mormons; Latter Day Saints 302. Spiritualists 303. Unitarian; Universalist 304. Jehovah's Witnesses 305. Unity; Unity Church; Christ Church Unity 306. Fundamentalist Adventist (Worldwide Church of God) 309. Non-traditional Protestant (NFS) ROMAN CATHOLIC 400. Roman Catholic JEWISH 500. Jewish, no preference 501. Orthodox 502. Conservative 503. Reformed 524. Jewish, other MIXED CHRISTIAN 600. Roman Catholic AND Protestant EASTERN ORTHODOX (GREEK RITE CATHOLIC) 700. Greek Rite Catholic 701. Greek Orthodox 702. Russian Orthodox 703. Rumanian Orthodox 704. Serbian Orthodox 705. Syrian Orthodox 706. Armenian Orthodox 707. Georgian Orthodox 708. Ukranian Orthodox 719. Eastern Orthodox (NFS) NON-CHRISTIAN/NON-JEWISH 720. Muslim; Mohammedan; Islam 721. Buddhist 722. Hindu 723. Bahai 724. American Indian Religions (Native American Religions) 725 New Age 726 Wica (Wiccan) 727 Pagan 729. Other non-Christian/non-Jewish 750. Scientology 790. Religious/ethical cults MIX OF MAJOR RELIGIONS 795. More than 1 major religion (e.g., Christian, Jewish, Moslem, etc.) OTHER 800. Agnostics 801. Atheists 990. R indicates attendance/affiliation but specifies none 997. Other >> 2000 APPENDIX: OCCUPATION The full 3-digit 1990 Census Occupation Code was used to code the occupation of respondents. In order to minimize the amount of highly specific information released about respondents, the full occupation code has been recoded to a 71 category code, which is based on the occupation code sub-headings in the Census Code. Users who need access to the full 3-digit occupation code for their research purposes should contact ANES project staff for details about how this could be arranged. In the code description that follows, the full 1990 Census Code is presented. At the beginning of each recoded section, the statement "(XXX) THROUGH (YYY) ARE RECODED TO (ZZ)" indicates the code values to which the specific occupations have been recoded. For example, purchasing managers (009), legislators (003), and funeral directors (019) have all been recoded to (01). Numbers in parentheses following the occupation categories are the U.S. Department of Commerce's 1980 Standard Occupational Classification code equivalents. The abbreviation "pt" means "part" and "N.E.C." means "not elsewhere classified". MANAGERIAL AND PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS Executive, Administrative, and Managerial (003) THROUGH (022) ARE RECODED TO: 01 003 LEGISLATORS (111) 004 CHIEF EXECUTIVES AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATORS, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (112) 005 ADMINISTRATORS AND OFFICIALS, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (1132-1139) 006 ADMINISTRATORS, PROTECTIVE SERVICES (1131) 007 FINANCIAL MANAGERS (122) 008 PERSONNEL AND LABOR RELATIONS MANAGERS (123) 009 PURCHASING MANAGERS (124) 013 MANAGERS, MARKETING, ADVERTISING, AND PUBLIC RELATIONS (125) 014 ADMINISTRATORS, EDUCATION AND RELATED FIELDS (128) 015 MANAGERS, MEDICINE AND HEALTH (131) 016 POSTMASTERS AND MAIL SUPERINTENDENTS (1344) 017 MANAGERS, FOOD SERVING AND LODGING ESTABLISHMENTS (1351) 018 MANAGERS, PROPERTIES AND REAL ESTATE (1353) 019 FUNERAL DIRECTORS (PT 1359) 021 MANAGERS, SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS, N.E.C. (127, 1352, 1354, PT 1359) 022 MANAGERS AND ADMINISTRATORS, N.E.C. (121, 126, 132-1343, 136-139) ------------------------------------------------------------ Management-Related Occupations (023) THROUGH (037) ARE RECODED TO: 02 023 ACCOUNTANTS AND AUDITORS (1412) 024 UNDERWRITERS (1414) 025 OTHER FINANCIAL OFFICERS (1415, 1419) 026 MANAGEMENT ANALYSTS (142) 027 PERSONNEL, TRAINING, AND LABOR RELATIONS SPECIALISTS (143) 028 PURCHASING AGENTS AND BUYERS, FARM PRODUCTS (1443) 029 BUYERS, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, EXCEPT FARM PRODUCTS (1442) 033 PURCHASING AGENTS AND BUYERS, N.E.C. (1449) 034 BUSINESS AND PROMOTION AGENTS (145) 035 CONSTRUCTION INSPECTORS (1472) 036 INSPECTORS AND COMPLIANCE OFFICERS, EXC. CONSTRUCTION (1473) 037 MANAGEMENT RELATED OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (149) ------------------------------------------------------------ Professional Specialty Occupations .................... - engineers, architects and surveyors - (043) THROUGH (063) ARE RECODED TO: 03 043 ARCHITECTS (161) ENGINEERS 044 AEROSPACE ENGINEERS (1622) 045 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERS (1623) 046 MINING ENGINEERS (1624) 047 PETROLEUM ENGINEERS (1625) 048 CHEMICAL ENGINEERS (1626) 049 NUCLEAR ENGINEERS (1627) 053 CIVIL ENGINEERS (1628) 054 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS (1632) 055 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS (1633, 1636) 056 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS (1634) 057 MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (1635) 058 MARINE ENGINEERS AND NAVAL ARCHITECTS (1637) 059 ENGINEERS, N.E.C. (1639) 063 SURVEYORS AND MAPPING SCIENTISTS (164) ------------------------------------------------------------ - mathematical and computer scientists - (064) THROUGH (068) ARE RECODED TO: 04 064 COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYSTS AND SCIENTISTS (171) 065 OPERATIONS AND SYSTEMS RESEARCHERS AND ANALYSTS (172) 066 ACTUARIES (1732) 067 STATISTICIANS (1733) 068 MATHEMATICAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1739) ------------------------------------------------------------ - natural scientists - (069) THROUGH (083) ARE RECODED TO: 05 069 PHYSICISTS AND ASTRONOMERS (1842, 1843) 073 CHEMISTS, EXCEPT BIOCHEMISTS (1845) 074 ATMOSPHERIC AND SPACE SCIENTISTS (1846) 075 GEOLOGISTS AND GEODESISTS (1847) 076 PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1849) 077 AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENTISTS (1853) 078 BIOLOGICAL AND LIFE SCIENTISTS (1854) 079 FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION SCIENTISTS (1852) 083 MEDICAL SCIENTISTS (1855) ------------------------------------------------------------ - health diagnosing occupations - (084) THROUGH (089) ARE RECODED TO: 06 084 PHYSICIANS (261) 085 DENTISTS (262) 086 VETERINARIANS (27) 087 OPTOMETRISTS (281) 088 PODIATRISTS (283) 089 HEALTH DIAGNOSING PRACTITIONERS, N.E.C. (289) ------------------------------------------------------------ - health assessment and treating occupations - (095) THROUGH (106) ARE RECODED TO: 07 095 REGISTERED NURSES (29) 096 PHARMACISTS (301) 097 DIETITIANS (302) THERAPISTS 098 INHALATION THERAPISTS (3031) 099 OCCUPATIONAL THERAPISTS (3032) 103 PHYSICAL THERAPISTS (3033) 104 SPEECH THERAPISTS (3034) 105 THERAPISTS, N.E.C. (3039) 106 PHYSICIANS' ASSISTANTS (304) ------------------------------------------------------------ - teachers, postsecondary - (113) THROUGH (154) ARE RECODED TO: 08 113 EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND MARINE SCIENCE TEACHERS (2212) 114 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2213) 115 CHEMISTRY TEACHERS (2214) 116 PHYSICS TEACHERS (2215) 117 NATURAL SCIENCE TEACHERS, N.E.C. (2216) 118 PSYCHOLOGY TEACHERS (2217) 119 ECONOMICS TEACHERS (2218) 123 HISTORY TEACHERS (2222) 124 POLITICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2223) 125 SOCIOLOGY TEACHERS (2224) 126 SOCIAL SCIENCE TEACHERS, N.E.C. (2225) 127 ENGINEERING TEACHERS (2226) 128 MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2227) 129 COMPUTER SCIENCE TEACHERS (2228) 133 MEDICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2231) 134 HEALTH SPECIALTIES TEACHERS (2232) 135 BUSINESS, COMMERCE, AND MARKETING TEACHERS (2233) 136 AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY TEACHERS (2234) 137 ART, DRAMA, AND MUSIC TEACHERS (2235) 138 PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS (2236) 139 EDUCATION TEACHERS (2237) 143 ENGLISH TEACHERS (2238) 144 FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS (2242) 145 LAW TEACHERS (2243) 146 SOCIAL WORK TEACHERS (2244) 147 THEOLOGY TEACHERS (2245) 148 TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL TEACHERS (2246) 149 HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS (2247) 153 TEACHERS, POSTSECONDARY, N.E.C. (2249) 154 POSTSECONDARY TEACHERS, SUBJECT NOT SPECIFIED ------------------------------------------------------------ - teachers, except postsecondary - (155) THROUGH (165) ARE RECODED TO: 09 155 TEACHERS, PREKINDERGARTEN AND KINDERGARTEN (231) 156 TEACHERS, ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (232) 157 TEACHERS, SECONDARY SCHOOL (233) 158 TEACHERS, SPECIAL EDUCATION (235) 159 TEACHERS, N.E.C. (236,239) 163 COUNSELORS, EDUCATIONAL AND VOCATIONAL (24) LIBRARIANS, ARCHIVISTS, AND CURATORS 164 LIBRARIANS (251) 165 ARCHIVISTS AND CURATORS (252) ------------------------------------------------------------ - social scientist and urban planners - (166) THROUGH (173) ARE RECODED TO: 10 166 ECONOMISTS (1912) 167 PSYCHOLOGISTS (1915) 168 SOCIOLOGISTS (1916) 169 SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1913, 1914, 1919) 173 URBAN PLANNERS (192) ------------------------------------------------------------ - social, recreation, and religious workers - (174) THROUGH (177) ARE RECODED TO: 11 174 SOCIAL WORKERS (2032) 175 RECREATION WORKERS (2033) 176 CLERGY (2042) 177 RELIGIOUS WORKERS, N.E.C. (2049) ------------------------------------------------------------ - lawyers and judges - (178) THROUGH (179) ARE RECODED TO: 12 178 LAWYERS (211) 179 JUDGES (212) ------------------------------------------------------------ - writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes - (183) THROUGH (199) ARE RECODED TO: 13 183 AUTHORS (321) 184 TECHNICAL WRITERS (398) 185 DESIGNERS (322) 186 MUSICIANS AND COMPOSERS (323) 187 ACTORS AND DIRECTORS (324) 188 PAINTERS, SCULPTORS, CRAFT-ARTISTS, AND ARTIST PRINTMAKERS (325) 189 PHOTOGRAPHERS (326) 193 DANCERS (327) 194 ARTISTS, PERFORMERS, AND RELATED WORKERS, N.E.C. (328, 329) 195 EDITORS AND REPORTERS (331) 197 PUBLIC RELATIONS SPECIALISTS (332) 198 ANNOUNCERS (333) 199 ATHLETES (34) ------------------------------------------------------------ TECHNICIANS AND RELATED SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS Health Technologists and Technicians (203) THROUGH (208) ARE RECODED TO: 14 203 CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS (362) 204 DENTAL HYGIENISTS (363) 205 HEALTH RECORD TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS (364) 206 RADIOLOGIC TECHNICIANS (365) 207 LICENSED PRACTICAL NURSES (366) 208 HEALTH TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (369) ------------------------------------------------------------ Technologists and Technicians, except Health .................... - engineering and related technologists and technicians - (213) THROUGH (218) ARE RECODED TO: 15 213 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNICIANS (3711) 214 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS (3712) 215 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS (3713) 216 ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (3719) 217 DRAFTING OCCUPATIONS (372) 218 SURVEYING AND MAPPING TECHNICIANS (373) ------------------------------------------------------------ - science technicians - (223) THROUGH (225) ARE RECODED TO: 16 223 BIOLOGICAL TECHNICIANS (382) 224 CHEMICAL TECHNICIANS (3831) 225 SCIENCE TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (3832, 3833, 384, 389) ------------------------------------------------------------ - technicians, except health, engineering, and science - (226) THROUGH (235) ARE RECODED TO: 17 226 AIRPLANE PILOTS AND NAVIGATORS (825) 227 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS (392) 228 BROADCAST EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (393) 229 COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS (3971, 3972) 233 TOOL PROGRAMMERS, NUMERICAL CONTROL (3974) 234 LEGAL ASSISTANTS (396) 235 TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (399) ------------------------------------------------------------ SALES OCCUPATIONS Supervisors and Proprietors (243) IS RECODED TO: 18 243 SUPERVISORS AND PROPRIETORS, SALES OCCUPATIONS (40) Sales Representatives, Finance and Business Services (253) THROUGH (257) ARE RECODED TO: 18 253 INSURANCE SALES OCCUPATIONS (4122) 254 REAL ESTATE SALES OCCUPATIONS (4123) 255 SECURITIES AND FINANCIAL SERVICES SALES OCCUPATIONS (4124) 256 ADVERTISING AND RELATED SALES OCCUPATIONS (4153) 257 SALES OCCUPATIONS, OTHER BUSINESS SERVICES (4152) ------------------------------------------------------------ Sales Representatives, Commoddities except Retail (258) THROUGH (259) ARE RECODED TO: 19 258 SALES ENGINEERS (421) 259 SALES REPRESENTATIVES, MINING, MANUFACTURING, AND WHOLESALE (423, 424) ------------------------------------------------------------ Sales Workers, Retail and Personal Services (263) THROUGH (278) ARE RECODED TO: 20 263 SALES WORKERS, MOTOR VEHICLES AND BOATS (4342, 4344) 264 SALES WORKERS, APPAREL (4346) 265 SALES WORKERS, SHOES (4351) 266 SALES WORKERS, FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHINGS (4348) 267 SALES WORKERS; RADIO, TELEVISION, HI-FI, AND APPLIANCES (4343, 4352) 268 SALES WORKERS, HARDWARE AND BUILDING SUPPLIES (4353) 269 SALES WORKERS, PARTS (4367) 274 SALES WORKERS, OTHER COMMODITIES (4345, 4347, 4354, 4356, 4359, 4362, 4369) 275 SALES COUNTER CLERKS (4363) 276 CASHIERS (4364) 277 STREET AND DOOR-TO-DOOR SALES WORKERS (4366) 278 NEWS VENDORS (4365) ------------------------------------------------------------ Sales Related Occupations (283) THROUGH (285) ARE RECODED TO: 21 283 DEMONSTRATORS, PROMOTERS AND MODELS, SALES (445) 284 AUCTIONEERS(447) 285 SALES SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (444, 446, 449) ------------------------------------------------------------ ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT, (incl. Clerical supervisors) Clerical Supervisors (303) THROUGH (307) ARE RECODED TO: 22 303 SUPERVISORS, GENERAL OFFICE (4511, 4513, 4514, 4516, 4519, 4529) 304 SUPERVISORS, COMPUTER EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (4512) 305 SUPERVISORS, FINANCIAL RECORDS PROCESSING (4521) 306 CHIEF COMMUNICATIONS OPERATORS (4523) 307 SUPERVISORS; DISTRIBUTION, SCHEDULING, AND ADJUSTING CLERKS (4522, 4524-4528) ------------------------------------------------------------ Computer Equipment Operators (308) THROUGH (309) ARE RECODED TO: 23 308 COMPUTER OPERATORS (4612) 309 PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (4613) ------------------------------------------------------------ Secretaries, Stenographers, and Typists (313) THROUGH (315) ARE RECODED TO: 24 313 SECRETARIES (4622) 314 STENOGRAPHERS (4623) 315 TYPISTS (4624) ------------------------------------------------------------ Information Clerks (316) THROUGH (323) ARE RECODED TO: 25 316 INTERVIEWERS (4642) 317 HOTEL CLERKS (4643) 318 TRANSPORTATION TICKET AND RESERVATION AGENTS (4644) 319 RECEPTIONISTS (4645) 323 INFORMATION CLERKS, N.E.C. (4649) ------------------------------------------------------------ Records Processing Occupations, except Financial (325) THROUGH (336) ARE RECODED TO: 26 325 CLASSIFIED-AD CLERKS (4662) 326 CORRESPONDENCE CLERKS (4663) 327 ORDER CLERKS (4664) 328 PERSONNEL CLERKS, EXCEPT PAYROLL AND TIMEKEEPING (4692) 329 LIBRARY CLERKS (4694) 335 FILE CLERKS (4696) 336 RECORDS CLERKS (4699) ------------------------------------------------------------ Financial Records Processing Occupations (337) THROUGH (344) ARE RECODED TO: 27 337 BOOKKEEPERS, ACCOUNTING, AND AUDITING CLERKS (4712) 338 PAYROLL AND TIMEKEEPING CLERKS (4713) 339 BILLING CLERKS (4715) 343 COST AND RATE CLERKS (4716) 344 BILLING, POSTING, AND CALCULATING MACHINE OPERATORS (4718) ------------------------------------------------------------ Duplicating, Mail and Other Office Machine Operators (345) THROUGH (347) ARE RECODED TO: 28 345 DUPLICATING MACHINE OPERATORS (4722) 346 MAIL PREPARING AND PAPER HANDLING MACHINE OPERATORS (4723) 347 OFFICE MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (4729) ------------------------------------------------------------ Communications Equipment Operators (348) THROUGH (353) ARE RECODED TO: 29 348 TELEPHONE OPERATORS (4732) 353 COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT OPERATORS, N.E.C. (4733, 4739) ------------------------------------------------------------ Mail and Message Distributing Occupations (354) THROUGH (357) ARE RECODED TO: 30 354 POSTAL CLERKS, EXC. MAIL CARRIERS (4742) 355 MAIL CARRIERS, POSTAL SERVICE (4743) 356 MAIL CLERKS, EXC. POSTAL SERVICE (4744) 357 MESSENGERS (4745) ------------------------------------------------------------ Material Recording, Scheduling, and Distribuing Clerks (359) THROUGH (374) ARE RECODED TO: 31 359 DISPATCHERS (4751) 363 PRODUCTION COORDINATORS (4752) 364 TRAFFIC, SHIPPING, AND RECEIVING CLERKS (4753) 365 STOCK AND INVENTORY CLERKS (4754) 366 METER READERS (4755) 368 WEIGHERS, MEASURERS, CHECKERS, AND SAMPLERS (4756, 4757) 373 EXPEDITERS (4758) 374 MATERIAL RECORDING, SCHEDULING, AND DISTRIBUTING CLERKS, N.E.C. (4759) ------------------------------------------------------------ Adjusters and Investigators (375) THROUGH (378) ARE RECODED TO: 32 375 INSURANCE ADJUSTERS, EXAMINERS, AND INVESTIGATORS (4782) 376 INVESTIGATORS AND ADJUSTERS, EXCEPT INSURANCE (4783) 377 ELIGIBILITY CLERKS, SOCIAL WELFARE (4784) 378 BILL AND ACCOUNT COLLECTORS (4786) ------------------------------------------------------------ Miscellaneous Administrative Support Occupations (379) THROUGH (389) ARE RECODED TO: 33 379 GENERAL OFFICE CLERKS (463) 383 BANK TELLERS (4791) 384 PROOFREADERS (4792) 385 DATA-ENTRY KEYERS (4793) 386 STATISTICAL CLERKS (4794) 387 TEACHERS' AIDES (4795) 389 ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (4787, 4799) ------------------------------------------------------------ SERVICE OCCUPATIONS Private Household Occupations (403) THROUGH (407) ARE RECODED TO: 34 403 LAUNDERERS AND IRONERS (503) 404 COOKS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (504) 405 HOUSEKEEPERS AND BUTLERS (505) 406 CHILD CARE WORKERS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (506) 407 PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS AND SERVANTS (502, 507, 509) ------------------------------------------------------------ Protective Service Occupations .................... -supervisors, protective service occupations- (413) THROUGH (415) ARE RECODED TO: 35 413 SUPERVISORS, FIREFIGHTING AND FIRE PREVENTION OCCUPATIONS (5111) 414 SUPERVISORS, POLICE AND DETECTIVES (5112) 415 SUPERVISORS, GUARDS (5113) ------------------------------------------------------------ -firefighting and fire prevention occupations- (416) THROUGH (417) ARE RECODED TO: 35 416 FIRE INSPECTION AND FIRE PREVENTION OCCUPATIONS (5122) 417 FIREFIGHTING OCCUPATIONS (5123) ------------------------------------------------------------ -police and detectives- (418) THROUGH (424) ARE RECODED TO: 35 418 POLICE AND DETECTIVES, PUBLIC SERVICE (5132) 423 SHERIFFS, BAILIFFS, AND OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS (5134) 424 CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION OFFICERS (5133) ------------------------------------------------------------ -guards- (425) THROUGH (427) ARE RECODED TO: 35 425 CROSSING GUARDS (5142) 426 GUARDS AND POLICE, EXCEPT PUBLIC SERVICE (5144) 427 PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (5149) ------------------------------------------------------------ Service Occupations, except Protective and Household .................... -food preparation and service occupations- (433) THROUGH (444) ARE RECODED TO: 36 433 SUPERVISORS, FOOD PREPARATION AND SERVICE OCCUPATIONS (5211) 434 BARTENDERS (5212) 435 WAITERS AND WAITRESSES (5213) 436 COOKS (5214, 5215) 438 FOOD COUNTER, FOUNTAIN AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS (5216) 439 KITCHEN WORKERS, FOOD PREPARATION (5217) 443 WAITERS'/WAITRESSES' ASSISTANTS (5218) 444 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PREPARATION OCCUPATIONS (5219) ------------------------------------------------------------ -health service occupations- (445) THROUGH (447) ARE RECODED TO: 37 445 DENTAL ASSISTANTS (5232) 446 HEALTH AIDES, EXCEPT NURSING (5233) 447 NURSING AIDES, ORDERLIES, AND ATTENDANTS (5236) ------------------------------------------------------------ -cleaning and building service occupations, exc. household- (448) THROUGH (455) ARE RECODED TO: 38 448 SUPERVISORS, CLEANING AND BUILDING SERVICE WORKKERS (5241) 449 MAIDS AND HOUSEMEN (5242, 5249) 453 JANITORS AND CLEANERS (5244) 454 ELEVATOR OPERATORS (5245) 455 PEST CONTROL OCCUPATIONS (5246) ------------------------------------------------------------ -personal service occupations- (456) THROUGH (469) ARE RECODED TO: 39 456 SUPERVISORS, PERSONAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS (5251) 457 BARBERS (5252) 458 HAIRDRESSERS AND COSMETOLOGISTS (5253) 459 ATTENDANTS, AMUSEMENT AND RECREATION FACILITIES (5254) 461 GUIDES (5255) 462 USHERS (5256) 463 PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ATTENDANTS (5257) 464 BAGGAGE PORTERS AND BELLHOPS (5262) 465 WELFARE SERVICE AIDES (5263) 466 FAMILY CHILD CARE PROVIDERS (PT 5264) 467 EARLY CHILDHOOD TEACHER'S ASSISTANTS (PT 5264) 468 CHILD CARE WORKERS (PT 5264) 469 PERSONAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (5258, 5269) ------------------------------------------------------------ FARMING, FORESTRY, AND FISHING OCCUPATIONS Farm Operators and Managers (473) THROUGH (476) ARE RECODED TO: 40 473 FARMERS, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL (5512-5514) 474 HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTY FARMERS (5515) 475 MANAGERS, FARMS, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL (5522-5524) 476 MANAGERS, HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTY FARMS (5525) ------------------------------------------------------------ Other Agriculatural and Related Occupations .................... -farm occupations, except managerial- (477) THROUGH (484) ARE RECODED TO: 41 477 SUPERVISORS, FARM WORKERS (5611) 479 FARM WORKERS (5612-5617) 483 MARINE LIFE CULTIVATION WORKERS (5618) 484 NURSERY WORKERS (5619) ------------------------------------------------------------ -related agriculatural occupations- (485) THROUGH (489) ARE RECODED TO: 42 485 SUPERVISORS, RELATED AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATIONS (5621) 486 GROUNDSKEEPERS AND GARDENERS, EXCEPT FARM (5622) 487 ANIMAL CARETAKERS, EXCEPT FARM (5624) 488 GRADERS AND SORTERS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (5625) 489 INSPECTORS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (5627) ------------------------------------------------------------ -forestry and logging occupations- (494) THROUGH (496) ARE RECODED TO: 43 494 SUPERVISORS, FORESTRY AND LOGGING WORKERS (571) 495 FORESTRY WORKERS, EXCEPT LOGGING (572) 496 TIMBER CUTTING AND LOGGING OCCUPATIONS (573, 579) ------------------------------------------------------------ -fishers, hunters, and trappers- (497) THROUGH (499) ARE RECODED TO: 43 497 CAPTAINS AND OTHER OFFICERS, FISHING VESSELS (PT 8241) 498 FISHERS (583) 499 HUNTERS AND TRAPPERS (584) ------------------------------------------------------------ PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, AND REPAIR OCCUPATIONS Mechanics and Repairers .................... -mechanics and repairers supervisors- (503) IS RECODED TO: 44 503 SUPERVISORS, MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS (60) ------------------------------------------------------------ -mechanics and repairers, vehicle and mobile equipment- (505) THROUGH (517) ARE RECODED TO: 44 505 AUTOMOBILE MECHANICS (PT 6111) 506 AUTOMOBILE MECHANIC APPRENTICES (PT 6111) 507 BUS, TRUCK, AND STATIONARY ENGINE MECHANICS (6112) 508 AIRCRAFT ENGINE MECHANICS (6113) 509 SMALL ENGINE REPAIRERS (6114) 514 AUTOMOBILE BODY AND RELATED REPAIRERS (6115) 515 AIRCRAFT MECHANICS, EXCEPT ENGINE (6116) 516 HEAVY EQUIPMENT MECHANICS (6117) 517 FARM EQUIPMENT MECHANICS (6118) ------------------------------------------------------------ -mechanics and repairers, except vehicle and mobile equipment- (518) THROUGH (534) ARE RECODED TO: 45 518 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY REPAIRERS (613) 519 MACHINERY MAINTENANCE OCCUPATIONS (614) ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS 523 ELECTRONIC REPAIRERS, COMMUNICATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT (6151, 6153, 6155) 525 DATA PROCESSING EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS (6154) 526 HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCE AND POWER TOOL REPAIRERS (6156) 527 TELEPHONE LINE INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6157) 529 TELEPHONE INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6158) 533 MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS (6152, 6159) 534 HEATING, AIR CONDITIONING, AND REFRIGERATION MECHANICS (616) ------------------------------------------------------------ -miscellaneous mechanics and repairers (535) THROUGH (549) ARE RECODED TO: 46 535 CAMERA, WATCH, AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENT REPAIRERS (6171, 6172) 536 LOCKSMITHS AND SAFE REPAIRERS (6173) 538 OFFICE MACHINE REPAIRERS (6174) 539 MECHANICAL CONTROLS AND VALVE REPAIRERS (6175) 543 ELEVATOR INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6176) 544 MILLWRIGHTS (6178) 547 SPECIFIED MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS, N.E.C. (6177, 6179) 549 NOT SPECIFIED MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS ------------------------------------------------------------ Construction Trades .................... -supervisors, construction occupations- (553) THROUGH (558) ARE RECODED TO: 47 553 SUPERVISORS; BRICKMASONS, STONEMASONS, AND TILE SETTERS (6312) 554 SUPERVISORS, CARPENTERS AND RELATED WORKERS (6313) 555 SUPERVISORS, ELECTRICIANS AND POWER TRANSMISSION INSTALLERS (6314) 556 SUPERVISORS; PAINTERS, PAPERHANGERS, AND PLASTERERS (6315) 557 SUPERVISORS; PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS, AND STEAMFITTERS (6316) 558 SUPERVISORS, N.E.C. (6311, 6318) ------------------------------------------------------------ -construction trades, except supervisors- (563) THROUGH (599) ARE RECODED TO: 48 563 BRICKMASONS AND STONEMASONS, (PT 6412, PT 6413) 564 BRICKMASON AND STONEMASON APPRENTICES (PT 6412, PT 6413) 565 TILE SETTERS, HARD AND SOFT (6414, PT 6462) 566 CARPET INSTALLERS (PT 6462) 567 CARPENTERS (PT 6422) 569 CARPENTER APPRENTICES (PT 6422) 573 DRYWALL INSTALLERS (6424) 575 ELECTRICIANS (PT 6432) 576 ELECTRICIAN APPRENTICES (PT 6432) 577 ELECTRICAL POWER INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6433) 579 PAINTERS, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE (6442) 583 PAPERHANGERS (6443) 584 PLASTERERS (6444) 585 PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS, AND STEAMFITTERS (PT 645) 587 PLUMBER, PIPEFITTER, AND STEAMFITTER APPRENTICES (PT 645) 588 CONCRETE AND TERRAZZO FINISHERS (6463) 589 GLAZIERS (6464) 593 INSULATION WORKERS (6465) 594 PAVING, SURFACING, AND TAMPING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (6466) 595 ROOFERS (6468) 596 SHEETMETAL DUCT INSTALLERS (6472) 597 STRUCTURAL METAL WORKERS (6473) 598 DRILLERS, EARTH (6474) 599 CONSTRUCTION TRADES, N.E.C. (6467, 6475, 6476, 6479) ------------------------------------------------------------ Extractive Occupations (613) THROUGH (617) ARE RECODED TO: 49 613 SUPERVISORS, EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS (632) 614 DRILLERS, OIL WELL (652) 615 EXPLOSIVES WORKERS (653) 616 MINING MACHINE OPERATORS (654) 617 MINING OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (656) ------------------------------------------------------------ Precision Production Occupations .................... -production occupation supervisors- (628) IS RECODED TO: 50 628 SUPERVISORS, PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS (67, 71) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision metalworking occupations- (634) THROUGH (655) ARE RECODED TO: 50 634 TOOL AND DIE MAKERS (PT 6811) 635 TOOL AND DIE MAKER APPRENTICES (PT 6811) 636 PRECISION ASSEMBLERS, METAL (6812) 637 MACHINISTS (PT 6813) 639 MACHINIST APPRENTICES (PT 6813) 643 BOILERMAKERS (6814) 644 PRECISION GRINDERS, FITTERS, AND TOOL SHARPENERS (6816) 645 PATTERNMAKERS AND MODEL MAKERS, METAL (6817) 646 LAY-OUT WORKERS (6821) 647 PRECIOUS STONES AND METALS WORKERS (JEWELERS) (6822, 6866) 649 ENGRAVERS, METAL (6823) 653 SHEET METAL WORKERS (PT 6824) 654 SHEET METAL WORKER APPRENTICES (PT 6824) 655 MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION METAL WORKERS (6829) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision woodworking occupations- (656) THROUGH (659) ARE RECODED TO: 51 656 PATTERNMAKERS AND MODEL MAKERS, WOOD (6831) 657 CABINET MAKERS AND BENCH CARPENTERS (6832) 658 FURNITURE AND WOOD FINISHERS (6835) 659 MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION WOODWORKERS (6839) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers- (666) THROUGH (674) ARE RECODED TO: 52 666 DRESSMAKERS (PT 6852, PT 7752) 667 TAILORS (PT 6852) 668 UPHOLSTERERS (6853) 669 SHOE REPAIRERS (6854) 674 MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION APPAREL AND FABRIC WORKERS (6856, 6859, PT 7752) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision workers, assorted materials- (675) THROUGH (684) ARE RECODED TO: 53 675 HAND MOLDERS AND SHAPERS, EXCEPT JEWELERS (6861) 676 PATTERNMAKERS, LAY-OUT WORKERS, AND CUTTERS (6862) 677 OPTICAL GOODS WORKERS (6864, PT 7477, PT 7677) 678 DENTAL LABORATORY AND MEDICAL APPLIANCE TECHNICIANS (6865) 679 BOOKBINDERS (6844) 683 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT ASSEMBLERS (6867) 684 MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION WORKERS, N.E.C. (6869) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision food production occupations- (686) THROUGH (688) ARE RECODED TO: 54 686 BUTCHERS AND MEAT CUTTERS (6871) 687 BAKERS (6872) 688 FOOD BATCHMAKERS (6873, 6879) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision inspectors, testers and related workers- (689) THROUGH (693) ARE RECODED TO: 55 689 INSPECTORS, TESTERS, AND GRADERS (6881, 828) 693 ADJUSTERS AND CALIBRATORS (6882) ------------------------------------------------------------ Plant and System Operators (694) THROUGH (699) ARE RECODED TO: 56 694 WATER AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS (691) 695 POWER PLANT OPERATORS (PT 693) 696 STATIONARY ENGINEERS (PT 693, 7668) 699 MISCELLANEOUS PLANT AND SYSTEM OPERATORS (692, 694, 695, 696) ------------------------------------------------------------ OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS Machine Operators, Assemblers, and Inspectors .................... -machine operators and tenders, except precision: metalworking and plastic working machine operators- (703) THROUGH (717) ARE RECODED TO: 57 703 LATHE AND TURNING MACHINE SET-UP OPERATORS (7312) 704 LATHE AND TURNING MACHINE OPERATORS (7512) 705 MILLING AND PLANING MACHINE OPERATORS (7313, 7513) 706 PUNCHING AND STAMPING PRESS MACHINE OPERATORS (7314, 7317, 7514, 7517) 707 ROLLING MACHINE OPERATORS (7316, 7516) 708 DRILLING AND BORING MACHINE OPERATORS (7318, 7518) 709 GRINDING, ABRADING, BUFFING, AND POLISHING MACHINE OPERATORS (7322, 7324, 7522) 713 FORGING MACHINE OPERATORS (7319, 7519) 714 NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE OPERATORS (7326) 715 MISCELLANEOUS METAL, PLASTIC, STONE, AND GLASS WORKING MACHINE OPERATORS (7329, 7529) 717 FABRICATING MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (7339, 7539) ------------------------------------------------------------ -machine operators and tenders, except precision: metal and plastic processing machine operators- (719) THROUGH (725) ARE RECODED TO: 58 719 MOLDING AND CASTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7315, 7342, 7515, 7542) 723 METAL PLATING MACHINE OPERATORS (7343, 7543) 724 HEAT TREATING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (7344, 7544) 725 MISCELLANEOUS METAL AND PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINE OPERATORS (7349, 7549) ------------------------------------------------------------ -machine operators and tenders, except precision: woodworking machine operators- (726) THROUGH (733) ARE RECODED TO: 59 726 WOOD LATHE, ROUTING AND PLANING MACHINE OPERATORS (7431, 7432, 7631, 7632) 727 SAWING MACHINE OPERATORS (7433, 7633) 728 SHAPING AND JOINING MACHINE OPERATORS (7435, 7635) 729 NAILING AND TACKING MACHINE OPERATORS (7636) 733 MISCELLANEOUS WOODWORKING MACHINE OPERATORS (7434, 7439, 7634, 7639) ------------------------------------------------------------ -machine operators and tenders, except precision: printing machine operators- (734) THROUGH (737) ARE RECODED TO: 60 734 PRINTING PRESS OPERATORS (7443, 7643) 735 PHOTOENGRAVERS AND LITHOGRAPHERS (6842, 7444, 7644) 736 TYPESETTERS AND COMPOSITORS (6841, 7642) 737 MISCELLANEOUS PRINTING MACHINE OPERATORS (6849, 7449, 7649) ------------------------------------------------------------ -machine operators and tenders, except precision: textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators- (738) THROUGH (749) ARE RECODED TO: 61 738 WINDING AND TWISTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7451, 7651) 739 KNITTING, LOOPING, TAPING, AND WEAVING MACHINE OPERATORS (7452, 7652) 743 TEXTILE CUTTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7654) 744 TEXTILE SEWING MACHINE OPERATORS (7655) 745 SHOE MACHINE OPERATORS (7656) 747 PRESSING MACHINE OPERATORS (7657) 748 LAUNDERING AND DRY CLEANING MACHINE OPERATORS (6855, 7658) 749 MISCELLANEOUS TEXTILE MACHINE OPERATORS (7459, 7659) ------------------------------------------------------------ -machine operators and tenders, except precision: machine operators, assorted materials- (753) THROUGH (779) ARE RECODED TO: 62 753 CEMENTING AND GLUING MACHINE OPERATORS (7661) 754 PACKAGING AND FILLING MACHINE OPERATORS (7462, 7662) 755 EXTRUDING AND FORMING MACHINE OPERATORS (7463, 7663) 756 MIXING AND BLENDING MACHINE OPERATORS (7664) 757 SEPARATING, FILTERING, AND CLARIFYING MACHINE OPERATORS (7476, 7666, 7676)) 758 COMPRESSING AND COMPACTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7467, 7667) 759 PAINTING AND PAINT SPRAYING MACHINE OPERATORS (7669) 763 ROASTING AND BAKING MACHINE OPERATORS, FOOD (7472, 7672) 764 WASHING, CLEANING, AND PICKLING MACHINE OPERATORS (7673) 765 FOLDING MACHINE OPERATORS (7474, 7674) 766 FURNACE, KILN, AND OVEN OPERATORS, EXC. FOOD (7675) 768 CRUSHING AND GRINDING MACHINE OPERATORS (PT 7477, PT 7677) 769 SLICING AND CUTTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7478, 7678) 773 MOTION PICTURE PROJECTIONISTS (PT 7479) 774 PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS MACHINE OPERATORS (6863, 6868, 7671) 777 MISCELLANEOUS MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (PT 7479,7665, 7679) 779 MACHINE OPERATORS, NOT SPECIFIED ------------------------------------------------------------ -fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations- (783) THROUGH (795) ARE RECODED TO: 63 783 WELDERS AND CUTTERS (7332, 7532, 7714) 784 SOLDERERS AND BRAZERS (7333, 7533, 7717) 785 ASSEMBLERS (772,774) 786 HAND CUTTING AND TRIMMING OCCUPATIONS (7753) 787 HAND MOLDING, CASTING, AND FORMING OCCUPATIONS (7754, 7755) 789 HAND PAINTING, COATING, AND DECORATING OCCUPATIONS (7756) 793 HAND ENGRAVING AND PRINTING OCCUPATIONS (7757) 795 MISCELLANEOUS HAND WORKING OCCUPATIONS (7759) ------------------------------------------------------------ -production inspectors, testors, samplers, and weighers- (796) THROUGH (799) ARE RECODED TO: 64 796 PRODUCTION INSPECTORS, CHECKERS, AND EXAMINERS (782, 787) 797 PRODUCTION TESTERS (783) 798 PRODUCTION SAMPLERS AND WEIGHERS (784) 799 GRADERS AND SORTERS, EXCEPT AGRICULTURAL (785) ------------------------------------------------------------ Transportation and Material Moving Occupations .................... -motor vehicle operators- (803) THROUGH (814) ARE RECODED TO: 65 803 SUPERVISORS, MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATORS (8111) 804 TRUCK DRIVERS (8212-8214) 806 DRIVER-SALES WORKERS (8218) 808 BUS DRIVERS (8215) 809 TAXICAB DRIVERS AND CHAUFFEURS (8216) 813 PARKING LOT ATTENDANTS (874) 814 MOTOR TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (8219) ------------------------------------------------------------ Transportation Occupations, except Motor Vehicles .................... -rail transportation occupations- (823) THROUGH (826) ARE RECODED TO: 66 823 RAILROAD CONDUCTORS AND YARDMASTERS (8113) 824 LOCOMOTIVE OPERATING OCCUPATIONS (8232) 825 RAILROAD BRAKE, SIGNAL, AND SWITCH OPERATORS (8233) 826 RAIL VEHICLE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (8239) ------------------------------------------------------------ -water transportation occupations- (828) THROUGH (834) ARE RECODED TO: 66 828 SHIP CAPTAINS AND MATES, EXCEPT FISHING BOATS (PT 8241, 8242) 829 SAILORS AND DECKHANDS (8243) 833 MARINE ENGINEERS (8244) 834 BRIDGE, LOCK, AND LIGHTHOUSE TENDERS (8245) ------------------------------------------------------------ Material Moving Equipment Operators (843) THROUGH (859) ARE RECODED TO: 67 843 SUPERVISORS, MATERIAL MOVING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (812) 844 OPERATING ENGINEERS (8312) 845 LONGSHORE EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (8313) 848 HOIST AND WINCH OPERATORS (8314) 849 CRANE AND TOWER OPERATORS (8315) 853 EXCAVATING AND LOADING MACHINE OPERATORS (8316) 855 GRADER, DOZER, AND SCRAPER OPERATORS (8317) 856 INDUSTRIAL TRUCK AND TRACTOR EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (8318) 859 MISCELLANEOUS MATERIAL MOVING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (8319) ------------------------------------------------------------ Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, and Laborers (864) THROUGH (873) ARE RECODED TO: 68 864 SUPERVISORS; HANDLERS, EQUIPMENT CLEANERS, AND LABORERS, N.E.C. (85) 865 HELPERS, MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS (863) HELPERS, CONSTRUCTION AND EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS 866 HELPERS, CONSTRUCTION TRADES (8641-8645, 8648) 867 HELPERS, SURVEYOR (8646) 868 HELPERS, EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS (865) 869 CONSTRUCTION LABORERS (871) 873 PRODUCTION HELPERS (861, 862) ------------------------------------------------------------ Freight, Stock, and Material Handlers (875) THROUGH (883) ARE RECODED TO: 69 875 GARBAGE COLLECTORS (8722) 876 STEVEDORES (8723) 877 STOCK HANDLERS AND BAGGERS (8724) 878 MACHINE FEEDERS AND OFFBEARERS (8725) 883 FREIGHT, STOCK, AND MATERIAL HANDLERS, N.E.C. (8726) ------------------------------------------------------------ (885) THROUGH (889) ARE RECODED TO: 70 885 GARAGE AND SERVICE STATION RELATED OCCUPATIONS (873) 887 VEHICLE WASHERS AND EQUIPMENT CLEANERS (875) 888 HAND PACKERS AND PACKAGERS (8761) 889 LABORERS, EXCEPT CONSTRUCTION (8769) ------------------------------------------------------------ (903) THROUGH (905) ARE RECODED TO: 71 903 COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND WARRANT OFFICERS 904 NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND OTHER ENLISTED PERSONNEL 905 MILITARY OCCUPATION, RANK NOT SPECIFIED ------------------------------------------------------------ (999) IS RECODED TO: 99 999 NA >> 2000 APPENDIX: 2000 INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (1990 CENSUS) Numbers in parentheses following the industry categories are the 1987 SIC definitions. The abbreviation "pt" means "part" and "n.e.c." means "not elsewhere classified." 1990 Census Industry category code AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES 010 Agricultural production, crops (01) 011 Agricultural production, livestock (02) 012 Veterinary services (074) 020 Landscape and horticultural services (078) 030 Agricultural services, n.e.c. (071, 072, 075, 076) 031 Forestry (08) 032 Fishing, hunting, and trapping (09) MINING 040 Metal mining (10) 041 Coal mining (12) 042 Oil and gas extraction (13) 050 Nonmetallic mining and quarrying, except fuels (14) 060 CONSTRUCTION (15, 16, 17) MANUFACTURING Nondurable Goods Food and kindred products 100 Meat products (201) 101 Dairy products (202) 102 Canned, frozen, and preserved fruits and vegetables (203) 110 Grain mill products (204) 111 Bakery products (205) 112 Sugar and confectionery products (206) 120 Beverage industries (208) 121 Miscellaneous food preparations and kindred products (207, 209) 122 Not specified food industries 130 Tobacco manufactures (21) Textile mill products 132 Knitting mills (225) 140 Dyeing and finishing textiles, except wool and knit goods (226) 141 Carpets and rugs (227) 142 Yarn, thread, and fabric mills (221-224, 228) 150 Miscellaneous textile mill products (229) Apparel and other finished textile products 151 Apparel and accessories, except knit (231-238) 152 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products (239) Paper and allied products 160 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills (261-263) 161 Miscellaneous paper and pulp products (267) 162 Paperboard containers and boxes (265) Printing, publishing, and allied industries 171 Newspaper publishing and printing (271) 172 Printing, publishing, and allied industries, except newspapers (272-279) Chemicals and allied products 180 Plastics, synthetics, and resins (282) 181 Drugs (283) 182 Soaps and cosmetics (284) 190 Paints, varnishes, and related products (285) 191 Agricultural chemicals (287) 192 Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals (281, 286, 289) Petroleum and coal products 200 Petroleum refining (291) 201 Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products (295, 299) Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products 210 Tires and inner tubes (301) 211 Other rubber products, and plastics footwear and belting (302-306) 212 Miscellaneous plastics products (308) Leather and leather products 220 Leather tanning and finishing (311) 221 Footwear, except rubber and plastic (313, 314) 222 Leather products, except footwear (315-317, 319) Durable Goods Lumber and wood products, except furniture 230 Logging (241) 231 Sawmills, planing mills, and millwork (242, 243) 232 Wood buildings and mobile homes (245) 241 Miscellaneous wood products (244,249) 242 Furniture and fixtures (25) Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products 250 Glass and glass products (321-323) 251 Cement, concrete, gypsum, and plaster products (324, 327) 252 Structural clay products (325) 261 Pottery and related products (326) 262 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral and stone products (328, 329) Metal industries 270 Blast furnaces, steelworks, rolling and finishing mills (331) 271 Iron and steel foundries (332) 272 Primary aluminum industries (3334, part 334, 3353-3355, 3363, 3365) 280 Other primary metal industries (3331, 3339, part 334, 3351, 3356, 3357, 3364, 3366, 3369, 339) 281 Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware (342) 282 Fabricated structural metal products (344) 290 Screw machine products (345) 291 Metal forgings and stampings (346) 292 Ordnance (348) 300 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products (341, 343, 347, 349) 301 Not specified metal industries Machinery and computing equipment 310 Engines and turbines (351) 311 Farm machinery and equipment (352) 312 Construction and material handling machines (353) 320 Metalworking machinery (354) 321 Office and accounting machines (3578, 3579) 322 Computers and related equipment (3571-3577) 331 Machinery, except electrical, n.e.c. (355, 356, 358, 359) 332 Not specified machinery Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies 340 Household appliances (363) 341 Radio, TV, and communication equipment (365, 366) 342 Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies, n.e.c. (361, 362, 364, 367, 369) 350 Not specified electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies Transportation Equipment 351 Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment (371) 352 Aircraft and parts (372) 360 Ship and boat building and repairing (373) 361 Railroad locomotives and equipment (374) 362 Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts (376) 370 Cycles and miscellaneous transportation equipment (375, 379) Professional and photographic equipment, and watches 371 Scientific and controlling instruments (381, 382, exc. 3827) 372 Medical, dental, and optical instruments and supplies (3827, 384, 385) 380 Photographic equipment and supplies (386) 381 Watches, clocks, and clockwork operated devices (387) 390 Toys, amusement, and sporting goods (394) 391 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries (39 exc. 394) 392 Not specified manufacturing industries TRANPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS, AND OTHER PUBLIC UTILITIES Transportation 400 Railroads (40) 401 Bus service and urban transit (41, except 412) 402 Taxicab service (412) 410 Trucking service (421, 423) 411 Warehousing and storage (422) 412 U.S. Postal Service (43) 420 Water transportation (44) 421 Air transportation (45) 422 Pipe lines, except natural gas (46) 432 Services incidental to transportation (47) Communications 440 Radio and television broadcasting and cable (483, 484) 441 Telephone communications (481) 442 Telegraph and miscellaneous communications services (482, 489) Utilities and sanitary services 450 Electric light and power (491) 451 Gas and steam supply systems (492, 496) 452 Electric and gas, and other combinations (493) 470 Water supply and irrigation (494, 497) 471 Sanitary services (495) 472 Not specified utilities WHOLESALE TRADE Durable Goods 500 Motor vehicles and equipment (501) 501 Furniture and home furnishings (502) 502 Lumber and construction materials (503) 510 Professional and commercial equipment and supplies (504) 511 Metals and minerals, except petroleum (505) 512 Electrical goods (506) 521 Hardware, plumbing and heating supplies (507) 530 Machinery, equipment, and supplies (508) 531 Scrap and waste materials (5093) 532 Miscellaneous wholesale, durable goods (509, exc. 5093) Nondurable Goods 540 Paper and paper products (511) 541 Drugs, chemicals and allied products (512, 516) 542 Apparel, fabrics, and notions (513) 550 Groceries and related products (514) 551 Farm-product raw materials (515) 552 Petroleum products (517) 560 Alcoholic beverages (518) 561 Farm supplies (5191) 562 Miscellaneous wholesale, nondurable goods (5192-5199) 571 Not specified wholesale trade RETAIL TRADE 580 Lumber and building material retailing (521, 523) 581 Hardware stores (525) 582 Retail nursuries and garden stores (526) 590 Mobile home dealers (527) 591 Department stores (531) 592 Variety stores (533) 600 Miscellaneous general merchandise stores (539) 601 Grocery stores (541) 602 Dairy products stores (545) 610 Retail bakeries (546) 611 Food stores, n.e.c. (542, 543, 544, 549) 612 Motor vehicle dealers (551, 552) 620 Auto and home supply stores (553) 621 Gasoline service stations (554) 622 Miscellaneous vehicle dealers (555, 556, 557, 559) 623 Apparel and accessory stores, except shoe (56, except 566) 630 Shoe stores (566) 631 Furniture and home furnishings stores (571) 632 Household appliance stores (572) 633 Radio, TV, and computer stores (5731, 5734) 640 Music stores (5735, 5736) 641 Eating and drinking places (58) 642 Drug stores (591) 650 Liquor stores (592) 651 Sporting goods, bicycles, and hobby stores (5941, 5945, 5946) 652 Book and stationery stores (5942, 5943) 660 Jewelry stores (5944) 661 Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops (5947) 662 Sewing, needlework and piece goods stores (5949) 663 Catalog and mail order houses (5961) 670 Vending machine operators (5962) 671 Direct selling establishments (5963) 672 Fuel dealers (598) 681 Retail florists (5992) 682 Miscellaneous retail stores (593, 5948, 5993-5995, 5999) 691 Not specified retail trade FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE 700 Banking (60 exc. 603 and 606) 701 Savings institutions, including credit unions (603, 606) 702 Credit agencies, n.e.c. (61) 710 Security, commodity brokerage, and investment companies (62, 67) 711 Insurance (63, 64) 712 Real estate, including real estate-insurance offices (65) BUSINESS AND REPAIR SERVICES 721 Advertising (731) 722 Services to dwellings and other buildings (734) 731 Personnel supply services (736) 732 Computer and data processing services (737) 740 Detective and protective services (7381, 7382) 741 Business services, n.e.c. (732, 733, 735, 7383-7389 742 Automotive rental and leasing, without drivers (751) 750 Automobile parking and carwashes (752, 7542) 751 Automotive repair and related services (753, 7549) 752 Electrical repair shops (762, 7694) 760 Miscellaneous repair services (763, 764, 7692, 7699) PERSONAL SERVICES 761 Private households (88) 762 Hotels and motels (701) 770 Lodging places, except hotels and motels (702, 703, 704) 771 Laundry, cleaning, and garment services (721 exc. part 7219) 772 Beauty shops (723) 780 Barber shops (724) 781 Funeral service and crematories (726) 782 Shoe repair shops (725) 790 Dressmaking shops (part 7219) 791 Miscellaneous personal services (722, 729) ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION SERVICES 800 Theaters and motion pictures (781-783, 792) 801 Video tape rental (784) 802 Bowling centers (793) 810 Miscellaneous entertainment and recreation services (791, 794, 799) PROFESSIONAL AND RELATED SERVICES 812 Offices and clinics of physicians (801, 803) 820 Offices and clinics of dentists (802) 821 Offices and clinics of chiropractors (8041) 822 Offices and clinics of optometrists (8042) 830 Offices and clinics of health practitioners, n.e.c. (8043, 8049) 831 Hospitals (806) 832 Nursing and personal care facilities (805) 840 Health services, n.e.c. (807, 808, 809) 841 Legal services (81) 842 Elementary and secondary schools (821) 850 Colleges and universities (822) 851 Vocational schools (824) 852 Libraries (823) 860 Educational services, n.e.c. (829) 861 Job training and vocational rehabilitation services (833) 862 Child day care services (part 835) 863 Family child care homes (part 835) 870 Residential care facilities, without nursing (836) 871 Social services, n.e.c. (832, 839) 872 Museums, art galleries, and zoos (84) 873 Labor unions (863) 880 Religious organizations (866) 881 Membership organizations, n.e.c. (861, 862, 864, 865, 869) 882 Engineering, architectural, and surveying services (871) 890 Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services (872) 891 Research, development, and testing services (873) 892 Management and public relations services (874) 893 Miscellaneous professional and related services (899) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 900 Executive and legislative offices (911-913) 901 General government, n.e.c. (919) 910 Justice, public order, and safety (92) 921 Public finance, taxation, and monetary policy (93) 922 Administration of human resources programs (94) 930 Administration of environmental quality and housing programs (95) 931 Administration of economic programs (96) 932 National security and international affairs (97) ACTIVE DUTY MILITARY Armed Forces 940 Army 941 Air Force 942 Navy 950 Marines 951 Coast Guard 952 Armed Forces, Branch not specified 960 Military Reserves or National Guard EXPERIENCED UNEMPLOYED NOT CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRY 992 Last worked in 1984 or earlier >> 2000 APPENDIX: PARTY-CANDIDATE MASTER CODE * indicates new or amended code in 2000 ** indicates "other" codes PARTY ONLY -- PEOPLE WITHIN PARTY 0001 Johnson 0002 Kennedy, John; JFK 0003 Kennedy, Robert; RFK 0004 Kennedy, Edward; "Ted" 0005 Kennedy, NA which 0006 Truman 0007 Roosevelt; "FDR" 0008 McGovern 0009 Carter 0010 Mondale 0011 McCarthy, Eugene 0012 Humphrey 0013 Muskie 0014 Dukakis, Michael 0015 Wallace 0016 Jackson, Jesse 0017 Clinton, Bill 0018 Clinton, Hillary 0019 Gore, Al * 0020 Lieberman, Joseph 0031 Eisenhower; Ike 0032 Nixon 0034 Rockefeller 0035 Reagan 0036 Ford 0037 Bush, Sr., George 0038 Connally 0039 Kissinger 0040 McCarthy, Joseph 0041 Buchanan, Pat 0042 Dole 0043 Gingrich, Newt * 0044 Cheney, Dick * 0045 Bush, Jr. George W. * 0046 McCain, John 0051 Other national party figures (Senators, Congressman, etc.) 0052 Local party figures (city, state, etc.) 0053 Good/Young/Experienced leaders; like whole ticket 0054 Bad/Old/Inexperienced leaders; dislike whole ticket 0055 Reference to vice-presidential candidate ** 0097 Other people within party reasons PARTY ONLY -- PARTY CHARACTERISTICS 0101 Traditional Democratic voter: always been a Democrat; just a Democrat; never been a Republican; just couldn't vote Republican 0102 Traditional Republican voter: always been a Republican; just a Republican; never been a Democrat; just couldn't vote Democratic 0111 Positive, personal, affective terms applied to party--good/nice people; patriotic; etc. 0112 Negative, personal, affective terms applied to party--bad/lazy people; lack of patriotism; etc. 0121 Can trust them; they keep their promises; you know where they stand 0122 Can't trust them; they break their promises; you don't know where they stand 0131 Party is well-organized, sticks together, is united; members are disciplined; votes party line 0132 Party is poorly-organized/really two parties/divided/ factionalized; members not disciplined; doesn't vote party line 0133 Party is (more) representative/good cross-section of the country; encompasses a wider variety of views/people; is more at the center of the country's views 0134 Party is less/not representative;bad cross-section of the country; encompasses more restricted views; is less at the center of the country's views 0135 Reference to participation of minority candidate(s) 0141 Reference to party's most recent National Convention; party's process/method of selecting presidential/vice-presidential candidates 0151 Performance of local branch of party; how they've done in this state/county/town 0161 Reference to the predominant faction that R sees as being in control of the party (NA which faction); "I don't like the people running it" 0162 Reference to Northerners/Liberals (as in control) of Democratic Party 0163 Reference to Southerners/Conservatives (as in control) of Democratic Party 0164 Reference to Easterners/Liberals/Moderates (as in control) of Republican Party 0165 Reference to Midwesterners/Westerners/Southerners/ Conservatives (as in control) of Republican Party; "Old Boy Network" 0166 Reference to Christian Coalition/Religious Right (as in control) of Republican Party 0167 Can't win; doesn't have a chance 0168 Can win; party can't be beat 0169 Too big a party; there are too many of them; party is too powerful 0170 Too small a party; there are not enough of them; party is too weak 0171 Listens (more) to people; takes (more) into consideration the needs and wants of people; understands (better) the people/the majority of the people 0172 Doesn't listen to/understand the needs and wants of the people/the majority of the people 0173 Campaign tactics, uses too much money in campaigns, slings mud 0174 Party been in office too long (but use 0430 for candidate been in office too long) ** 0197 Other party-characteristic reasons CANDIDATE ONLY -- EXPERIENCE, ABILITY 0201 General reference to him as "a good/bad man or a good/bad guy"; R has heard good/bad things about him; qualifications; general ability; reference to his "personality" ("job being done" is in code 0609) 0203 Not qualified for the office; the job is too big for him to handle 0211 Experienced (NA what kind) (see 0217, 0218, 0220 for specific kinds of experience; if in foreign policy see 1100's) 0212 Inexperienced 0213 Dependable/Trustworthy/Reliable; a man you can trust with the responsibilities of government ("trust" in the capability sense, rather than the honesty sense) 0214 Undependable/Untrustworthy/Unreliable; a man you can't trust with the responsibilities of government 0215 A military man; a good military/war record 0216 Not a military man; bad military/war record; no military/war record (but see 0719) 0217 His record in public service; how well he's performed in previous offices; voting record in Congress 0218 Has government experience/political experience/seniority/ incumbency (also see code 0722) 0219 Lacks government experience/political experience 0220 A statesman; has experience in foreign affairs 0221 Not a statesman; lacks experience in foreign affairs 0222 "He has done a good job so far"; he has brought us through hard times"; has gotten things done has some good ideas; trying to do right things 0223 Hasn't done anything; hasn't produced any results (general); has not been able to get programs off the ground 0224 Has fulfilled/kept (campaign) promises 0225 Has not fulfilled/kept (campaign) promises ** 0297 Other candidate experience/ability reasons CANDIDATE ONLY -- CANDIDATE LEADERSHIP QUALITIES 0301 Dignified/has dignity 0302 Undignified/lacks dignity 0303 Strong/decisive/self-confident/aggressive; will end all this indecision 0304 Weak/indecisive/lacks self-confidence/vacillating; "waffles"; "wishy-washy" 0305 Inspiring; a man you can follow; "a leader"; charisma 0306 Uninspiring; not a man you can follow; not a leader; lacks charisma 0335 Makes people feel good about America/being Americans; is patriotic/loves the country 0307 People have confidence in him 0308 People don't have confidence in him 0309 Good at communicating with blacks, young people, other "problem" groups 0310 Bad at communicating with blacks, young people, other "problem" groups (if communicate in general, see 0441, 0442) 0311 Knows how to handle people (at personal level) 0312 Doesn't know how to handle people (at personal level) 0313 A politician/political person; (too) much in politics; a good politician; part of Washington crowd; politically motivated; just wants to be re-elected 0314 Not a politician; not in politics; above politics; a bad politician 0315 Independent; no one runs him; his own boss 0316 Not independent; run by others; not his own man/boss 0317 Humble; knows his limitations; doesn't pretend to know all the answers 0318 Not humble enough; too cocky/self-confident 0319 (Too) Careful/Cautious/Good judgment 0320 (Too) Impulsive/Careless/Bad/Poor judgment 0334 Poor at explaining himself/his positions; doesn't answer questions clearly; speaks off the top of his head/doesn't stop to think before he speaks 0321 Helps people in the district on a personal level; has helped R personally with a problem (specific mention); tries to do things for the people 0322 Doesn't help people in the district on a personal level; was not helpful to R with a personal problem (specific mention) 0323 Represents (well) the views of the district; close to people in the district; comes home regularly to chat and mix with people 0324 Does not represent (well) the views of the district; not close to the people in the district; doesn't interact enough with the people 0325 Keeps people well informed about governmental matters; communicates with constituents; any mention of R receiving newsletters or communications from him/her; explains matters well so people can understand 0326 Does not inform people enough about governmental matters; does not send enough newsletters or communications; doesn't explain matters well 0327 Listens to the people/solicits public opinion; any mention of polls or questionnaires; is accessible to constituents (NFS) 0328 Doesn't listen to the people/does not solicit public opinion; isn't accessible to constituents (NFS) 0329 Has helped local (district) economy; brought money, projects, jobs to district 0330 Has not helped local (district) economy; not brought money, projects, jobs to district 0331 Candidate helps the district; watches out for the interests of the district or region in general 0332 Candidate has not protected/watched out for the interests of the district (specific mentions) 0334 Located after 0320 0335 Located after 0306 ** 0397 Other candidate leadership reason CANDIDATE ONLY -- PERSONAL QUALITIES 0401 Honest/Sincere; keeps promises; man of integrity; means what he says; fair; not tricky; open and candid; straightforward; positive Playboy references (1976) 0402 Dishonest/Insincere; breaks promises; no integrity; doesn't mean what he says; tricky; not open and candid; not straightforward 0403 Man of high principles/ideals; high moral purpose; idealistic (if too idealistic, code 0416) 0404 Lacks principles/ideals 0405 Racist/Bigoted/Prejudiced 0406 Not a racist/bigoted/prejudiced 0407 Public servant; man of duty; conscientious; hard-working; would be a full-time President; good attendance record in Congress; dedicated; really interested in serving people 0408 Doesn't take public service seriously; lazy; would be a part-time President; poor attendance record in office; not dedicated; not really interested in serving people; "shallow" 0409 Doesn't use office for personal benefit; not in office to maximize personal benefit 0410 Uses/in office (mostly) for personal benefits (junket trips, big salary, other perks) 0411 Patriotic; (88) like Bush's stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue 0412 Unpatriotic; (88) dislike Dukakis' stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue 0413 Understands the nation's/district's problems; well-informed; studies up on issues 0414 Doesn't understand the nation's/district's problems; poorly informed; doesn't study up on issues 0415 Realistic 0416 Unrealistic; too idealistic; (if "idealistic" in positive sense, code 0403) 0417 Uses common sense; makes a lot of sense; pragmatic/ practical/down-to-earth 0418 Not sensible; impractical 0419 (Too) well educated; scholarly 0420 Poorly educated; unschooled 0421 Intelligent/Smart 0422 Unintelligent/Stupid/Dumb 0464 Uninformed; doesn't (seem to) know anything about the issues/what is going on in the country/government (for being "informed", see code 04130 0423 Religious; "moral" (in religious sense); God-fearing; "too" religious 0424 "Irreligious"; "immoral" (in religious sense); Playboy interview (reflects on Carter--1976) 0425 Self-made; not well off; started out as poor; worked his way up; (started out) unpolished/unrefined/rough 0426 Wealthy; rich; born with silver spoon in mouth; polished/ refined/well-mannered; buy way into office; use of own money to finance campaign 0427 Old hat; has run before; a die-hard; "a loser" (in the past) 0428 Someone new; a fresh face 0429 Don't change horses in midstream 0430 Time for a change (see 0174 for party has been in office too long) 0431 Unsafe/Unstable; dictatorial; craves power; ruthless 0432 Safe/Stable 0433 Sense of humor; jokes a lot (too much) 0434 No sense of humor; humorless (too serious) 0435 Kind/Warm/Gentle; caring 0436 Cold/Aloof 0437 Likeable; gets along with people; friendly; outgoing; nice 0438 Not likeable; can't get along with people 0439 Democratic (in non-partisan sense) 0440 Undemocratic (in non-partisan sense) 0441 High-fallutin'/High-brow; talks in circles; can't talk to common man; can't communicate ideas well 0442 Not high-fallutin'/is low-brow; talks straight; can talk to common man; can communicate ideas well 0443 Well-known; "I know him/her" 0444 Unknown; not well known 0445 Reference to his family (not 0457) 0446 Reference to his wife/spouse 0447 Speaking ability 0448 Health 0449 Appearance/Looks/Face/Appearance on TV; his smile 0450 Age (NA how perceived) 0451 (Too) Old 0452 (Too) Young 0453 Mature 0454 Immature 0455 Regional reference; "he's a Southerner"; "he's a Midwesterner"; he comes from the country/a rural area; area reference 0456 Previous occupation 0457 He's a family man 0459 Energetic; too energetic 0460 Not energetic 0461 Gender, e.g., "She's a woman" 0462 Racial/Ethnic attribute; "He is a black man" 0463 Sexual orientation mentioned; "She is a lesbian" 0464 Located after 0422 * 0465 Taking undeserved credit; taking credit for actionc ,events, or policies one is not responsible for; Gore claiming "to have invented the internet" * 0466 Overcoming adversity in one's personal life; overcoming handicaps, disabilities, disease, alcoholism, or other similar problem. ** 0495 Other negative personal qualities ** 0496 Other positive personal qualities ** 0497 Other candidate personal qualities 0498 References to Playboy interview--NA direction or neutral; "it's OK," "that is what the Bible says" (not 0401)--1976 CANDIDATE ONLY--PARTY CONNECTIONS 0500 A Democrat; good Democrat; typical Democrat 0501 A Republican; good Republican; typical Republican In codes 0500 and 0501 it may be necessary to flip answers. If the R will not vote for a Democrat because they say they are a Republican voter, then the response should be coded as Democrat. The R is Republican and will not vote for the candidate because he is a Democrat. 0502 Controlled by party regulars/bosses/machine 0503 Not controlled by party regulars/bosses 0504 Reference to men around him/staff/followers 0505 Reference to his speeches (exc. 0447), campaign tactics; mud-slinging; (88) dislike Bush's stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue; all campaign mentions 0506 Can win; best choice for party victory 0507 Cannot win; not good choice for party victory 0508 Reference to linkage with other party figures (he's close to the Kennedy's; he was close to Eisenhower; etc.) 0509 Would continue/keep/follow Democratic policies (unspecified) 0510 Would change/get rid of " " 0511 Would continue/keep/follow Democratic domestic policies (unspecified, not codeable in 0900's) 0512 Would change/get rid of " " " 0513 Would continue/keep/follow Democratic foreign policies (unspecified, not codeable in 1100's) 0514 Would change/get rid of " " " 0515 Would continue/keep/follow Republican policies (unspecified) 0516 Would change/get rid of " " 0517 Would continue/keep/follow Republican domestic policies (unspecified, not codeable in 0900's) 0518 Would change/get rid of " " " 0519 Would continue/keep/follow Republican foreign policies (unspecified, not codeable in 1100's) 0520 Would change/get rid of " " " 0531 More liberal than most Democrats; a Northern Democrat 0532 More conservative " " ; a Southern Democrat 0533 More liberal than most Republicans; an Eastern Republican 0534 More conservative " " ; a Midwestern/Western/ Southern Republican 0535 Will bring in/listen to the (party) liberals 0536 Will bring in/listen to the (party) conservatives 0541 Reference to the Eagleton affair--1972; reference to physical or mental health of vice-presidential incumbent/ candidate; emotional stability/state of V-P incumbent/ candidate 0542 Reference to vice-presidential incumbent/candidate, running mate 0543 Mondale's selection of a woman for vice-president (1984); reference to age/gender/race/ethnicity of V-P incumbent/ candidate 0544 Mention of issues that V-P incumbent/candidate is identified with or has taken a leading role in promoting: 1992--Gore's position on environment 0551 References to link with "Watergate"--positive reference to Watergate 0552 Not associated with "Watergate"--negative reference to Watergate; making too much out of Watergate 0553 Ford's pardon of Nixon--NA direction or against pardon 0554 " " " --pro; brave/right thing to do 0555 Positive references about independent candidacy; maybe the country needs a third party; third parties should have more recognition; the two party system needs buckling 0556 Negative references/liabilities related to independent candidacy; "he's an independent" (NFS); "we don't need a third party"; "he lacks backing from a party" ** 0597 Other candidate party connection reasons PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT 0601 Good/Efficient/Businesslike administration; balanced budget; lower/wouldn't increase national debt; cautious spending 0602 Bad/Inefficient/Unbusinesslike administration; wasteful; "bureaucratic"; deficit budget; higher/increased national debt; overspend 0603 Honest government; not corrupt; no "mess in Washington" 0604 Dishonest/Corrupt government; "mess in Washington"; immorality in government; reference to Hayes, Mills, Lance 0605 (Would) Spend less (than other side); (would) spend too little 0606 (Would) Spend more (than other side); (would) spend too much 0607 Has brought/will bring about bureaucratic reform 0608 Has not brought/will not bring about bureaucratic reform 0609 General assessment of job he/they would do/are doing; is good/bad President; are providing good/bad administration 0622 Doesn't work (hard) at job; not involved (enough) in the work of his office/delegates too much authority to others; has chosen poor/incompetent aides; his aides have not performed well 0610 Reference to management/performance in Congress/Supreme Court/other government agency; made poor appointments 0611 He has/has not worked well with (Democratic) Congress; would/could have done better with (Republican) Congress; he kept/would keep Congress in check 0612 He will work well/better with (Democratic) Congress 0613 Gets more done/accomplishes as much/more productive 0614 Gets less done/doesn't accomplish as much/less productive 0625 Mostly approve of/happy with job done so far, but doesn't approve of everything that has been done 0615 Sympathy/understanding expressed for the complexity/ magnitude of the job (e.g., President): tough job 0616 Sympathy/understanding expressed for the difficult situation ("a mess") inherited by the incumbent 0623 Doing the best he can (under the circumstances); doing as good a job as anyone else could do; everyone makes some mistakes 0617 Will face (difficult) issues; faces problems directly; faces up to political reality 0618 Will not face (difficult) issues; will not face problems directly; ignores political reality 0619 Supports the president/works well with the president/would work well with the president 0620 Does not support the president/does not (would not) work well with the president 0621 Response to/handling of domestic crisis or natural disaster--riot, hurricane, tornado, earthquake, flood, etc. 0622 Located after 0609 0623 Located after 0616 0625 Located after 0614 0626 Favors term limits 0627 The economy is bad, but that is not (necessarily) his fault ** 0697 Other government management reasons PARTY OR CANDIDATE--MISCELLANEOUS 0701 Just like him/them (NA why); like everything about him/them; "I was hoping he would win the (nomination/primaries)" 0702 Just dislike/Don't like him/them (NA why); don't like anything about him/them 0732 Used to like him but don't now; have lost respect for him 0703 Will save America; America needs him/them 0704 Will ruin America; last thing America needs 0705 Will unite Americans/bring people together 0706 Will divide Americans/drive people apart 0707 Speaks of party/candidate as good protector(s); will know what to do; more intelligent 0708 Speaks of party/candidate as bad protector(s); won't know what to do 0709 Good for country (unspecified); trying to do good job; trying; not just out for self/own best interest; has/have country's interest at heart 0710 Bad for country (unspecified); don't have country's interests at heart; only looking out for their own interests 0711 Lesser of two evils 0718 Treatment of Jesse Jackson; didn't offer him the vice-presidenal nomination; didn't use him (effectively) to get out the Black vote; weren't coutreous/respectful toward him; didn't keep promises made to him 0719 Sexual scandals; reference to Chappaquidic; Kennedy's personal problems; damaging incidents in personal life--sexual escapades 0720 Reference to Watergate affair (exc. 0551-0554) 0721 The way the incumbent came to office; the people should select President 0722 The incumbent should have a chance (on his own)/another chance/second chance 0723 (I believe in/Necessary for) a two-party system; choice between candidates; opposition; balances power of other party 0724 Vote for the man rather than party; look for more qualified man; don't pay attention to parties 0725 The opponent who the candidate ran against; the candidate was the better of the two in general; the candidate ran against someone I really dislike 0726 Splits votes; will elect wrong candidate; "spoiler" 0727 Expression of sympathy/admiration for the candidate's underdog position; trying hard against terrible odds; courageous uphill battle; "I like underdogs"; "they are bucking the guy" (keeping him off ballot, not taking him seriously, not giving him enough publicity) 0728 Negative comments about the candidate's switching parties, being a turncoat, disloyal to his original party 0729 Party selection of a woman for vice-president 0730 Mention of debates; candidate's performance in the debates 0731 Position (vote) on increasing congressional salary; position (vote) on accepting honoraria/outside pay/royalties while in office 0732 Located after 0702 * 0734 Non-sexual scandals; Whitewater; Travel Office firings; FBI file controversy; (Whitewatergate, Travelgate, FBI gate); Bush Jr's drug and alcohol use. All sexual scandals should be coded in 0719 (incl. Paula Jones, "womanizing," "can't keep pants on," etc.) * 0735 Campaign finance scandals; Gore at the Buddhist temple; Gore soliciting funds from his office 0796 References to unfair/undeserved/excessive criticism by media or public ** 0797 Other miscellaneous reasons: Other miscellaneous reasons relating to image and candidate/party effect on nation PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GOVERNMENT ACTIVITY/PHILOSOPHY 0801 General assessment of ideas/policies/stands (unspecified) 0802 Different from other party/candidate 0803 Same as other party/candidate; not different enough 0804 (Too) negative; always tearing down other side; no solutions of his/their own 0805 For government activity; believe government should take care of things; for big government; supports social programs/ spending (not 0905-0907) 0806 Against government activity; believe government involved in too many things; favors reduction in social programs/ spending (not 0905-0907) 0807 Humanistic; favor human beings over property rights 0808 Not humanistic; favor property rights over human beings 0809 Favor social change/reform/progress/improvement of social conditions 0810 Against social change/reform/progress/improvement of social conditions 0811 Socialistic 0812 Anti-socialistic 0813 Communistic/soft/hard-liner on Communism/apologist for Communists/dupe 0814 (Too) anti-communistic/hard-liner on Communism 0815 (Too) liberal (except 0531 or 0533) 0816 (Too) conservative (except 0532 or 0534) 0817 Moderate/middle of the road/for slow change; not an extremist/fanatic 0818 Extremist/fanatic/too far out; not too moderate/not a fence-sitter 0819 Pro-Far Right/Birchers/reactionaries; encouraging fascist/ police state 0820 Anti-Far Right/ " " ; discouraging " 0821 Pro-Far Left/radicals/Yippies/SDS; encouraging anarchy/ guerilla state 0822 Anti-Far Left/ " " " ; discouraging " 0823 Pro-Extremists (NA direction)/nuts/bomb-throwers 0824 Anti-Extremists " " " 0827 Pro-States'/local/community rights; better local government 0828 Anti- " " " " ; worse/weaker local government 0829 For equality; believe everyone should have things equally/ be treated equally 0830 Anti-equality; believe some people should have more than others/people should not be treated equally 0831 Generous, compassionate, believe in helping others 0832 Selfish, only help themselves 0833 Acceptance of change/new ideas; less bound to status quo; more open to new ideas/ways of doing things; flexible, innovative 0834 Resistance to change/new ideas; stick to (protect) status quo; resist new ways of doing things; rigid 0835 Has a well-defined set of beliefs/definite philosophy; does not compromise on principles; has (clear) understanding of goals they stand for 0836 Has poorly defined set of beliefs; lacks a definite philosophy; compromise on principles; has no (clear) understanding of goals they stand for 0837 Favor work ethic; believes in self-reliance/in people working hard to get ahead 0838 Doesn't favor work ethic; believes in people being handed things/in government handouts (if specific policy mentioned, code in 0900's) 0841 Keep track of/control over administration heads, cabinet members, etc.; follow through on policies; determine if programs are working 0842 Don't (as in 0841) 0843 Conditional evaluation: R suggests candidate/party cannot solve problems because not under his/their control (no negative connotations); will he/they be able to do what they say (determining factor outside his/their control); "I like what he says but wonder if he can do it" (if clearly negative, code in 0122 or 0402) 0845 Will involve/wants to involve people/Congress/Cabinet/ advisors/other government officials in government/ decision making 0846 Will not involve people/Congress/Cabinet/advisors/other government officials in government/decision making 0847 Separation of church and state/religion and politics--pro 0848 Separation of church and state/religion and politics--anti 0849 Stand/views on religion (church/state relationship NA) ** 0897 Other Government Activity/Philosophy reasons PARTY OR CANDIDATE--DOMESTIC POLICIES 0900 General assessment of domestic ideas/policies/stands (unspecified) 0901 General assessment of economic policy (unspecified) 0902 Government economic controls--NA direction 0903 " " " --Pro; we need planned economy; control of private enterprise 0904 " " " --Anti; we have too much interference in private enterprise 0905 Welfare/Poverty problems--NA direction; give-away 0906 " " " --Pro government aid/activity; pro give-aways 0907 " " " --Anti government aid/activity; anti give-aways; pro self-help 0908 Social Security/Pensions--NA direction 0909 " " " --Pro expansion in coverage and/or increase in benefits 0910 " " " --Anti expansion in coverage and/or increase in benefits; favoring contraction and/or decrease 0911 Unemployment compensation--NA direction 0912 " " --Pro expansion in coverage and/or increase in benefits 0913 " " --Anti expansion in coverage and/or increase in benefits; favoring contraction and/or decrease 0914 Aid to education--NA direction 0915 " " --Pro 0916 " " --Anti 0917 Aid to parochial schools--NA direction 0918 " " " --Pro 0919 " " " --Anti 1047 Establish/enforce standards for schools (test teachers, require minimum curricula, regulate class size, etc) -- NA direction 1048 " " " -- Pro 1049 " " " --Anti 0920 Housing--NA direction 0921 " --Pro more public housing 0922 " --Anti more public housing * 0923 Aid/Programs for older people/the aged, Medicare, Medicaid, prescription drug plan, direction -- NA * 0924 " " " -- Pro * 0925 " " " -- Anti 1059 School vouchers--NA direction 1060 " " --Pro 1061 " " --Anti 0926 Monetary policy--NA direction 0927 " " --Pro loose(r) money; more availability of loans for housing, cars, etc.; lower interest rates 0928 " " --Anti loose(r) money; for tighter money; less availability of loans; higher interest rates 1046 Solvency/stability/regulation/control of the nation's FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. [1990] Involvement in the Savings and Loan scandals 0929 Tax policy--NA direction 0930 " " --Pro lower taxes 0931 " " --Anti lower taxes; for higher taxes 0932 " " --Pro reform/fairer system/end of loopholes/ write-offs/dodges 0933 " " --Anti reform/fairer system/end of loopholes/ write-offs/dodges 0942 [1990] Candidate voted for the budget agreement which resulted in increased taxes/fees 0934 "The Times"/General conditions/Prosperity/The Economy --better under him/them 0935 " " --worse under him/them 0936 Inflation/Cost of living--lower/better under him/them 0937 " " " --higher/worse under him/them 0938 Wages/Salaries/Income/Employment--higher/better under him/ them 0939 " " " " --lower/worse under him/them 0940 Prices for producers--higher/better under him/them 0941 " " --lower/worse (if farm, see 0943-0945) 0942 Located after 0933 0943 Programs to help farmers -- NA direction 0944 " " " --Pro (greater) help/fairer system, reform in system; higher price supports 0945 " " " --Anti (greater) help/fairer system, reform in system; higher price supports 0946 Civil rights/Racial justice/Integration/Desegregation/Voting Rights -- NA direction 0947 " " -- Pro 0948 " " -- Anti 1043 Affirmative Action programs -- NA direction 1044 " " " -- Pro; favors quotas based on race or gender 1045 " " " -- Anti; opposes quotas based on race or gender 0949 Civil liberties/Freedom of expression/First amendment/ Privacy -- NA direction 0950 " -- Pro; against snooping; political trials, etc; (88) like Dukakis' stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue 0951 " -- Anti; for snooping; political trials; McCarthyite; (88) dislike Republican party stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue 0952 General assessment of Labor policy (unspecified) 0953 Right to work laws--NA direction 0954 " " " --Pro (i.e., opposes unions [anti-labor, code 1208]) 0955 " " " --Anti (i.e., supports unions [pro-labor, code 1207]) 0956 Strikes--NA direction 0957 " --will have fewer/will handle better 0958 " --will have more/will handle worse 0959 Public power/Utilities/TVA/Atomic reactors/Nuclear power plants/Etc. -- NA direction 0960 " " " -- Pro 0961 " " " -- Anti 0962 Ecology/Environment; Air and Water Pollution--NA direction 0963 Will crack down on polluters, will be activist; will protect the environment 0964 Won't crack down on polluters, doesn't care; in league with polluters; not willing to protect the environment 0965 Veterans' Benefits--NA direction 0966 " " --Pro expansion of coverage and/or increase in benefits 0967 " " --Anti expansion of coverage and/or increase in benefits; favoring contraction and/or decrease 0968 Law and order--NA direction 0969 " " --soft line--unspecified 0970 " " " " --blacks 0971 " " " " --campus demonstrators 0972 " " " " --criminals/organized crime/ hoodlums/street crime 0973 " " " " --anti power of police; court interference 1041 " " " " --opposes death penalty 0974 " " --hard line--unspecified 0975 " " " " --blacks 0976 " " " " --campus demonstrators 0977 " " " " --criminals/organized crime/ hoodlums/street crime 0978 " " " " --pro power of police; reduced court interference 1042 " " " " --favors death penalty 0979 Public morality--NA direction 0980 " " --Strict/older/traditionalistic outlook; improve/renew morality of country; pro-family; defends family values 0981 " " --Permissive/newer/modernistic outlook; not (strongly enough) pro-family; doesn't defend (strongly enough) family values 0982 Drugs--NA direction 0983 " --Pro legalization/decriminalization; soft-liner; (88) doesn't support (strongly enough) the war on drugs; not willing to do more to combat drug use/pushers; involvement with Noreiga 0984 " --Anti legalization/decriminalization; hard-liner; (88) supports the war on drugs; willing to do more to combat drug use/pushers 0985 Abortion and birth control--NA direction 0986 " " " --Pro reform/legalization; new outlook 0987 " " " --Anti reform/legalization; traditional outlook 0988 Gun control--NA direction 0989 " " --Pro; controls 0990 " " --Anti; "everyone has the right to own a gun" 0991 Busing--NA direction 0992 " --Pro; against neighborhood school 0993 " --Anti; for neighborhood school 0994 Urban problem/Cities--NA direction 0995 " " " --Pro government aid/activity 0996 " " " --Anti government aid/activity ** 0997 Other domestic policy reasons 1001 National Health Insurance--NA direction 1002 " " " --Pro 1003 " " " --Anti 1004 Energy/Gas shortage--Development of alternative energy source, NA direction 1005 " " " --Pro development of alternative source, better/handled better; more fuel 1006 " " " --Anti development of alternative energy source, worse/handled worse; less fuel References to nuclear energy should be coded in 0959. 1007 Government plans to make more jobs--NA direction; make-work programs; CETA; WPAL; CCA 1008 " " " " --Pro 1009 " " " " --Anti 1010 Confidence/Trust in government--NA direction 1011 " " " --would handle better; restore confidence 1012 " " " --would handle worse; cause loss of confidence 1013 ERA; Women's rights--NA direction 1014 " " " --Pro 1015 " " " --Anti * 1016 Influx of political/economic refugees (Cubans, Haitians, Mexicans, etc.); include "the little Cuban boy"-Elian Gonzalez --NA direction * 1017 " " " --Pro * 1018 " " " --Anti 1019 School prayer--NA direction 1020 " " --Pro 1021 " " --Anti 1022 Gay rights--NA direction 1023 " " --Pro 1024 " " --Anti 1025 Health--NA direction; medical reform (do not use 1001 unless specific reference to National Health Insurance) 1026 Health--Pro government programs/aid for mentally ill, disabled, handicapped, AIDS 1027 " --Anti " " " " " (except 0923, 0924, 0925) 1028 Space program--NA direction 1029 " " --Pro 1030 " " --Anti 1031 Help to/improvement in a specific industry or occupation--NA direction 1032 " " " " " -- Pro help/ improvement 1033 " " " " " -- Anti help/ improvement (NOTE: Tobacco industry/smoking has been coded under 1031-1033) 1035 Polarization of classes/increasing gap between rich and poor--NA direction 1036 " " " " " --will stop trend/handle better 1037 " " " " " --will accelerate trend/handle worse 1038 Day care--NA direction 1039 " " --favors/will expand or extend day care programs 1040 " " --opposes/will not expand or extend (will cut or eliminate) day care programs 1041 Located after 0973 1042 Located after 0978 1043 Located after 0948 1044 Located after 0948 1045 Located after 0948 1046 Located after 0928 1047 Located after 0919 1048 Located after 0919 1049 Located after 0919 1050 Local/state issue mentioned--NA direction 1051 " " " --pro 1052 " " " --anti 1053 How candidate feels about/votes on Clinton impeachment--NA direction 1054 " " " --pro 1055 " " " --anti * 1056 Financing of elections; campaign finance reform-NA dir * 1057 " " " " -Pro * 1058 " " " " -Anti PARTY OR CANDIDATE--FOREIGN POLICIES 1101 General assessment of foreign ideas/policies/stands (unspecified) 1102 Foreign policies more clear-cut/decisive; less bungling 1103 Foreign policies less clear-cut/decisive; more bungling 1104 Internationalist/Interested in other countries' problems/Interested in world role/Pro-UN and allies; Meddling in other people's problems 1105 Isolationist/America First/Fortress America/Would meddle less in other people's problems 1184 Military/Defense position/spending--NA direction or neutral (not 1106, 1107) 1106 Strong military position/Preparedness/Weapons systems/ Pentagon spending/Overkill; SDI ("Star Wars") 1107 Weak military position/Pentagon spending cutbacks/No overkill/Reduce armed forces; SDI ("Star Wars") 1108 Cold-war oriented; opposed detente; international Communist-fighter 1109 Against cold war/Wants thaw/Detente/Understanding with international communists (if NA whether international, code in 0813-0814) 1110 Military aid to allies--NA direction 1111 " " " --Pro 1112 " " " --Anti 1113 Economic aid/Foreign aid/AID/Non-military aid--NA dir. 1114 " " " " " " " --Pro 1115 " " " " " " " --Anti 1116 Located after 1163 1117 " " " 1118 Mideast--NA direction; any references to oil embargo; boycott of companies dealing with Israel 1119 " --handle better/more experience; positive comments about Arab-Israeli peace treaty 1120 " --handle worse/less experience; negative comments about Arab-Israeli peace treaty; [1992] Iraqgate 1121 " --Pro-Israel/anti-Arabs 1122 " --Anti-Israel/pro-Arabs; wishy-washy on Israel 1123 Red China--NA direction 1124 " " --handle better/more experience/doing well, better 1125 " " --handle worse/less experience/doing poorly 1126 " " --pro understanding/thaw/detente/new relationships/recognition/admission to UN 1127 " " --anti understanding/thaw/detente/new relationships/recognition/admission to UN; defender of Formosa/Chaing/Nationalists 1128 Russia--NA direction 1129 " --handle better/more experience 1130 " --handle worse/less experience 1131 " --pro understanding/thaw/detente/broadening of relations; SALT II 1132 " --anti understanding/thaw/detente/broadening of relations; SALT II 1133 Eastern Europe--NA direction 1134 " " --handle better/more experience 1135 " " --handle worse/less experience 1136 " " --pro defense of Iron-Curtain countries 1137 " " --anti " " " 1138 Latin America--NA direction 1139 " " --handle better/more experience 1140 " " --handle worse/less experience 1141 " " --pro-third world posture; reach understanding with Castro/Chile/ neutrals; anti-colonialism/European powers; against Contra aid/pro- Sandinista 1142 " " --anti-third world posture; hard anti-communism/anti-revolutionary policy; pro-colonialism/European powers; pro Contra aid/anti-Sandinista 1198 (Involvement in) Diversion of money to the Contras (in violation of the law) 1143 Africa--NA direction 1144 " --handle better/more experience 1145 " --handle worse/less experience 1146 " --pro-third world posture; reach understanding with leftists/neutrals; anti-colonialism/European powers 1147 " --anti-third world posture; hard anti-communism/anti-revolutionary policy; pro-colonialism/European powers 1148 Asia/India--NA direction 1149 " " --handle better/more experience 1150 " " --handle worse/less experience 1151 " " --pro India/Bangladesh 1152 " " --pro Pakistan 1153 Located after 1163 1154 " " " 1155 " " " 1156 " " " 1157 Vietnam/Indochina/Southeast Asia--NA direction 1158 " " " " --better chance forpeace 1159 " " " " --poorer chance for peace; failed to end war 1160 " " " " --pro military victory/ preservation of Saigon regime 1161 " " " " --anti military victory/ willing to sacrifice Thieu/Ky; favoring withdrawal 1163 " " --will bring policy change (unspec.) 1116 Trouble spots (not specifically coded)--would handle better (Panama, Afghanistan, Persian Gulf, Iraq) 1117 " " " " " --would handle worse (Panama, Afghanistan, Persian Gulf, Iraq) 1162 (88) The invasion of Grenada 1300 (91) The Persian Gulf war/ Desert Storm * 1301 (99) War in the Balkans;US/NATO led air war against Serbia 1153 Would raise American prestige 1154 Would lower American prestige; not maintain American prestige 1155 Would have better chance for peace (unspecified); not get us into trouble abroad 1156 Would have poorer chance for peace (unspecified); get us into war/trouble abroad 1164 Tariffs--NA direction 1165 " --Pro free trade/reduce tariffs; would not protect US labor from foreign competition 1166 " --Anti free trade; for high tariffs; would protect US labor from foreign competition 1196 Foreign trade/balance of payments deficit--any mention 1167 Trade with communists--NA direction 1168 " " --Pro 1169 " " --Anti 1170 Draft--NA direction 1171 " --Pro volunteer army/abolition of peacetime draft 1172 " --Anti volunteer army; for peacetime draft 1173 " --Pro amnesty/pardon 1174 " --Anti amnesty/draft dodgers/pardon 1178 Amnesty--NA direction 1175 POW-MIA--Will get prisoners back, will not abandon them 1176 POW-MIA--Will not get prisoners back, will abandon them 1177 POW-MIA--NA direction 1178 Located after 1174 1179 Did a good job of getting the boys/country out of Vietnam war; got us out of Vietnam 1180 Should have won Vietnam war; gave too much away and then pulled out 1181 Secrecy/deception in U.S. foreign policy; shuttle diplomacy; Kissinger's foreign policy (1976) --NA direction 1182 " " " " --Pro 1183 " " " " --Anti 1184 Located after 1105 1185 Priorities in military/defense spending (not reduction or increase but allocation of existing defense budget--Pro 1186 Priorities in military/defense spending (not reduction or increase but allocation of existing defense budget--Anti 1187 Iranian crisis; American hostages (1980)/Arms sale (1986) --NA direction 1188 " " " " --has handled well/would handle better 1189 " " " " --has handled poorly/would handle worse 1190 Nuclear freeze/Disarmament--NA direction 1191 " " " --Pro 1192 " " " --Anti 1193 Terrorism; dealings with terrorists; hostages (except 1187-1189) -- NA direction; (88) Bombing of Libya 1194 " " " -- has handled/would handle better; (88) Bombing of Libya/handling of Khadafy 1195 " " " -- has handled/would handle worse; (88) Bombing of Libya/handling of Khadafy * 1302 Security at the Dept of Energy; supposed Chinese spying for nuclear secrets; treatment of physicist Wen Ho Lee; mismanagement by Energy Secretary Bill Richardson-NA dir * 1303 " -- has handled well/would handle better * 1304 " -- has handled poorly/would handle worse 1196 Located after 1166 ** 1197 Other foreign policy reasons 1198 Located after 1142 1199 Iran-Contra affair--NFS (NA whether 1187 or 1198) PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GROUP CONNECTIONS 1201 Special interests/Privileged people/Influential--Pro 1202 " " " " --Anti 1203 "People like me"--pro, NA whether 1205, 1206 1204 " " " --anti, " " " " 1205 Common man/People/Little people/Working people--Pro 1206 " " " " --Anti 1207 Labor/Unions/Labor bosses/Racketeers--Pro 1208 " " " " --Anti 1209 Big Business/Corporate rich/The rich individuals/People with power/Wall Street/Industry/Upper classes--Pro 1210 (Same as 1209) --Anti 1211 Small businessman--Pro 1212 " " --Anti 1213 White collar workers/Salaried people/Middle class--Pro 1214 " " " " --Anti 1215 Farmers/Country people--Pro 1216 " " --Anti 1217 Blacks/Black people/Negroes--Pro 1218 " " " --Anti 1219 People on welfare/ADC mothers/"Chiselers"--Pro 1220 " " " " --Anti 1221 Old people/Senior citizens--Pro 1222 " " " --Anti 1223 Young people/Kids/"Freaks"/Hippies--Pro 1224 " " " " " --Anti 1225 Women/Feminists/Womens Liberationists, "sexists"--Pro 1226 " " " " " --Anti 1227 Veterans/Servicemen--Pro 1228 " " --Anti 1229 Ethnic or racial group (exc. 1217-1218); Minority groups (NA composition--Pro 1230 " " " --Anti 1231 Section of the country--Pro 1232 " " --Anti * 1233 Poor people/needy people/handicapped/disabled--Pro * 1234 " " " " " --Anti 1235 Civil servants--Pro 1236 " " --Anti 1239 Gays/lesbians--Pro 1240 " " --Anti 1241 Christian Right/Religious Right--Pro 1242 " " --Anti * 1243 White/White Race/White people--Pro * 1244 " " --Anti * 1245 White Men--Pro * 1246 White Men--Anti * 1247 Hispanics/Latinos/Chicanos--Pro * 1248 " " ** 1297 Other group connection reasons 1300 Located after 1162 MISSING DATA CODES 9001 R has been influenced by spouse 9002 R has been influenced by someone else * 9991 No text, "none", "no", other uncodeable 9996 Refused to say ** 9997 Other miscellaneous 9998 DK 9999 NA 0000 Inap, no further mentions EVENTS UNIQUE TO ONE CAMPAIGN 5001 Perot quit race, is quitter--NFS 5002 (Because Perot quit race) he is not trustworthy or dependable (let down supporters) 5003 (Because Perot quit race) re-entered, he is indecisive, inconsistent, not stable, other mention of quit and re-enter--NFS 5004 Not a serious/legitimate candidate >> 2000 APPENDIX: MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEM MASTER CODE * indicates new or amended code in 2000 ** indicates "other" codes SOCIAL WELFARE PROBLEMS 001. General reference to domestic issues; repairing/ maintaining the nation's infrastructure (roads, bridges, dams, etc) 005. POPULATION; any mention of population increase; reference to over-population/birth control 006. DAY CARE; child care 010. UNEMPLOYMENT; the number of people with jobs; unemployment rate/compensation; job retraining 013. CREATE JOBS/RECRUIT INDUSTRY in specific area/region/ state 020. EDUCATION; financial assistance for schools/colleges/ students; quality of education/the learning environment/teaching 030. AGED/ELDERLY; social security benefits; administration of social security; medical care for the aged; medicare benefits; insuring against catastrophic illness; prescription drug program for elderly 035. Social Security won't be around in the future; paying into a system which won't benefit me/them 040. HEALTH PROBLEMS/COST OF MEDICAL CARE; quality of medical care; medical research/training of doctors and other health personnel; hospitals; National Health insurance program 045. Located after 330 046. Located after 383 048. Other specific references to health problems; AIDS 050. HOUSING; providing housing for the poor/homeless; ability of young people to afford to buy homes/find homes to buy 060. POVERTY; aid to the poor/underprivileged people; help for the (truly) needy; welfare programs (such as ADC); general reference to anti-poverty programs; hunger/help for hungry people in the U.S. 090. SOCIAL WELFARE PROBLEMS; "welfare"--NFS 091. For general or other social welfare programs; "we need to help people more" 092. Against general or other social welfare programs; "too many give away programs for the people who don't deserve it"; for welfare reform ** 099. Other specific mentions of social welfare problems AGRICULTURE 100. FARM ECONOMICS; payment for crops/price of feed/cost of farming 103. SUBSIDIES/crop payments/government aid to farmers 120. WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS; food shortages/starvation/famine (not 406 or 407) NATURAL RESOURCES 150. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; conservation, ecology; protecting the environment/endangered species 151. Controlling/REGULATING GROWTH or land development; banning further growth/development in crowded or ecologically sensitive areas; preserving natural areas 153. POLLUTION; clean air/water 154. Disposal of RADIOACTIVE/TOXIC waste (dumps, landfills) 160. DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES /ENERGY SOURCES; harbors, dams, canals, irrigation, flood control, navigation, reclamation; location, mining, stock-piling of minerals; water power, atomic power; development of alternative sources of energy (includes mentions of solar or nuclear power) ** 199. Other specific mentions of agriculture or natural resources problems LABOR PROBLEMS: UNION-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS 200. LABOR/UNION PROBLEMS; union practices; job security provided workers; job safety issues; working conditions 220. Anti-union; unions too powerful ** 299. Other specific mention of labor or union-management problems RACIAL PROBLEMS 300. CIVIL RIGHTS/RACIAL PROBLEMS; programs to enable Blacks to gain social/economic/educational/political equality; relations between Blacks and whites 302. PROTECTION (expansion) OF WHITE MAJORITY; maintenance of segregation; right to choose own neighborhood; right to discriminate in employment 304. Discrimination against whites; preferred treatment given to minorities TECHNOLOGY 310. Technology; mentions that are specific to technology; e.g., the Year 2000 computer (Y2K) problem PUBLIC ORDER PROBLEMS 320. NARCOTICS; availability of drugs; extent of drug/alcohol addiction in the U.S.; interdiction of drugs coming to the U.S. from foreign countries; alcohol or drug related crime; drug laws 330. WOMEN'S RIGHTS; references to women's issues; economic equality for women; ERA 045. PRO-ABORTION; pro-choice; the right of a woman to control her body 340. CRIME/VIOLENCE; too much crime; streets aren't safe; mugging, murder, shoplifting; drug related crime 360. LAW AND ORDER; respect for the law/police; support for the police; death penalty; tougher sentences for criminals; need for more prisons 361. Legal reform--general (for mentions regarding specific issues, see specific issue); see also Adhering to the Constitution (code 850) * 363. Police brutality; police not doing their job properly 367. Against unregistered ownership of guns; legislative control of guns; "CONTROL OF GUNS"-NFS 368. For gun ownership; right to have guns; against gun control 370. EXTREMIST GROUPS/TERRORISTS; terrorist bombings/hostage-taking; political subversives; revolutionary ideas/approaches 375. Euthenasia; right to die 380. General mention of MORAL/RELIGIOUS DECAY (of nation); sex, bad language, adult themes on TV 381. Family problems--divorce; proper treatment of children; decay of family (except 006); child/elder abuse (incl. sexual); family values 046. ANTI-ABORTION; pro-life; "abortion"--NFS 383. Problems of/with YOUNG PEOPLE; drug/alcohol abuse amoung young people; sexual attitudes; lack of values/ discipline; mixed-up thinking; lack of goals/ambition/sense of responsibility 384. Religion (too) mixed up in politics; prayer in school 385. HOMOSEXUALITY; protecting civil rights of gays and lesbians; accepting the lifestyle of homosexuals; granting homosexual couples the same rights and benefits as heterosexual couples ** 399. Other specific mention of racial or public order problems; other mention of domestic issues ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS PROBLEMS If R mentions both "inflation" (400) and rise in prices of specific items (407-409), code "Inflation" (400). (See also 496.) 400. INFLATION; rate of inflation; level of prices; cost of living 401. WAGE AND PRICE CONTROLS/GUIDELINES; freezing prices; control of business profits 403. High price of food, all mentions (exc. 100) 404. High price of other specific items and services 405. MINIMUM WAGE, any mention; any mention of wage levels 407. Food shortages; economic aspects of food shortages, e.g., price of sugar (other references, code 120) 408. Fuel shortages; "energy crisis"; oil companies making excessive profits; depressed condition of the oil industry 410. RECESSION, DEPRESSION; prosperity of the nation; economic growth; GNP 411. MONETARY RESTRAINTS/CONTROLS; level of interest rates; availability of money/the money supply 413. Future vision of what America will be like; a need to look to the future 415. Against (increased) government spending; balancing of the (national) budget; against government stimulation of the economy; the size of the budget deficit 416. TAXES; general reference to tax structure; tax surcharge (NA R's direction); tax reform; other specific tax reference 417. For tax cuts; against tax surcharge; for tax reform 418. Against tax cuts; for tax surcharge; against tax reform 424. PRODUCTIVITY of American industry; "giving a day's work for a day's pay"; revitalizing American industry 425. STOCK MARKET/GOLD PRICES; all references to gold prices, stock brokers, stock fluctuations, etc. 427. VALUE OF THE DOLLAR; strength/weakness of the dollar against other currencies 433. Large businesses taking over small businesses 440. Class oriented economic concerns--middle class, working class (pro); MIDDLE CLASS GETTING SQUEEZED 441. Class oriented economic concerns--big business, monied interests (anti) too powerful 442. Concern for inequitable distribution of wealth; gap between the rich and the poor; concentration of wealth in the hands of a few 451. For the regulation of interstate commerce, transportation, air travel, railways, government auto safety regulations; in favor of increased government regulation of business; mention of problems caused by deregulation 452. Against (increased) regulation of interstate commerce, transportation; AIR TRAVEL, RAILWAYS, etc. 453. Solvency/stability/regulation/control of the nation's FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. [1990] Savings and Loan scandal * 460. IMMIGRATION POLICY; establishing limits on how many people from any one nation can enter the U.S.; prohibiting specified types of persons from entering the U.S. (All mentions of Elian Gonzales or "the Cuban child" go here. If power of Federal government mentioned, see codes 801 and 887.) 463. Problems relating to the influx of political/economic refugees (Cubans, Haitians, Mexicans, etc.) 491. Economics--general; "Economics"--NFS 492. International economics--general; economic problems in specific countries or regions 493. U.S. foreign trade, balance of payments position; foreign oil dependency 494. Control of FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN U.S.; mention of foreigners buying U.S. assets (businesses, real estate, stocks, etc) 495. PROTECTION OF U.S. INDUSTRIES; imposition of tariffs/reciprocal restrictions on foreign imports; limitation of foreign imports; mention of problems in specific industries competin with foreign manufacturers 496. The economy--not further specified (code specific mention if R clarifies by saying "inflation", etc.; also see 400) 497. International competitiveness; outsourcing; loss of jobs to foreign competition; moving jobs abroad; modernizing plants/equipment/management techniques to meet foreign competition; matching the quality of foreign goods 498. Mention of "twin problems" of a large national debt/ budget deficit and unfavorable balance of trade/import-export ratio ** 499. Other specific mention economic or business problems FOREIGN AFFAIRS 500. FOREIGN RELATIONS/FOREIGN AFFAIRS; foreign policy/relations, prestige abroad 504. Relations with the Third World (no specific country or region mentioned) 505. Relations with WESTERN EUROPE; Great Britain, France, Germany; our allies 510. VIETNAM; general reference to "the war," Indochina, Cambodia; aid 514. Latin America, South America--any references; reference to war/situation in Nicaragua; U.S. support of the Contras 515. Iran; mention of American hostages in Teheran; arms deal 516. African countries; developing areas in Africa (not 518) --any mention; U.S. response to apartheid in South Africa 519. Other specific countries/areas/trouble spots (exc. 520's, 530's) 524. MIDDLE EAST-- support or aid to Israel/Arab states; Arab/Israeli conflict; Iran-Iraq war; hostages in Lebanon/Middle East. [1990] Iraqi aggression in the Persian Gulf ; Saddam Hussein 530. RUSSIA/Eastern Europe; relations with Russia/the Communist bloc; detente/trade/negotiations with Russia-- NA whether 531 or 532 531. For PEACEFUL RELATIONS with Russia/Detente/Eastern Europe; for increased TRADE with Russia; talking/ resuming negotiations with Russia on arms control/ reduction (reaching/concluding a treaty is 711) 532. Against policy of Detente with Russia; COLD WAR; threat of external Communism; need to oppose/be wary of Russia 533. Prevention of Russian (Communist) expansion; mention of Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan-- any reference; references to Soviet activity in Central America/Nicaragua) * 535. US/NATO involvement in the Balkans; US/NATO led air war to contain Serbia 539. Other specific references to Russia/Detente/Eastern Europe, etc. (including changing site/boycotting 1980 Moscow Olympics); threat of/preventing war with Russia (exc. 714) 540. FIRMNESS IN FOREIGN POLICY; maintenance of position of MILITARY/DIPLOMATIC STRENGTH (not 710-712) 550. U.S. FOREIGN (MILITARY) INVOLVEMENT/COMMITMENT, extent of U.S. Foreign involvement; military assistance/aid (exc. 524) 560. U.S. FOREIGN (ECONOMIC) INVOLVEMENT/COMMITMENTS; extent of U.S.(foreign) economic aid; "foreign aid" 570. Prevention of war; ESTABLISHMENT OF PEACE; any reference 585. Obligation to TAKE CARE OF PROBLEMS AT HOME before helping foreign countries ** 599. Other specific mention of foreign affairs problems NATIONAL DEFENSE 700. NATIONAL DEFENSE; defense budget; level of spending on defense 710. DISARMAMENT; general reference to ENDING OF THE ARMS RACE; nuclear proliferation; test ban treaty (not 540); SALT; INF treaty 711. For DISARMAMENT; for extension of test ban treaty; support toward ending of arms race; against (additional) expenditures on military/arms development; SALT; SDI ("Star Wars"); INF treaty 712. Against (increased) policy of DISARMAMENT; against test ban treaty; for additional WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT; missile program; scientific/technological development in weapons/strategy; atomic bomb testing; increased DEFENSE BUDGET, increased arms expenditure (not 540); SALT; increased pay for military personnel; SDI ("Star Wars"); INF treaty 713. General or specific references to functioning and performance of defense; waste, inefficiency (not codable in 710-712) 714. Nuclear war; the threat of nuclear war; nuclear proliferation * 715. Security of nuclear secrets; Dept of Energy/Los Alamos nuclear security; Wen Ho Lee or Energy Secretary Richard compromising security; supposed Chinese spying 740. The space program; space race (not 711,712) 750. MORALE OF NATION; Patriotism; National spirit; national unity; greed, selfishness of people 760. BENEFITS FOR VETERANS; general reference 765. Allowing/accepting GAYS IN THE MILITARY ** 799. Other specific mention of national defense problems ISSUES RELATING TO THE FUNCTIONING OF GOVERNMENT 800. POWER OF THE (FEDERAL) GOVERNMENT; power of/control exercised by the federal government 810. (LACK OF) HONESTY IN GOVERNMENT; (LACK OF) ETHICS IN GOVERNMENT--general reference (exc. 811) 811. LACK OF PERSONAL ETHICS/morality of persons related to or part of government 812. The President lied/didn't tell the truth; covered up personal involvement with a young woman (also see more general code 874) 813. The President has low morals; had affair with a young woman (also see more general code 874) 820. CAMPAIGN DONATIONS/PUBLIC FINANCING OF ELECTIONS; any mentions; campaign finance reform 830. CONFIDENCE/TRUST in political leaders/system; wisdom, ability, responsiveness of political leaders; quality of leadership provided by political leaders 833. QUALITY/EFFICIENCY of public employees, diplomats, civil service; SIZE OF THE GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACY; COST OF GOVERNMENT 836. COMPENSATION; all references to the compensation of government employees, officials, congressmen, judges, local politicians/bureaucrats 837. Waste in government spending; keeping tabs on where money goes 838. Government BUDGET PRIORITIES are wrong; Congress/President is spending money in the wrong areas/not spending money on the right things 840. SIZE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT; the (large) size of government/civil service/bureaucracy; the number of government departments/employees/programs 850. Adhering to the Consitution (see also legal reform, code 361) 853. POWER OF CONGRESS--general reference 856. POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT, all other references to the Supreme Court except 857, 858 859. Other specific references to the (federal) balance of power; legislative gridlock in Washington 862. FAIR ELECTION PROCEDURES; prevention of vote manipulation; curbing of political "bosses", smear campaigns 869. Other specific references to problems of representation; term limitations for members of Congress 874. Lack of support for the President; any anti-President comments, negative reference to the PRESIDENT's quality, style, etc. (also see codes 812, 813) 875. Impeachment proceeding; mention of the Special Prosecutor; Republicans attempting to get the President out of office/Democrats attempting to keep the President in office (also see codes 812, 813) 878. Mention of a specific CANDIDATE or relative of a candidate -- NFS 881. New president/administration getting started; other references specific to the President; support for the President; "let him get on with his job" 885. PUBLIC APATHY/disinterest--all references 886. References to unfair/undeserved/excessive criticism by the media. All media mentions should go here: "The news can't be trusted" 887. Extending/protecting EQUAL RIGHTS, basic freedoms, human rights of all citizens ** 899. Other specific mention of problems relating to the functioning of government NON-POLITICAL PROBLEMS ** 990. Other specific mentions of important problems 995. "There were no issues"; "there were no issues, just party politics" 996. "There was no campaign in my district" 998. DK 999. NA 000. Inap, no further mention; no problems >> 2000 APPENDIX: PARTY DIFFERENCES MASTER CODE * indicates new or amended code in 2000 ** indicates "other" codes Responses that refer specifically to the candidates rather than parties should be coded 910. However, if the candidates are referred to as leaders or representatives of the parties, the response should be coded with the appropriate code category. BROAD PHILOSOPHY Liberal Responses 001. More liberal, progressive--too far left * 005. Pro-Supreme Court/judicial appointment of liberal/progressive judges * 006. Anti-Supreme Court/judicial appointment of conservative/reactionary judges 010. Acceptance of change/new ideas; less bound to status quo; more open to new ideas; new ways of doing things 020. Quick (rash) response to problems; tackle problems quickly; impetuous; impulsive; too aggressive; take more chances; not cautious enough 030. More extreme, radical (NFS) 040. Socialistic; for welfare state; for social welfare programs; sensitive to social problems; leaves less to (interferes more with) private enterprise * 050. Depends (too much) on federal government (rather than state or local government); (too) centralized, paternalism; want Washington to do everything;Pro Big government. * 060. Destroy personal initiative/individual responsibility/individual dignity; recognize individual needs government help; society has obligation to provide safety net 070. Future-oriented; plan ahead; look to the future 085. Freedom to do as one chooses; less interested in strict control of social behavior; not interested in moral standards 086. Not religious; against prayer in school ** 090. Other broad philosophy--liberal Conservative Responses 100. More conservative/reactionary; too far right 105. Pro-Supreme Court/judicial appointment of conservative/reactionary judges 106. Anti-Supreme Court/judicial appointment of liberal/progressive judges 110. Resistance to change/new ideas; stick to (protect) status quo; traditionalists; resist new ways of doing things; rigid 120. Slow (cautious) response to problems; do-nothing; lets things go 130. Moderate; middle of road (NFS); less extreme 140. For free enterprise capitalism; against socialism (code "help big business" under group references); unaware of social problems; for development of private enterprise; against expansion of government activities into areas of private enterprise * 150. For states' rights, local government; less interference from Washington at local level; against powerful federal government; Anti Big government * 160. Initiative/responsibility/dignity of individual protected; for self-reliance. 170. Not future-oriented; don't plan ahead; don't worry about the future 185. Definite moral standards/stands; concern for/control of public morality; upholds/fosters family values 186. (Good) Christian; strong religious beliefs; for prayer in school ** 190. Other broad philosophy--conservative BROAD PHILOSOPHY-DIRECTION NA * 195. Pro-Party influence on appointments to Supreme Court/ judicial appointment (NA type) * 196. Anti-Party influence on appointments to Supreme Court/ judicial appointment (NA type) GROUP REFERENCES Party Seen as Good for, Helping, Giving Special Advantage to: 200. Everybody; nobody; no catering to special interests, "people" (the majority) * 210. Working or little people; the common people, the working class; "average man" * 211. Needy; poor; disadvantaged; welfare recipients 212. People like me; people like us 220. Unions, "labor", labor leaders 230. Big business; industry, "business(men)", Wall Street (except small businessman, code 240); agribusiness/large farming businesses 231. Rich people; upper classes; wealthy (powerful) people 240. Small businessmen 250. Middle class people; white collar people 260. Farmers 270. Blacks 272. Hispanics/Chicanos/Latinos 273. Asians ** 280. Other racial and ethnic groups 281. The South, some portion of the south 282. The North, some portion of the north 283. White people, white people only 284. Minorities, minority groups (NA which) 285. Old people 286. The educated, intellectuals, students 287. Families 288. Religious conservatives; religious right ** 290. Other groups * 291. Children * 292. Women 299. Group differences codeable in 200 or 300 series--NA which Party Seen as Bad for, Anti, Keeping in Check, Putting in Place 300. Divisive (sets class against class, caters to special interests (NA what), plays group politics, not for all the people; (Dems/Reps) only for themselves * 310. Working or little people; the common people, the working class; "average man" * 311. Needy; poor; disadvantaged; welfare recipients 312. People like me; people like us 320. Unions, "labor", labor leaders 330. Big business; industry, "business(men)", Wall Street (except small businessman, code 340); agribusiness/large farming businesses 331. Rich people; upper classes; wealthy (powerful) people) 340. Small businessmen 350. Middle class people; white collar people 360. Farmers 370. Blacks 371. Racist, prejudiced, bigoted 372. Hispanics/Chicanos/Latinos 373. Asians ** 380. Other racial and ethnic groups; "minority groups" other or not specified 381. The South, some portion of the south 382. The North, some portion of the north 383. White people, white people only 384. Minorities, minority groups (NA which) 385. Old people 386. The educated, intellectuals, students 387. Families 388. Religious conservatives; religious right ** 390. Other groups * 391. Children * 392. Women DOMESTIC POLICY REFERENCES Fiscal Policy--Easy Spending Responses 400. Spend more freely/high spenders (NFS) 401. Spend much relative to what is accomplished; wasteful, not careful with spending 402. Spend much relative to money available; spend us deeper in debt; deficit spending 403. Spend under special circumstances, such as hard times * 404. Bring cheap money; more money circulating; lower inerest rates ** 405. Other easy spending response 406. Raise taxes--NFS; keep taxes high; seek to increase government revenues 407. Increse income taxes; will not cut income taxes; rely on increase in/high income tax to provide government revenues Fiscal Policy--Cautious Spending Responses 500. Spend less freely; economy in government (NFS) 501. Spend little relative to what is accomplished; less wasteful/more careful with government (taxpayers') money 502. Spend little relative to money available; reduce debt, keep debt from getting higher, balanced budget 503. Spend little even when special circumstances might warrant * 504. For sound money/tight money, deflation; higher interest rates ** 505. Other cautious spending response 506. Cut taxes--NFS; keep taxes low; seek to decrease government revenues 507. Cut income taxes; will not increase income taxes; rely on taxes other than income tax to provide government revenue 591. General mention of taxes--neutral or NA direction 599. General mention of spending--neutral or NA direction Association of Party with Good/Positive Domestic Situations 411. Responsible promised (NA what); restraint on promises, realistic, doesn't promise too much 412. Don't have (too much) government control over the economy; or lets business get more involved/handle problems of poverty/unemployment, etc. 413. (Good) government control of the economy, business 415. Good for the nation's economy--general positive reference 420. Prosperity in nation; good times for all, high national production, avoidance of depression, high employment 431. Price inflation held in check; lower cost of living 435. Propose/enact fair taxes; believe everyone should be taxed the same/that taxes should be even-handed 436. Give tax breaks to the poor/working/middle class people; tax policies favor the lower/middle classes 440. Local personal good times economically; head of family gets (keeps) better job (wages) when party is in power, family better off economically under this party (no direct government benefits like social security mentioned) 450. Honesty and integrity--characteristics of the party or administration (local or national), other similar characteristics of the party 451. One party has more experience, is better, smarter, more united 480. (Only) party has a philosophy/program/platform; stands for something ** 490. Other positive domestic associations 491. General mention of unemployment--neutral or NA direction 492. General mention of inflation--neutral or NA direction 493. General mention of economic policy/handling of the economy 499. A domestic issue difference is cited which could be coded in the 400 or 500 series, but NA which Association of Party with Bad/Negative Domestic Situations 511. Irresponsible promises (NA what); promises too much; unrealistic, pie-in-the sky; can't fulfill promises 512. Have (too much) government control over the economy; or does not let business get more involved/handle problems of poverty/unemployment, etc. 513. (Poor) government control of the economy 515. Bad for the nation's economy, general negative reference 520. Hard times, depression in nation, much unemployment, low (over) production 531. Create/does not control price inflation; high cost of living in nation 535. Propose/enact unfair taxes; show favoritism/give tax breaks to certain groups or types of people 536. Give tax breaks to the wealth/corporations; tax policies favor the rich/powerful/upper classes 540. Local/personal hard times economically; head of family gets laid off (poorer wages) when party is in power; family worse off economically under this party 550. Dishonesty/corruption (nepotism, graft, patronage) of party or administration (local or national); other similar characteristics of the party; Watergate 551. One party has less experience/is worse/not as smart; party is not (is less) unified 580. Party has no philosophy/programs/platform; doesn't stand for anything ** 590. Other negative domestic association with party Specific Domestic Policies Favored by Party 600. Minimum wage legislation; favors raising minimum wage, or favors raising unemployment compensation 601. Social Security; government pension raises * 602. Financing of campaigns; for campaign finance reform * 607. Immigration policy; for allowing (more) immigrants in * 610. Medical (health) insurance; medical card for aged; socialized medicine; medicare; prescription drug plans * 611. Affirmative action 612. Housing; aid to the homeless 620. Government control of utilities; more attention to conservation; public works; mention of ecology, environment 630. Federal aid to education/school-building; teachers' pay higher 631. Bussing; forced integration 632. Other federal control of education or schools response; school choice plans 634. Gun control 640. Civil rights; insist more strongly on civil rights 641. Law and order--hard line (or NA line); wants a police state; support death penalty (88) 642. Law and order--soft line; oppose death penalty (88) 643. Property rights; open housing 644. Policies which would divide country; have civil war; race war 650. Higher tariffs; less free trade 660. "Wet" legislation; anti-prohibition 670. General mention of social welfare; "give away programs" 671. Poverty program 672. Employment (job) training programs, Job Corps, etc. 680. Farm policy 681. Abortion 682. Women's rights; ERA 683. Legalization of marijuana; (more) lenient drug laws 684. Homosexual/gay rights 691. Democrats support Clinton (against impeachment), although he lied/had affair; anti-Ken Starr ** 690. Other specific domestic policy favored 695. Domestic issues difference, but NA which Specific Domestic Policies--Neutral or NA Direction 605. Minimum wage or unemployment compensation 606. Social Security; government pension * 608. Financing of campaigns; campaign finance reform * 609. Immigration policy * 615. Medical (health) insurance; medical card for aged; socialized medicine; medicare; prescription drug plans 617. Housing; aid to the homeless 625. Government control of utilities; conservation; public works; ecology, environment 635. Federal aid to education; school choice plans 636. Bussing; forced integration 637. Other federal control of education or schools response 639. Gun control 645. Civil rights (legislation) 646. Law and order--hard line (or NA line); death penalty (88) 647. Law and order--soft line; death penalty (88) 648. Property rights; open housing 649. Policies which would divide country; have civil war; race war * 651. Affirmative action 655. Higher tariffs; free trade 665. Prohibition; "dry"/"wet" legislation 675. General mention of social welfare; "give away programs" 676. Poverty program 677. Employment (job) training programs, Job Corps, etc. 685. Farm policy 686. Abortion 687. Women's rights; ERA 688. Legalization of marijuana; lenient drug laws 689. Homosexual/gay rights Specific Domestic Policies Opposed by Party 700. Minimum wage or unemployment compensation; won't raise minimum wage, won't improve unemployment compensation 701. Social Security; against raising benefits * 702. Financing of campaigns; against campaign finance reform * 707. Immigration policy; against letting (more) immigrants in * 710. Medical (health) insurance; against medical card for aged; against socialized medicine, medicare; prescription drug plans * 711. Affirmative action 712. Housing; aid to the homeless 720. Government control of utilities; for private power; less interested in conservation; public works; mention of ecology, environment 730. Federal aid to education; against or drag feet on aid to education 731. Bussing; forced integration 732. Other federal control of education or schools response; school choice plans 734. Gun control 740. Civil rights; against or drag feet on civil rights legislation; leave it to states 741. Following a tough or hard line in maintenance of law and order/prevention of crime, etc.; police state; imposing the death penalty (88) 742. Following a soft line in maintenance of law and order/prevention of crime, etc.; imposing the death penalty (88) 743. Property rights; open housing 744. Policies which would divide country; have civil war; race war; want to unite the country 750. High tariffs; want free trade 760. Repeal; want prohibition; "dry" 770. General mention of social welfare; "give away programs" 771. Poverty program 772. Employment (job) training programs, Job Corps, etc. 780. Farm policy 781. Abortion 782. Women's rights; ERA 783. Legalization of marijuana; lenient drug laws 784. Homosexual/gay rights 791. Republicans are against Clinton (in impeachment) because of lying/having affair; pro-Ken Starr ** 790. Other specific domestic policy opposed FOREIGN POLICY 800. War; get us into war (faster); party associated with war; militarist 810. Peace; more likely to keep peace; party associated with peace 820. Internationalist; more for foreign aid, government activities abroad; cooperate with allies, U.N.; "more for foreign aid/trade" 825. Foreign aid/trade, NA direction 830. Isolationist; avoid foreign activities; cut foreign aid (military or economic); "cut foreign aid/trade" 840. National security; for strong national defense (spending); strong (firm) (too aggressive) posture toward communism (Russia); too much defense spending 845. National defense--general, NA or neutral direction 850. Inadequate national security; fail to maintain (spend for) defense; weak posture toward communism (Russia) 860. Specific trouble spots 870. Control of nuclear weapons 880. Strong foreign policy 881. Weak foreign policy 884. Space; space policy ** 890. Other foreign policy--other substantive foreign policy mentions (direction of response usually indicated) 891. Mention of "foreign policy" difference but no substance or direction given (e.g., usual response is "the two parties or candidates differ on foreign policy, on how they will handle foreign policy") MISCELLANEOUS AND NO PARTY DIFFERENCES RESPONSES 900. Miscellaneous other party differences 901. (Only) one party is more successful than the others; wins elections; is (is not) majority party, etc. 902. (Only) one party is less successful than the others; doesn't win elections much; is the minority party 910. Personality/candidate only mentions--candidate is dangerous, fanatic, aggressive, courageous, honest, untrustworthy, impulsive, outspoken, firm, dishonest, negative, lack of integrity, bad politician, etc. (but code 371 racist, prejudiced, bigoted) 920. Reference to probable inability to get things done, e.g., gain congressional support 930. Leadership mentions--a good (bad) leader, is head of the party (R must specifically mention the candidate as leader or head of the party), or one party has better leadership than another 980. The parties are different; everything about them is different (NA what the differences are) 991. There used to be differences, but not now 992. Indicate dissatisfaction with the lack of differences 993. Favorable to both parties, e.g., both parties are seeking to serve the people 994. Indicates that individual candidates are more important than parties anyhow 995. Unfavorable to both parties, e.g., both parties are just after money 996. On variation within parties ** 997. Other comments 998. DK (Code in 1st var only) 999. NA (Code in 1st var only) 000. No party differences ("No" or "DK" and no further comment);no >> 2002 APPENDIX: 2002 CANDIDATE NUMBER MASTER CODE Note: the candidate number Master Code has been revised in 2002. SENATE ------ RACE IN STATE 01. Democratic candidate in open Senate race 02. Republican candidate in open Senate race 03. Democratic Senate running incumbent 04. Republican Senate running incumbent 05. Democratic Senate challenger 06. Republican Senate challenger 07. Independent/3rd-party Senate candidate - nonincumbent 08. Independent/3rd-party Senate candidate - 2nd nonincument 09. Independent/3rd-party Senate incumbent 21. Retiring Democratic Junior Senator in state with open race 22. Retiring Republican Junior Senator in state with open race 23. Retiring Independent/3rd Party Junior Senator in state with open race 27. Retiring Democratic Senior Senator in state with open race 28. Retiring Republican Senior Senator in state with open race 29. Retiring Independent/3rd Party Senior Senator in state with open race SENATOR WITH TERM NOT UP (NOT RUNNING FOR RETIRING) 11. Democratic Junior Senator 12. Republican Junior Senator 13. Independent/3rd-Party Junior Senator 17. Democratic Senior Senator 18. Republican Senior Senator 19. Independent/3rd Party Senior Senator HOUSE ----- 31. Democratic candidate in open House race 32. Republican candidate in open House race 33. Democratic House running incumbent 34. Republican House running incumbent 35. Democratic House challenger 36. Republican House challenger 37. Independent/3rd-party House candidate - nonincumbent 38. Independent/3rd-party House candidate - 2nd nonincument 39. Independent/3rd-party House incumbent 41. Retiring Democratic House Representative 42. Retiring Republican House Representative 43. Retiring Independent/3rd-Party House Representative >> 2002 APPENDIX: 2002 TYPE RACE MASTER CODE HOUSE TYPE RACE INCUMBENT RUNNING 12. Democratic incumbent running - Republican challenger 13. Democratic incumbent running - other challenger 14. Democratic incumbent running - unopposed 19. Democratic incumbent running - Repub and other challengers 21. Republican incumbent running - Democratic challenger 23. Republican incumbent running - other challenger 24. Republican incumbent running - unopposed 29. Republican incumbent running - Dem and other challengers 31. Other incumbent running - Democratic challenger 32. Other incumbent running - Republican challenger 34. Other incumbent running - unopposed 35. Other incumbent running - Dem and Repub challengers SPECIAL TYPE RACE DUE TO REDISTRICTING 40. Dem and Repub incumbents running - no other candidate 41. 2 Democratic incumbents running - no other candidate 42. 2 Republican incumbents running - no other candidate 43. Dem and Repub incumbents running - other candidate(s) 44. Dem non-incumbent only - no retiree/unclear who is retiree 45. Repub non-incumbent only - no retiree/unclear who is retiree 46. Dem and Rep candidates - no retiree/unclear who is retiree 47. Dem and other candidates - no retiree/unclear who is retiree 48. Rep and other candidates - no retiree/unclear who is retiree 49. Dem, Rep and other cands - no retiree/unclear who is retiree NO INCUMBENT RUNNING 51. Dem incumbent not running - Democratic cand unopposed 52. Dem incumbent not running - Republican cand unopposed 53. Dem incumbent not running - Other cand unopposed 55. Dem incumbent not running - Democratic and Republican cands 56. Dem incumbent not running - Republican and other candidates 57. Dem incumbent not running - Democratic and other candidates 59. Dem incumbent not running - Democr, Repub, other cands 61. Rep incumbent not running - Democratic cand unopposed 62. Rep incumbent not running - Republican cand unopposed 63. Rep incumbent not running - Other cand unopposed 65. Rep incumbent not running - Democratic and Republican cands 66. Rep incumbent not running - Republican and other candidates 67. Rep incumbent not running - Democratic and other candidates 69. Rep incumbent not running - Democr, Repub, other cands LOUISIANA DISTRICT 05 ONLY 80. Rep incumbent not running - Democr and 2 Repub candidates 97. Washington DC SENATE TYPE RACE INCUMBENT RUNNING 12. Democratic incumbent running - Republican challenger 13. Democratic incumbent running - other challenger 14. Democratic incumbent running - unopposed 19. Democratic incumbent running - Repub and other challengers 21. Republican incumbent running - Democratic challenger 23. Republican incumbent running - other challenger 24. Republican incumbent running - unopposed 29. Republican incumbent running - Dem and other challengers 31. Other incumbent running - Democratic challenger 32. Other incumbent running - Republican challenger 34. Other incumbent running - unopposed 35. Other incumbent running - Dem and Repub challengers NO INCUMBENT RUNNING 51. Dem incumbent not running - Democratic cand unopposed 52. Dem incumbent not running - Republican cand unopposed 53. Dem incumbent not running - Other cand unopposed 55. Dem incumbent not running - Democratic and Republican cands 56. Dem incumbent not running - Republican and other candidates 57. Dem incumbent not running - Democratic and other candidates 59. Dem incumbent not running - Democr, Repub, other cands 61. Rep incumbent not running - Democratic cand unopposed 62. Rep incumbent not running - Republican cand unopposed 63. Rep incumbent not running - Other cand unopposed 65. Rep incumbent not running - Democratic and Republican cands 66. Rep incumbent not running - Republican and other candidates 67. Rep incumbent not running - Democratic and other candidates 69. Rep incumbent not running - Democr, Repub, other cands LOUISIANA ONLY 80. Democratic incumbent running - 2 Republican challengers NO RACE IN STATE 81. Democratic incumbents, no race in state 82. Republican incumbents, no race in state 83. Democratic and other incumbent, no race in state 84. Republican and other incumbent, no race in state 85. Democratic and Republican incumbents, no race in state 86. 2 Other incumbents - no race 97. Washington DC >> 2000 INTRODUCTION: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 2000: PRE- AND POST-ELECTION SURVEYS During the early spring of 2001 the American National Election Studies staff prepared a comprehensive version of the 2000 American National Election Study. The number of cases in this file, 1807, includes all respondents from the 2000 Pre- and Post-Election surveys. 1881 variables are produced by default using the data definition files provided with the raw data for creation of SAS and SPSS system files. The codebook contains documentation for variables beginning with identification variables which provide the ANES VERSION NUMBER (version number of the data file), ANES DATASET NUMBER (number of this dataset), and ICPSR study number. >> 2000 INTRODUCTION: 2000 STUDY DESCRIPTION FOR THE AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY The 2000 American National Election Study was conducted by the Center for Political Studies of the Institute for Social Research, under the general direction of Nancy Burns and Donald R. Kinder. Ashley Grosse was the Director of Studies for the American National Election Studies and oversaw the study from early planning stages through release of the 2000 data collection. She was assisted by Laurie Pierson, and Chuck Kierpie. This is the twenty- sixth in a series of studies of American national elections produced by the Center for Political Studies and the Survey Research Center, and it is the twelfth traditional time-series study to be conducted under the auspices of National Science Foundation Grants (SBR-9317631, SES-9209410, SES-9009379, SES-8808361, SES-8341310, SES-8207580, SOC77-08885 and SES 9707741) providing long-term support for the American National Election Studies. Since 1978, the American National Election Studies have been designed by a national Board of Overseers, the members of which meet several times a year to plan content and administration of the major study components. Board members during the planning of the 2000 National Election Study included Larry Bartels, Chair (Princeton University), Nancy Burns, ex officio (University of Michigan), Charles Franklin (University of Wisconsin), John Mark Hansen (University of Chicago), Robert Huckfeldt, (Indiana University), Donald Kinder, ex officio (University of Michigan), Jon A. Krosnick, (Ohio State University), Arthur Lupia (University of California, San Diego), Wendy Rahn (University of Minnesota), Virginia Sapiro (University of Wisconsin), W. Phillips Shively (University of Minnesota), Laura Stoker (University of California, Berkeley). As part of the study planning process, a special planning committee was appointed, a pilot study conducted, and stimulus letters sent to members of the scholarly community soliciting input on study plans. Board member Robert Huckfeldt chaired the Planning Committee for the 2000 National Election Study which included from the Board: Larry Bartels (Princeton University), Nancy Burns (University of Michigan), Charles Franklin, (University of Wisconsin), John Mark Hansen (University of Chicago), Donald Kinder (University of Michigan), Jon A. Krosnick (Ohio State University), Arthur Lupia (University of California, San Diego), Virginia Sapiro (University of Wisconsin), Laura Stoker (University of California, Berkeley), and five other scholars from the community, Steven Ansolabehere (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Janet Box-Steffensmeier (Ohio State University), Clem Brooks (Indiana University), Darren Davis (Michigan State University), and Donald Green (Yale University), and Ashley Grosse (ANES Director of Studies). Two pilot studies were carried out prior to the 2000 Election Study for the purpose of developing new instrumentation and the methodological investigation of concepts previously measured in ANES surveys. The 1998 Pilot Study, one of the most innovative pilots to date, was the first pilot to be fielded during an election season. The timing allowed ANES to test instrumentation that is exclusively related to the electoral context. The pilot study focused on the three high-profile gubernatorial contests in California, Illinois, and Georgia. Several new measures that were piloted include: media usage; social context and communication; need for evaluation; group mobilization; public mood; tone of campaign; awareness of campaign issues; and whether R owns stock. Also, a significant portion of the interview was devoted to the methodological investigation of concepts previously measured in ANES surveys. Among those were: campaign participation; media use; feeling thermometers as measures of awareness; vote intention; and political knowledge. In March of 2000, ANES fielded a Special Topic Pilot Study, funded by the Russell Sage Foundation, to develop and refine a series of new measures on social trust. Additionally, new items were tested in the areas of trust in elections, civic engagement, need for cognition, and social desirability. New measures were developed for domain specific trust involving neighbors and co- workers. Results indicated that these new measures gauge trust reliably, that neighborhood and workplace trust are related to but distinct from general social trust, and they contribute independently to participation in politics. These items were included in the 2000 Election Study. Data from the 1998 and 2000 ANES pilot studies are available through the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (respectively, ICPSR 2693 and ICPSR 2936). Results from these pilot studies were used by the Planning Committee in formulating recommendations to the Board about study content for the 2000 Pre- and Post-Election Survey. Copies of the Pilot Study Reports are available on the ANES Website (www.electionstudies.org), or may be obtained by contacting the ANES project staff. ANES Project Staff Center for Political Studies Room 4026 Institute for Social Research University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48106-1248 anes@umich.edu http://www.electionstudies.org >> 2000 STUDY DESIGN, CONTENT AND ADMINISTRATION STUDY DESIGN The 2000 National Election Study entailed both a pre-election interview and a post-election re-interview. A freshly drawn cross section of the electorate was taken to yield 1807 cases. The 65 minute pre election survey went into the field September 5th, nine weeks before election day. The 65 minute post election study, unique to the time series in that no president elect was named for several days, went into the field the day after the election, November 8th, and remained in the field until December 18th. Because of the study's most innovative feature, a carefully designed mode experiment, the data represent two presidential studies in 2000, side by side. The core study preserves our past commitment to probability area sampling and face to face interviewing: 1006 respondents interviewed prior to the election and 694 were re-interviewed face to face after the election. Supporting the core study, we used the efficiencies of RDD sampling and telephone interviewing: 801 respondents were interviewed by phone prior to the election and 862 respondents were interviewed by phone after the election. As such, the experiment will define sharply the differences between the two modes and allow us to learn what a shift to telephone interviewing will mean for the ANES time-series. Further details of the administration of the surveys are given in "Study Administration," below. STUDY CONTENT Substantive themes The content for the 2000 Election Study reflects its double duty, both as the traditional presidential election year time-series data collection and as a mode study. Substantive themes represented in the 2000 questionnaires include: * interest in the political campaigns; concern about the outcome; and attentiveness to the media's coverage of the campaign * information about politics * evaluation of the presidential candidates and placement of presidential candidates on various issue dimensions * knowledge of the religious background of the major Presidential and Vice- Presidential candidates * partisanship and evaluations of the political parties * vote choice for President, the U.S. House, and the U.S. Senate, including second choice for President * political participation: turnout in the November general election; other forms of electoral campaign activity * personal and national economic well-being * positions on social welfare issues including: government health insurance; federal budget priorities, the budget surplus, and the role of the government in the provision of jobs and good standard of living * position on campaign finance and preference for divided government * positions on social issues including: gun control, abortion; women's roles; the rights of homosexuals; the death penalty; school vouchers; environmental policy * Clinton legacy * knowledge of George Bush Sr. and his previous administration * fairness in elections; satisfaction with democracy; and the value of voting * racial and ethnic stereotypes; opinions on affirmative action; attitudes towards immigrants * opinions about the nation's most important problem * values and predispositions: moral traditionalism; political efficacy; egalitarianism; humanitarianism individualism; trust in government * social altruism and social connectedness * feeling thermometers on a wide range of political figures and political groups; affinity with various social groups * social networks, shared information and expertise on politics * detailed demographic information and measures of religious affiliation and religiosity. Several new concepts addressed in the 2000 study: SOCIAL TRUST: Over the last decade, research on social trust has exploded. In order to allow ANES to contribute to this research effort, we developed a series of new measures that approach the problem from a new angle. With supplementary funding from the Russell Sage Foundation, we developed measures addressed not to the trustworthiness of people in general, but to the trustworthiness of neighbors and co-workers. Our 2000 Special Topic Pilot Study showed that the new measures gauge trust reliably, that neighborhood and workplace trust are related to but distinct from general social trust, and that they contribute independently to participation in politics. We included these measures in the ANES 2000 Time Series Study, again, with support from the Russell Sage Foundation. Together with an expanded set of questions on participation in civic life that are also part of the 2000 study, we expect to see a wide range of exciting new investigations on trust and participation. VOTER TURNOUT: A particularly vexing problem for ANES has been over-reporting of voter turnout. Over the years we have sponsored a series of investigations trying out possible remedies, without much success. But now it seems that we may have a solution in hand, based on the source monitoring theory of recall. The notion here is that some people may remember having voted sometime in the past but confuse the source of that memory, accidentally misassigning it to the most recent election, when it actually derives from a prior election. We are therefore implementing a new item, with expanded response categories to help respondents be more accurate in determining whether they did in fact vote in November of 2000. POLITICAL KNOWLEDGE: The 2000 study also sees a slight change in the way political knowledge is measured. In the past, we have encouraged respondents to say they "don't know" the answer to our information questions, partly to avoid embarrassment. But research shows that this differentially encourages "don't know" responses from some people who may actually know the correct answer but lack the confidence to say so. As a consequence, the standard way of putting these questions may underestimate levels of knowledge. In the 2000 study we are therefore encouraging respondents to take their best guesses when answering the political knowledge questions. SOCIAL NETWORKS: The reality of citizenship is that individuals seldom go it alone when they engage in political activities. Preferences, choices, and levels of engagement are contingent on the location of individuals within particular social settings. The 2000 study incorporates a social network battery. The battery is based entirely on the perceptions of survey respondents regarding the characteristics of their identified discussants. COGNITIVE STYLE: The ANES 2000 Time Series Study includes two brief but reliable measures of cognitive style: need for cognition and need to evaluate. The first differentiates among people in the care they give to thinking through problems; the second differentiates among people in their tendency to evaluate objects as good or bad. Both are associated with extensive literatures in psychology, which led to their audition in the 1998 ANES Pilot Study. Because of their success there in clarifying turnout, knowledge about politics, voter decision-making, and more, they were added to the ANES 2000 Time Series Study. SURVEY MODE: Perhaps the most important single feature of the ANES 2000 Time Series Study is a mode experiment, which supplies the ability to compare interviews taken in person (as we've taken them for the past fifty years) with interviews taken over the phone. This carefully designed mode experiment, driven by theoretical and practical interest, allows scholars to test the consequences of survey mode on data quality and reliability. Moreover, it allows the community to asses the impact of what such a change in mode would mean for the ANES times series. The 2000 study incorporates numerous experiments to look at the effects of mode on: 7 pt. scales and branching, response order, don't know filters, and social desirability. Congressional Ballot Cards and Incumbent Bias In 2000, ANES redesigned the Congressional ballot card used in face to face interviewing in an attempt to combat overreport for incumbents. The ballot redesign was based on the research of Box-Steffensmeier, Jacobson, and Grant, (later published in POQ, 2000). Moreover, the change in ballot form was intended to eliminate the measurement error in vote report that has concerned numerous scholars (Wright 1993; Gow and Eubank 1984; Jacobson and Rivers 1993; and Jackson and Carsey 2001). Based on three experiments during the 1996 elections - the Ohio Union Study, the National Black Election Study, and the Texas Post Election Study, ANES concluded that a modification to the 1982 style ballot was in order. The new ballot cards are intended to give respondents two cues in recalling their vote - party identification and name of candidate. Based on the findings of Box-Steffensmeier et al., party is the predominant cue in the revised ballot. To randomly distribute that cue, each respondent had two ballots printed for the interview - one with the Republican listed first, and one with the Democrat listed first. Based on a randomly generated number, interviewers were instructed via CAPI to show the respondent the gold or the blue card. Examples of the redesigned ballot cards are available on the 2000 Election Study Page of the ANES web site at http://www.electionstudies.org In another effort to combat incumbent bias, the vote report question was placed earlier in the interview than in previous studies to avoid any possible contamination from thermometers, which ask R to rate their member of Congress. Features of a CAI questionnaire Using the capabilities of computer-assisted interviewing (CAI) in the ANES 2000 Time Series Study enabled the introduction of several features that are not feasible using a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. The most significant of these for users of this data are: randomization within batteries or sequences of questions; application of half-sampling to some questions; and random order of presentation of blocks of questions. Randomization within batteries refers to presenting, in a randomly determined order, a series of questions about the same objects (or people). An example would be the questions about the respondent's likes and dislikes of the four main Presidential candidates where the names of Gore, Bush, Buchanan, and Nader were inserted randomly as the first, second, third or fourth person to be asked about in this series. Randomization of names/objects in this way avoids ordering effects that might be obtained if, for example, the candidates were always asked about in the same order in every series of questions where a parallel question is asked about each of the three. Questions where randomization of order within a series was in force are clearly identified in the codebook. Randomization variables, which allow the user to identify the order of presentation, are provided for all instances of randomized presentation. A few questions, primarily open-ended questions, were half-sampled, so that a randomly selected half of respondents were asked the question. Finally, an order experiment, where a sequence of closed-ended questions was asked early in the interview for a random half of respondents and late in the interview for the other half, was included as part of the mode comparison experiment described below. For both of these features, the relevant codebook entries contain explanatory notes. All random selections were programmed into the computer application of the questionnaire and occurred automatically and independently of other circumstances of the interview. CAI eliminates the preparation of a paper and pencil version which would previously have been published in the codebook. Candidate information (names, gender and candidate codes) were "pre-loaded" into the application to be used during the interview. The pre-loaded information is included in the released data. However, since paper candidate lists are no longer utilized as field materials, there is no "Candidate List" appended to this codebook, although the term 'Candidate List' continues to be used in the codebook as a reference to the candidate information available to the interviewer (CAPI preload). STUDY ADMINISTRATION: MODE EXPERIMENT ANES election studies are traditionally based on personal, face to face interviewing rather than telephone interviewing in order to preserve the quality of sampling and survey response. Given questions that have been raised within the research community about the relatively high expense of face-to-face interviewing compared with the more widely used telephone mode, the ANES Board of Overseers authorized a series of efforts to investigate possibilities for maximizing the use of telephone interviewing. The 1996 and 1998 election studies included smaller mode experiments to test the consequences of mode on survey quality and reliability. The design and administration of the mode experiment in 2000 was guided by the work of a blue ribbon committee and the commission of two reports (available at http://www.electionstudies.org) comparing face to face with telephone surveys. The issues included sample coverage, non-response, item non-response, social desirability bias, and satisficing. Several experiments were designed in the ANES 2000 Time Series Study to gather more evidence on those effects. Those experiments are labeled in the question tags by the letter "E". Question wording experiments for mode effects In assessing possible mode effects, the ANES Board of Overseers along with the 2000 Planning committee implemented a number of experiments to analyze response order effects, satisficing, and other possible fatigue effects of phone interviewing. The experiments, placed almost exclusively in the pre-election survey are: G6, G7, G8, G9, G10, H1, H2,H4, H11, H12, L3, L6, M4, P1, and K2 in the post-election survey. Question tags identify experimental questions with the letter "E". The table below specifies the type of experiment, concept and question number, and the altered wording. Concept Experiment =============================== ============================= Liberal/Conservative - G6, G7, G8, G9, G10 Branching vs. scale format ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you thought much Do you usually think of yourself as extremely liberal, liberal, slightly liberal, moderate or middle of the road, slightly conservative, conservative or extremely conservative? Do you usually think of yourself as a liberal, a conservative, a moderate or haven't you thought much about this? Strong or not strong? Economy - H1 Response order effects ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ...gotten better, stayed about the same, or gotten worse ...worse, stayed about the same, or gotten better Economic Conditions - H2 Response order effects ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ...or gotten easier for people to find enough work ...or gotten harder for people to find enough work Economic Expectations - H4 Response order effects ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ...to get better, stay about the same, or get worse ...to get worse, stay about the same, or get better Policy Positions on Imports - H11 Don't know effects by mode ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ...placing new limits on imports, or haven't you thought much about this? ...Do you favor or oppose placing new limits on imports? Isolationism - H12 Agree/Disagree format ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ...Do you agree or disagree with this statement ...stay at home or try to solve problems Govt v. Private Health Care - L3 Response order effects ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Some people feel that there should be a govt insurance plan....suppose these people are at one end of the scale, at point 1. Others feel that all medical expenses should be paid by individuals... Affirmative Action - L6 Balancing and mode effects ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Should companies that have discriminated against blacks have to have an affirmative action program? Should companies that have discriminated ... or should companies not have to have an affirmative action program? Tradeoff: Environment v. Jobs - M4 Don't know effects by mode ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you thought much about this? Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you thought much? Women's Rights - P1 Don't know effects by mode ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you thought much? Where would you place yourself on this scale? Political Knowledge - K2 Don't know effects by mode ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The first name is Trent Lott. What job or political office does he now hold? [DON'T PROBE DON'T KNOWS] The first name is Trent Lott. What job or political office does he now hold? [PROBE DON'T KNOWS WITH, "WELL, WHAT'S YOUR BEST GUESS?] Telephone wording Because the questions asked by ANES over the last fifty years have been administered in person, the question text , that we are careful not to alter, reflects the context of that traditional face to face interview. To understand what such a change in mode would mean to the time series we implemented the RDD study with a questionnaire that reflected the necessary changes in mode. The overlap between those questions is approximately 75%. Where questions were to be read differently, question tags are identified with the letter "T". Pre-election study: administration Interviewing for the pre-election survey began on September 5, 2000 and concluded on November 6, 2000. A total of 1807 interviews were conducted prior to the election - 1006 face to face and 801 by telephone. The average length of interview was 68.1 minutes - 70.5 minutes in face to face interviews and 65.1 minutes in telephone interviews. The overall response rate was 61.2% - 64.8 for the face to face interviewing and 57.2 for the telephone interviewing. In an effort to improve response rates, respondents received a pre- notification packet by two day mail, which included a brochure on the study, and a "Monte Blanc" style pen with the University of Michigan seal, and a letter notifying them we would be contacting them and would offer them payment for their time - 20 dollars. Toward the end of the study, ANES staff became concerned that the production goals would not be met by election day. This concern motivated a number of interventions: refusal conversion training for interviewers having difficulty, refusal conversion packets mailed by two day mail, and interviewer incentives, and increased respondent incentives. Interviewers were given ten dollars for every interview conducted after 10/26/01, and respondent incentives were increased from $20 to $40. To take account of those changes, variable V000139a identifies those cases where interviewers received an incentive per completed case, and variable V00016 identifies those cases where R received the increased incentive. Post-election study: administration In an effort to cut rising costs while in the field, two segment areas of the face to face sample were randomly selected to receive post interviews by telephone. By randomly selecting forty-seven segments for telephone post interviews, 200 cases were removed from the strict mode experiment. Respondents again received a prenotification letter. Respondents were informed that they would receive $20 dollars as payment for their time. Incentives were not increased for those who had received $40 in the pre- election. Interviewing began on November 8, 2000 and concluded on December 18, 2000. A total of 1555 interviews were conducted after the election - 693 face to face and 862 by telephone. The average length of interview was 63.7 minutes - 66.6 minutes in face to face interviews and 61.4 minutes in telephone interviews. The overall response rate was 86% - 86.1 face to face, and 85.8%. The day after the election, it remained unclear who would be President and issues of fairness were increasingly being raised. To take advantage of this historical moment ANES promptly included additional content on the fairness of the election, the importance of one's vote, and whether R was satisfied with democracy. Evaluation of problems in study implementation Two implementation problems arose in the post-election field randomization problem. The first involves randomization and the second involves the mode treatment. On 11/16/00 it was discovered that the seed used to generate randomization in the instrument application was not properly assigned within the CAPI program. Consequently, interviews conducted prior to the correction of this error (or, for interviews started before and completed after correction of this error, portions of interviews) did not have randomization functioning for interview logic. Cases conducted without randomization in the logic were administered as if only 1 choice were available at each point where logic was intended to make a random selection among two or more choices: most of these cases have an identical choice made at each point where randomization was to have been effected. The Form description variables V000127a and V000127b and the randomization variables documented in V001752-V001810 describe the Post randomizations affected. The second problem involves the 200 FTF Pre cases randomly selected to be switched to Phone administration in the Post (see above "Post-election study: assignment to telephone mode"). Post interviews were completed for 168 of these cases. Among these 168 Post interviews, 5 were mistakenly administered by interviewers face-to-face instead of by phone. These 5 cases are flagged in the Post administration variable describing mode (V000126) as code 7; note that in 3 of these 5 cases, the IWR actually identified the case as Phone at the start of the interview (although it was being administered face-to-face), and telephone logic was followed by the CAPI survey instrument as the interview was conducted: telephone versions of questions were produced for the interviewer to administer. In the 4th case, the interviewer identified the case at the start of the interview as a face-to-face interview, and FTF logic was used. RESPONSE RATES The final result codes for the face to face and telephone sample were used to calculate the two response rates below. The pre-election face to face response rate (the ratio of completed interviews to the total number of potential respondents) for the study was 64.8%. The pre-election telephone response rate was 57.2%. The overall re-interview response rate in the post election interviewing was 86% The response rate in the face to face mode was 86.1% and for telephone it was 85.8%. 2000 Election Study: Response Rates Face to Face completed interviews response rate cooperation rate ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pre-election 1006 64.8% 86.4% Post-election 693 57.2% 96.9% Telephone ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pre-election 801 57.2% 77.4% Post-election 862 85.8%** 95.5% Summary ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pre-election 1807 61.2% 82.1% Post-election 1555 86.0% 96.1% The field and study staff implemented a number of strategies to bolster response rates, including respondent incentives, interviewer incentives, carefully written appeals to respondents sent express mail, special non-response training for interviewers, and extensive refusal conversion attempts. Most of these strategies were implemented during the pre-election study. The post-election study, which occurred during a unique time for the country, was marked by the willingness of our respondents to be re-interviewed. The overall refusal rate (the proportion of all cases in which a respondent refuses to do an interview to the total eligible respondents contacted) for the post election study was 4%. **The 200 cases from the face to face sample that were assigned for telephone interviewing in the post had a response rate of 84.5% The response rate for all the cases minus the 200 "reassigned mode" cases is 86.3%. >> 2000 INTRODUCTION: 2000 NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY SAMPLE DESIGN STUDY POPULATION The study population for the 2000 Pre- and Post-Election Study is defined to include all United States citizens of voting age on or before the 2000 Election Day. Eligible citizens must have resided in housing units in the forty-eight coterminous states. This definition excludes persons living in Alaska or Hawaii and requires eligible persons to have been both a United States citizen and eighteen years of age on or before the 7th of November 2000. >> DUAL FRAME SAMPLE DESIGN The ANES 2000 Time Series Study is a dual frame sample with both an area sample and an RDD component. The RDD frame provides coverage of telephone households while the area sample provides full coverage of all U.S. households including those without telephones. Each of these sample designs will be described in the following sections. The 2000 ANES data set contains 1006 area sample cases and 801 telephone sample cases. >> FTF SAMPLE DESIGN - MULTI-STAGE AREA PROBABILITY The area sample is based on a multi-stage area probability sample selected from the Survey Research Center's (SRC) 1990 National Sample design. Identification of the ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample respondents was conducted using a four stage sampling process--a primary stage sampling of U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) or New England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs) and non-MSA counties, followed by a second stage sampling of area segments, a third stage sampling of housing units within sampled area segments and concluding with the random selection of a single respondent from selected housing units. A detailed documentation of the 1990 SRC National Sample, from which the 2000 ANES sample was drawn, is provided in the SRC publication titled 1990 SRC National Sample: Design and Development. The ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample design called for an entirely new cross-section sample to be drawn from the 1990 SRC National Sample; no 'panel' component was included in 2000. The 1990 SRC National Sample is a multi- stage area probability sample. The ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample was drawn from both the 1990 SRC National Sample strata (MSA PSUs) and the 1980 SRC National Sample strata (non-MSA PSUs). The modification of the 1990 design in which the 1980 strata definitions were used for the non-MSA counties fully represents the non-MSA domain of the 48 contiguous states. This modification was made for cost and interviewing efficiency reasons related to the availability of interviewers in these areas who work on some of SRC's large panel studies. The following sections will focus on the 1990 SRC National Sample design. Selection Stages for the ANES 2000 Time Series Study FTF Sample: 1990 SRC National Sample ------------------------------------------------------------------ Primary Stage Selection The selection of primary stage sampling units (PSUs) for the 1990 SRC National Sample, which depending on the sample stratum are either MSAs, New England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs), single counties, independent cities, county equivalents or groupings of small counties, is based on the county-level 1990 Census Reports of Population and Housing (1). Primary stage units were assigned to 108 explicit strata based on MSA/NECMA or non- MSA/NECMA status, PSU size, Census Region and geographic location within region. Twenty-eight of the 108 strata contain only a single self- representing PSU, each of which is included with certainty in the primary stage of sample selection. The remaining 80 nonself-representing strata contain more than one PSU. From each of these nonself-representing strata, one PSU was sampled with probability proportionate to its size (PPS) measured in 1990 occupied housing units. The full 1990 SRC National Sample of 108 primary stage selections was designed to be optimal for surveys roughly three to five times the size of the ANES 2000 Time Series Study. To permit the flexibility needed for optimal design of smaller survey samples, the primary stage of the SRC National Sample can be readily partitioned into smaller subsamples of PSUs such as a one-half sample or a three-quarter sample partition. Each of the partitions represents a stratified subselection from the full 108 PSU design. The ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample of 44 PSUs is a stratified random subsample of PSUs from the "A" half-sample partition of the 1990 SRC National Sample. Because of the small size of this ANES sample, both the number of PSUs (selected primary areas) and the secondary stage units (area segments) in the National half- sample were reduced by subselection for the ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample design. The 18 self-representing areas in the 1990 SRC National half-sample were all retained for the ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample (8 of these remained self-representing in the ANES 2000 Time Series Study and 10 represent not only their own MSA but their "pair" among the twenty additional self- representing primary areas of the full 1990 SRC National Sample design). Nineteen of the 26 nonself-representing half-sample MSAs and 7 of the 14 half-sample non-MSAs were retained by the subselection for the ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample (or 26 of 40 NSR PSUs). Table 1 identifies the 44 PSUs in the ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample by MSA status and Region and also indicates the number of area segments used for the ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample (see next section on second stage selection). Table 1: PSU Name and Number of Area Segments in the ANES 2000 Time Series Study Sample Showing 1990 SRC National-Sample Stratum and MSA Status. ============================================================================== National Sample PSU National Sample PSU Name # of ANES 2000 TS Segments ============================================================================== Eight Largest Self-representing PSUs ------------------------------------ 120 New York, NY MSA 12 190 Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA MSA130 12 130 Chicago, IL MSA 9 121 Philadelphia, PA-NJ MSA 7 131 Detroit, MI MSA 6 150 Washington DC-MD-VA MSA 6 110 Boston, MA NECMA 6 171 Dallas and Ft Worth, TX CMSA 6 Ten Remaining Largest MSA PSUs ------------------------------ 170 Houston, TX MSA 6 191 Seattle-Tacoma, WA CMSA 6 141 St Louis, MO-IL MSA 6 152 Baltimore, MD MSA 6 122 Nassau-Suffolk, NY MSA 6 194 Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA MSA 6 132 Cleveland, OH MSA 6 154 Miami-Hialeah, FL MSA 5(2) 181 Denver, CO MSA 6 196 San Francisco, CA MSA 6 Nonself-representing MSAs: Northeast ------------------------------------- 211 New Haven-Waterbury-Meriden, CT NECMA 6 213 Manchester-Nashua NH NECMA 6 220 Buffalo, NY MSA 6 226 Atlantic City, NJ MSA 6 Nonself-representing MSAs: Midwest ----------------------------------- 230 Milwaukee, WI MSA 6 434 Saginaw, MI MSA 6 239 Steubenville-Wheeling, OH (3) 6 240 Des Moines, IA MSA 6 Nonself-representing MSAs: South --------------------------------- 250 Richmond-Petersburg, VA MSA 6 255 Columbus, GA-AL MSA 6 257 Jacksonville, FL MSA 6 258 Lakeland, FL MSA 6 260 Knoxville TN MSA 6 262 Birmingham, AL MSA 6 273 Waco, TX MSA 6 274 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX MSA 6 Nonself-representing MSAs: West -------------------------------- 280 Salt Lake City-Ogden etc, UT MSA 6 292 Fresno, CA MSA 6 293 Eugene-Springfield, OR MSA 6 Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: Northeast ----------------------------------------- 464 Gardner, MA 6 Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: Midwest -------------------------------------- 466 Decatur County, IN 6 470 Mower County, MN 6 Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: South ------------------------------------- 474 DeSoto Parish, LA 6 477 Chicot County, AR 6 480 Montgomery County, VA 6 Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: West ------------------------------------ 482 ElDorado County, CA 6 Total Number of Segments 279 (1) Office of Management and Budget (OMB) June 1990 definitions of MSAs, NECMAs, counties, parishes, independent cities. These, of course, differ in some respects from the primary stage unit (PSU) definitions used in the 1980 SRC National Sample so will not be strictly comparable to the 1996 ANES 'Panel' PSUs--particularly in New England where MSAs were used as PSUs in the 1980 National Sample and NECMAs were used as PSUs in the 1990 National Sample. (2) One selected segment (023) was in a former trailer park that had no housing units to be listed in January 1996. All had been destroyed in 1992 by hurricane Andrew and there were no plans to rebuild. (3) In the 1990 SRC National Sample, U.S. Census Region boundaries were maintained for purposed of stratification at the Primary State of selection. Since some MSA definitions cross Region boundaries, such MSAs were split and the MSA counties recombined in ways that maintained the Region boundary. This PSU actually contains the Ohio counties from both the Steubenville-Wierton, OH-WV MSA (Jefferson County, OH) and the Wheeling, WV-OH MSA (Belmont County, OH) and although it is made up of MSA counties -- it is not a cohesive MSA by OMB 1990 definition. Second Stage Selection Area Segments The second stage of the 1990 SRC National Sample, used for the ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample, was selected directly from computerized files that were extracted for the selected PSUs from the 1990 U.S. Census summary file series STF1-B. These files (on CD Rom) contain the 1990 Census total population and housing unit (HU) data at the census block level. The designated second-stage sampling units (SSUs), termed "area segments", are comprised of census blocks in both the metropolitan (MSA) primary areas and in the rural areas of non- MSA primary areas. Each SSU block or block combination was assigned a measure of size equal to the total 1990 occupied housing unit count for the area. SSU block(s) were assigned a minimum measure of 72 1990 total HUs per MSA SSU and a minimum measure of 48 total HUs per non-MSA SSU. Second stage sampling of area segments was performed with probabilities proportionate to the assigned measures of size (PPS). For the ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample the number of area segments used in each PSU varies. In the self-representing (SR) PSUs the number of area segments varies in proportion to the size of the primary stage unit, from a high of 12 area segments in the self-representing New York and Los Angeles MSA PSUs, to a low of 6 area segments in the smaller self-representing PSUs such as Cleveland, Miami-Hialeah or Nassau-Suffolk MSAs. All nonself- representing (NSR) PSUs were represented by 6 area segments each. A total of 279 ANES area segments were selected as shown in Table 1. Third Stage Selection Housing Units For each area segment selected in the second sampling stage, a listing had been made of all housing units located within the physical boundaries of the segment. For segments with a very large number of expected housing units, all housing units in a subselected part of the segment were listed. The final equal probability sample of housing units for the ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample was systematically selected from the housing unit listings for the sampled area segments. The ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample design was selected from the 1990 SRC National Sample to yield an equal probability sample of 2269 listed housing units. This total included 1972 housing units for the main sample and three reserve replicates of 99 cases each. Table 2 below shows the assumptions that were used to determine the number of sample housing units. The overall probability of selection for 2000 ANES cross-section sample of households was f=0.00002116 or 0.2116 in 10,000. The equal probability sample of households was achieved for the 2000 ANES sample by using the standard multi-stage sampling technique of setting the sampling rate for selecting housing units within area segments to be inversely proportional to the PPS probabilities used to select the PSU and area segment (Kish, 1965). Fourth Stage Selection - Respondent Selection Within each sampled ANES 2000 Time Series Study occupied housing unit, the SRC interviewer prepared a complete listing of all eligible household members. Using an objective procedure described by Kish (1949) a single respondent was then selected at random to be interviewed. Regardless of circumstances, no substitutions were permitted for the designated respondent. >> AREA SAMPLE DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS, SPECIFICATIONS AND OUTCOMES The 2000 National Election Study sought a total of 1000 in-person interviews. It was estimated that this would require a ANES sample draw of 1972 housing units. This assumed an occupancy/growth rate of 0.83, an eligibility rate of 0.94 and a response rate of 0.65. These assumptions were based on the 1998 ANES field experience. The overall ANES 2000 Time Series Study area sample design specifications, assumptions and outcomes are set out in Table 2, below. A sample of 2269 listed housing units was actually selected for the ANES 2000 Time Series Study study. This allowed for three reserve replicates of 99 cases each. There was no 'panel' component in 2000. A comparison of the ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample outcome figures to the design specifications and assumptions in Table 2 shows that the actual occupancy, eligibility, and response rates were very close to the expected rates. The actual response rate for the Post-Election Telephone sample was 0.86, which was slightly higher than the assumed rate of 0.85. Table 2: ANES 2000 TS Area Sample Pre and Post-Election Design Specifications and Assumptions Compared to Sample Outcome. ============================================================================== ANES 2000 TS ANES 2000 TS ANES 2000 TS ANES 2000 TS Pre-Election Pre-Election Post-Election Post-Election Design Sample Design Sample Specification Outcome Specification Outcome ============================================================================== Completed 1000 1006 847 693 Interviews Response Rate 0.65 0.64 .85 0.86 Eligible 1538 1564 1000 805 (4) Sample Households Eligibility 0.94 0.95 Rate Occupied 1634 1639 Households Occupancy/ 0.83 0.82 growth Rate Total Sample 1972 1986 Lines (4) Initial sample lines (FTF and Phone) are different from the Pre-Election completed interviews because of the switch in mode for randomly selected sample cases. >> 2000 INTRODUCTION: ANES 2000 Time Series RDD (RANDOM DIGIT DIAL)SAMPLE The RDD telephone component of the ANES 2000 Time Series Study is a stratified equal probability sample of telephone numbers. The sample is not clustered. The telephone numbers were selected from a commercial listed one hundred series sampling frame consisting of every possible phone number that can be generated by appending the 2-digit numbers 00 - 99 to the set of hundred banks that have at least two listed household telephone numbers. Hundred banks are the first eight digits of a phone number - area code, exchange, and the next two digits. Each hundred bank defines a set of 100 possible phone numbers. Directory listings are used to define the set of listed hundred series. However both listed and unlisted telephone numbers can be selected from the sampling frame. A small amount of noncoverage of telephone numbers results from household numbers that are in hundred banks with 0 or 1 listed residential numbers. These telephone households as well as non-telephone households are covered by the area sample component. An initial sample of 8500 telephone numbers was selected from the listed frame for the coterminous 48 states. These numbers were pre-screened by the vendor to remove most business and non-working phone numbers. After pre-screening, 5760 or 67.8% of the 8500 telephone numbers were returned as potentially working residential numbers. The potentially working phone numbers were matched against a file of directory listings to append address information so that Congressional Districts could be assigned. Before sample selection, the telephone numbers were stratified by the competitiveness of the Congressional race (5 levels), whether or not the race was open, and by Census Division. A half sample was systematically selected from the stratified file. An initial sample of 2349 cases was selected from the random half sample and the remaining telephone numbers were assigned to 5 reserve replicates of 106-107 numbers each. The reserve replicates were available for use in case the working rate or response rate were lower than expected. >> 2000 INTRODUCTION: ANES 2000 Time Series Study RDD SAMPLE DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS, SPECIFICATIONS AND OUTCOMES The ANES 2000 Time Series Study sought a total of 861 telephone interviews. It was estimated that this would require a ANES sample draw of 2349 telephone numbers assuming a working rate (after pre-screening) of 0.65, an eligibility rate of 0.94, and a response rate of 0.60. The eligibility rate was based on the 1998 ANES experience. Working rate and response rate assumptions were based on the Survey Research Center's recent experience with RDD samples. The overall ANES 2000 Time Series Study RDD sample design specifications, assumptions and outcomes are set out in Table 3, below. A comparison of the ANES 2000 Time Series Study RDD sample design specifications and assumptions to the outcome figures in Table 3 indicates that, although the actual eligibility rate was higher than assumed, both the working rate and response rates were lower than specified in the sample design assumptions. This resulted in fewer interviews being taken in the Pre-Election study. The actual response rate for the Post-Election telephone sample was 0.86, which was higher than the assumed rate of 0.75. Table 3: ANES2000 TS Telephone Sample Design Specifications and Assumptions Compared to Sample Outcome. ============================================================================== ANES 2000 TS ANES 2000 TS ANES 2000 TS ANES 2000 TS Pre-Election Pre-Election Post-Election Post-Election Design Sample Design Sample Specification Outcome Specification Outcome ============================================================================== Completed 861 801 645 862 Interviews Response Rate 0.60 0.56 .75 0.86 Eligible 1435 1418 861 1002 (5) Sample Households Eligibility 0.94 0.96 Rate Occupied 1527 1475 Households Working Rate 0.65 0.63 Total Sample 2349 2349 Lines (5) Initial sample lines (FTF and Phone) are different from the Pre-Election completed interviews because of the switch in mode for randomly selected sample cases. >> 2000 INTRODUCTION: ANES 2000 TS STUDY POST-ELECTION STUDY SAMPLE OUTCOMES Of the 1807 respondents interviewed in the Pre-Election Study, 1555 completed Post-Election interviews for an overall response rate of 0.86. FTF interviews were attempted with 805 of the 1006 persons interviewed FTF in the Pre-Election study and 693 FTF interviews were obtained for a FTF response rate of 0.86. Approximately 200 FTF cases were transferred to telephone interviewing for the Post-Election study in order to reduce field costs. This was accomplished through a systematic random sample of approximately 20 percent of the area segments. Telephone interviews were attempted with 1002 (201 FTF in the Pre-Election study and 801 Telephone in Pre-Election study) respondents in the Post-Election study. 862 telephone interviews were obtained for a response rate of 0.86. >> 2000 INTRODUCTION: ANES 2000 TS STUDY DATA - WEIGHTED ANALYSIS The ANES 2000 Time Series Study data set includes a person-level analysis weight, which incorporates sampling, nonresponse and post-stratification factors. Analysts interested in developing their own nonresponse or stratification adjustment factors must request access to the necessary sample control data from the ANES Board. >> 2000 INTRODUCTION: ANES 2000 TS STUDY ANALYSIS WEIGHTS - CONSTRUCTION Household Selection Weight Component ------------------------------------ The joint household selection weight is the same for both the RDD and the area sample. This weight is an inflation factor equal to 34195.298. It is equal to the inverse of the joint probability of selection, which is the sum of the RDD and the area sample probabilities minus their product. It was not possible from the data available to reliably identify the area sample respondents who did not have telephone service. The 2000 CPS March Supplement estimates that 5.5% of U.S. households do not have telephone service. The household selection weight component therefore slightly underestimates respondents who live in households that cannot be reached through the RDD sample frame. Person-Level Sample Selection Weight Component ---------------------------------------------- The dual frame sample design for the ANES 2000 Time Series Study results in a probability sample of U.S. households. Within sample households a single adult respondent is chosen at random to be interviewed. Since the number of eligible adults varies from one household to another, the random selection of a single adult introduces inequality into respondents' selection probabilities. In analysis, a respondent selection weight should be used to compensate for these unequal selection probabilities. The person-level selection weight is the product of the joint household selection weight and the within household selection weight. The within household selection weight is equal to the number of eligible persons in the household and is capped at 3. The use of the respondent selection weight is strongly encouraged, despite past evaluations that have shown these weights to have little significant impact on the values of ANES estimates of descriptive statistics. Nonresponse Adjusted Selection Weight ------------------------------------- The base weight equals the product of the joint selection weight and the household level nonresponse adjustment factors. Nonresponse adjustment factors were constructed at the household level separately for the area sample and the RDD sample. Nonresponse adjustment cells for the ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample were formed by crossing MSA status by the four Census regions (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West). A nonresponse adjustment factor equal to the inverse of the response rate in each cell was applied to the interview cases. Tables 4 and 5 show the response rates and nonresponse adjustment factors for the area and RDD samples. Table 4. Computation of Nonresponse Adjustment Weights -- ANES 2000 Time Series Study Area Sample. ============================================================================== PSU Type Census Region Response Rate Nonresponse (%) Adjustment Factor ============================================================================== MSAs Northeast 55.28 1.809 Midwest 62.86 1.591 South 61.87 1.616 West 67.82 1.474 Non MSAs Northeast 61.54 1.625 Midwest 65.71 1.522 South 79.55 1.257 West 83.33 1.200 Table 5 Computation of Nonresponse Adjustment Weights --ANES 2000 TS RDD Sample. ============================================================================== PSU Type Census Region Response Rate Nonresponse (%) Adjustment Factor ============================================================================== MSAs Northeast 43.94 2.276 Midwest 62.08 1.611 South 58.72 1.703 West 53.56 1.867 Non MSAs Northeast 50.00 2.000 Midwest 67.90 1.473 South 62.70 1.595 West 67.86 1.474 Post-stratification factor -------------------------- The ANES 2000 Time Series Study weights are post-stratified to 2000 CPS March Supplement proportions for six (6) ages by four (4) education categories. Table 6 shows the weighted estimates and proportions for the 24 cells for the 2000 CPS and the ANES 2000 Time Series Study. The post-stratification adjustment is computed by dividing the CPS weighted total by the ANES 2000 Time Series Study total weighted by the nonresponse adjusted selection weight. The final two columns show the ANES weighted totals using the final post- stratified analysis weight and the resulting percents, which match the CPS percents. Final Analysis Weights ---------------------- The final analysis weight (FINAL_WT) is the product of the household level non-response adjustment factor, the number of eligible persons, and a person- level post-stratification factor. The final analysis weight for the 2000 ANES sample (FINAL_WT) is scaled to sum to 1807, the total number of respondents. This weight is trimmed at the 1st and 99th percentiles and then re-scaled to match the 2000 CPS proportions for the 24 age by education cells. Post-Election Attrition Weight ------------------------------ The 1555 Post-Election cases were post-stratified to 2000 CPS March Supplement proportions for six (6) ages by four (4) education categories (the same categories used for post-stratifying the Pre-Election cases). The post- stratification compensates for differential non-response by age group and education level. Response rates for the Post-Election Study ranged from a high of 100 percent for persons 70 or older with a college degree or higher to a low of 76 percent for persons age 30 - 39 who did not graduate from high school. The panel attrition weight for the Post-Election Study, POST_WT, is the product of the Pre-Election FINAL_WT and the post-stratification factor formed by dividing the CPS proportion by the weighted ANES proportion for each of the 24 age by education cells. The weight is scaled to sum to the number of cases, 1555. Table 6: ANES 2000 TS Sample Weight: Post-stratification Factors. ============================================================================== Age Education n 2000 CPS 2000 Prelim 2000 Post- ANES Final Group Level Est in CPS ANES wtd strat wtd ANES 000s (6) % Est in 000s Adjust n wtd centered % ============================================================================== 18-29 > 2000 INTRODUCTION: ANES 2000 TS PROCEDURES FOR SAMPLING ERROR ESTIMATION The ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample design is based on a stratified multi- stage area probability sample of United States households. Although smaller in scale, the ANES sample design is very similar in it basic structure to the multi-stage designs used for major federal survey programs such as the Health Interview Survey (HIS) or the Current Population Survey (CPS). The survey literature refers to the ANES, HIS and CPS samples as complex designs, a loosely-used term meant to denote the fact that the sample incorporates special design features such as stratification, clustering and differential selection probabilities (i.e., weighting) that analysts must consider in computing sampling errors for sample estimates of descriptive statistics and model parameters. This section of the ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample design description focuses on sampling error estimation and construction of confidence intervals for survey estimates of descriptive statistics such as means, proportions, ratios, and coefficients for linear and logistic linear regression models. Standard analysis software systems such SAS and SPSS assume simple random sampling (SRS) or equivalently independence of observations in computing standard errors for sample estimates. In general, the SRS assumption results in underestimation of variances of survey estimates of descriptive statistics and model parameters. Confidence intervals based on computed variances that assume independence of observations will be biased (generally too narrow) and design-based inferences will be affected accordingly. Sampling Error Computation Methods and Programs ----------------------------------------------- Over the past 50 years, advances in survey sampling theory have guided the development of a number of methods for correctly estimating variances from complex sample data sets. A number of sampling error programs which implement these complex sample variance estimation methods are available to ANES data analysts. The two most common approaches to the estimation of sampling error for complex sample data are through the use of a Taylor Series Linearization of the estimator (and corresponding approximation to its variance) or through the use of resampling variance estimation procedures such as Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR) or Jackknife Repeated Replication (JRR). New Bootstrap methods for variance estimation can also be included among the resampling approaches. See Rao and Wu (1988). 1. Taylor series linearization method: When survey data are collected using a complex sample design with unequal size clusters, most statistics of interest will not be simple linear functions of the observed data. The linearization approach applies Taylor's method to derive an approximate form of the estimator that is linear in statistics for which variances and covariances can be directly and easily estimated (Woodruff, 1971). SUDAAN and Stata are two commercially available statistical software packages that include procedures that apply the Taylor series method to estimation and inference for complex sample data. SUDAAN (Shah et al., 1996) is a commercially available software system developed and marketed by the Research Triangle Institute of Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (USA). SUDAAN was developed as a stand-alone software system with capabilities for the more important methods for descriptive and multivariate analysis of survey data, including: estimation and inference for means, proportions and rates (PROC DESCRIPT and PROC RATIO); contingency table analysis (PROC CROSSTAB); linear regression (PROC REGRESS); logistic regression (PROC LOGISTIC); log-linear models (PROC CATAN); and survival analysis (PROC SURVIVAL). SUDAAN V7.0 and earlier versions were designed to read directly from ASCII and SAS system data sets. The latest versions of SUDAAN permit procedures to be called directly from the SAS system. Information on SUDAAN is available at the following web site address: http://www.rti.org. Stata (StataCorp, 1997) is a more recent commercial entry to the available software for analysis of complex sample survey data and has a growing body of research users. Stata includes special versions of its standard analysis routines that are designed for the analysis of complex sample survey data. Special survey analysis programs are available for descriptive estimation of means (SVYMEAN), ratios (SVYRATIO), proportions (SVYTOT) and population totals (SVYTOTAL). Stata programs for multivariate analysis of survey data currently include linear regression (SVYREG), logistic regression (SVYLOGIT) and probit regression (SVYPROBT). Information on the Stata analysis software system can be found on the Web at: http://www.stata.com. 2. Resampling methods: BRR, JRR and the bootstrap comprise a second class of nonparametric methods for conducting estimation and inference from complex sample data. As suggested by the generic label for this class of methods, BRR, JRR and the bootstrap utilize replicated subsampling of the sample database to develop sampling variance estimates for linear and nonlinear statistics. WesVar PC (Brick et al., 1996) is a publicly available software system for personal computers that employs replicated variance estimation methods to conduct the more common types of statistical analysis of complex sample survey data. WesVar PC was developed by Westat, Inc. and is distributed along with documentation free of charge to researchers from Westat's Web site: http://www.westat.com/wesvarpc/. WesVar PC includes a Windows-based application generator that enables the analyst to select the form of data input (SAS data file, SPSS for Windows data base, dBase file, ASCII data set) and the computation method (BRR or JRR methods). Analysis programs contained in WesVar PC provide the capability for basic descriptive (means, proportions, totals, cross tabulations) and regression (linear, logistic) analysis of complex sample survey data. WestVar Complex Samples 3.0 is the latest version of WestVar PC that is licensed and distributed by SPSS. Information on the latest developments can be obtained at http://www.spss.com. These new and updated software packages include an expanded set of user friendly, well-documented analysis procedures. Difficulties with sample design specification, data preparation, and data input in the earlier generations of survey analysis software created a barrier to use by analysts who were not survey design specialists. The new software enables the user to input data and output results in a variety of common formats, and the latest versions accommodate direct input of data files from the major analysis software systems. Readers who are interested in a more detailed comparison of these and other survey analysis software alternatives are referred to Cohen (1997). Sampling Error Computation Models --------------------------------- Regardless of whether linearization or a resampling approach is used, estimation of variances for complex sample survey estimates requires the specification of a sampling error computation model. ANES data analysts who are interested in performing sampling error computations should be aware that the estimation programs identified in the preceding section assume a specific sampling error computation model and will require special sampling error codes. Individual records in the analysis data set must be assigned sampling error codes that identify to the programs the complex structure of the sample (stratification, clustering) and are compatible with the computation algorithms of the various programs. To facilitate the computation of sampling error for statistics based on ANES 2000 Time Series Study data, design-specific sampling error codes will be routinely included in all public-use versions of the data set. Although minor recoding may be required to conform to the input requirements of the individual programs, the sampling error codes that are provided should enable analysts to conduct either Taylor Series or Replicated estimation of sampling errors for survey statistics. Table 7 defines the sampling error coding system for ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample cases. Two sampling error code variables are defined for each case based on the sample design primary stage unit (PSU) and area segment in which the sample household is located. Sampling Error Stratum Code (Variable 000097). The Sampling Error Computation Stratum Code is the variable that defines the sampling error computation strata for all sampling error analysis of the ANES data. Each self- representing (SR) design stratum is represented by one sampling error computation stratum. Pairs of similar nonself-representing (NSR) primary stage design strata are "collapsed" (Kalton, 1977) to create NSR sampling error computation strata. Since there was an uneven number of nonself- representing MSA and non-MSA strata used in the ANES 2000 Time Series Study, and since it was felt that a nonself-representing MSA PSU should be paired with a non-MSA PSU, one of each of these PSUs stands alone within its Sampling Error Stratum Code. For the 1990 SRC National Sample design controlled selection and a "one-per- stratum" PSU allocation are used to select the primary stage of the ANES 2000 Time Series Study national sample. The purpose in using controlled selection and the "one-per-stratum" sample allocation is to reduce the between-PSU component of sampling variation relative to a "two-per-stratum" primary stage design. Despite the expected improvement in sample precision, a drawback of the "one-per-stratum" design is that two or more sample selection strata must be collapsed or combined to form a sampling error computation stratum. Variances are then estimated under the assumption that a multiple PSU per stratum design was actually used for primary stage selection. The expected consequence of collapsing design strata into sampling error computation strata is the overestimation of the true sampling error; that is, the sampling error computation model defined by the codes contained in Table 7 will yield estimates of sampling errors which in expectation will be slightly greater than the true sampling error of the statistic of interest. SECU - Stratum-specific Sampling Error Computation Unit code (Variable OOOO97) is a half sample code for analysis of sampling error using the BRR method or approximate "two-per-stratum" Taylor Series method (Kish and Hess, 1959). Within the SR sampling error strata, the SECU half sample units are created by dividing sample cases into random halves, SECU=1 and SECU=2. The assignment of cases to half-samples is designed to preserve the stratification and second stage clustering properties of the sample within an SR stratum. Sample cases are assigned to SECU half samples based on the area segment in which they were selected. For this assignment, sample cases were placed in original stratification order (area segment number order) and beginning with a random start entire area segment clusters were systematically assigned to either SECU=1 or SECU=2. In the general case of nonself-representing (NSR) strata, the half sample units are defined according to the PSU to which the respondent was assigned at sample selection (with the exception of the two unpaired NSR strata mentioned above). That is, the half samples for each NSR sampling error computation stratum bear a one-to-one correspondence to the sample design NSR PSUs. The particular sample coding provided on the ANES public use data set is consistent with the "ultimate cluster" approach to complex sample variance estimation (Kish, 1965; Kalton, 1977). Individual stratum, PSU and segment code variables may be needed by ANES analysts interested in components of variance analysis or estimation of hierarchical models in which PSU-level and neighborhood-level effects are explicitly estimated. Table 7 shows the area sample sampling error stratum and SECU codes to be used for the paired selection model for sampling error computations for any ANES 2000 Time Series Study analyses. Strata 01 through 26 reflect the half sample 1990 National Sample design used for the ANES 2000 Time Series Study area sample. It can be seen from this table that the three-digit 2000 SE code is comprised of, first, the two-digit SE Stratum code followed by the one-digit SECU code. The RDD sample cases are assigned to Strata 27 through 66. The RDD sample is a stratified unclustered design. In order to reflect the stratification of the RDD frame, the sample was sorted by area code within metropolitan status within Census Division prior to the assignment of sampling error stratum and SECU codes. The sorted file was then divided into groups of 20 adjacent cases to form the strata. Within each stratum, cases were assigned alternately to each of the pair of SECUs, 10 cases per SECU. This assignment of sampling error stratum and SECU codes allows for design effects to be estimated for the complete ANES data set as well as separately for the RDD and area sample components. Table 7: ANES 200 TS Election Study Sampling Error Codes. ============================================================================== SE SECU SE Code PSU Segment #s Total Rs Stratum ============================================================================== 01 1 011 120 015, 031, 047, 063, 079, 099 11 2 012 120 007, 023, 039, 055, 071, 087 11 02 1 021 190 007, 023, 039, 055, 071, 087 11 2 022 190 016, 031, 047, 063, 079, 095 13 03 1 031 130 011, 028, 044, 060 8 2 032 130 004, 020, 036, 052, 068 15 04 1 041 121 002, 018, 034, 050 10 2 042 121 010, 026, 042 6 05 1 051 131 016, 032, 047 11 2 052 131 008, 024, 040 10 06 1 061 150 007, 023, 039 11 2 062 150 015, 031, 047 8 07 1 071 171 010, 026, 042 6 2 072 171 002, 018, 034 7 08 1 081 110 004, 020, 036 6 2 082 110 012, 028, 044 5 09 1 091 170 011, 027, 031, 039 17 2 092 154 003, 007, 011, 015, 019 13 170 007, 019 10 1 101 122 008, 012, 015, 024, 028, 032 18 2 102 152 004, 012, 016, 020, 028, 032 13 11 1 111 141 004, 008, 016, 020, 024, 032 12 2 112 132 001, 005, 009, 013, 017, 021 18 12 1 121 191 001, 005, 009, 017, 021, 025 27 2 122 181 001, 005, 009, 013, 017, 021 20 13 1 131 194 004, 008, 016, 020, 024, 032 17 2 132 196 002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022 15 14 1 141 220 001, 005, 009, 013, 017, 021 40 2 142 226 002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022 24 15 1 151 211 004, 007, 011, 015, 020, 023 9 2 152 213 004, 008, 012, 016, 020, 024 17 16 1 161 230 002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022 45 2 162 434 002, 304, 306, 008, 010, 011 23 17 1 171 239 001, 005, 009, 013, 017, 021 14 2 172 240 002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022 20 18 1 181 262 002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022 48 2 182 255 004, 008, 012, 016, 020, 024 17 19 1 191 257 004, 008, 012, 016, 020, 024 23 2 192 258 002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022 15 20 1 201 273 003, 007, 011, 015, 019, 023 18 2 202 274 002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022 14 21 1 211 260 003, 007, 011, 015, 019, 023 14 2 212 250 003, 007, 011, 015, 019, 023 21 22 1 221 292 001, 005, 009, 013, 017, 022 20 2 222 293 003, 007, 011, 015, 019, 023 20 23 1 231 464 303, 305, 306, 309, 311, 312 32 2 232 480 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307 39 24 1 241 466 301, 302, 304, 305, 306, 308 26 2 242 470 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307 43 25 1 251 474 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308 40 2 252 477 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308 26 26 1 261 280 002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022 34 2 262 482 301, 303, 304, 305, 307, 308 45 Total: 1006 Generalized Sampling Error Results for the ANES 2000 Time Series Study ---------------------------------------------------------------------- To assist ANES analysts, the PC SUDAAN program was used to compute sampling errors for a wide-ranging example set of proportions estimated from the 2000 ANES election Survey data set. Sampling errors were computed for the complete ANES data set as well as separately for the area sample and RDD sample components. For each estimate, sampling errors were computed for the total sample and for fifteen demographic and political affiliation subclasses of the ANES 2000 Time Series Study sample. The results of these sampling error computations were then summarized and translated into the general usage sampling error tables provided in Tables 8 - 10. The mean value of deft, the square root of the design effect, was found to be 1.098 for the combined sample, 1.076 for the area sample component, and 1.049 for the RDD sample component. The design effects were primarily due to weighting effects (Kish, 1965) and did not vary significantly by subclass size. Therefore the generalized variance tables are produced by multiplying the simple random sampling standard error for each proportion and sample size by the average deft for the set of sampling error computations. Incorporating the pattern of "design effects" observed in the extensive set of example computations, Tables 8 - 10 provide approximate standard errors for percentage estimates based on the ANES 2000 Time Series Study. To use the tables, examine the column heading to find the percentage value which best approximates the value of the estimated percentage that is of interest. Next, locate the approximate sample size base (denominator for the proportion) in the left-hand row margin of the table. To find the approximate standard error of a percentage estimate, simply cross-reference the appropriate column (percentage) and row (sample size base). Note: the tabulated values represent approximately one standard error for the percentage estimate. To construct an approximate confidence interval, the analyst should apply the appropriate critical point from the "z" distribution (e.g., z=1.96 for a two- sided 95% confidence interval half-width). Furthermore, the approximate standard errors in the table apply only to single point estimates of percentages not to the difference between two percentage estimates. The generalized variance results presented in Tables 8 - 10 are a useful tool for initial, cursory examination of the ANES survey results. For more in depth analysis and reporting of critical estimates, analysts are encouraged to compute exact estimates of standard errors using the appropriate choice of a sampling error program and computation model. Table 8: Generalized Variance Table. ANES 2000 TSelection Survey - Combined Sample. APPROXIMATE STANDARD ERRORS FOR PERCENTAGES ============================================================================== For percentage estimates near: Sample n 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% or 60% or 70% or 80% or 90% ============================================================================== 100 5.49 5.38 5.03 4.39 3.29 200 3.88 3.80 3.56 3.10 2.33 300 3.17 3.10 2.90 2.54 1.90 400 2.74 2.69 2.52 2.20 1.65 500 2.45 2.40 2.25 1.96 1.47 600 2.24 2.20 2.05 1.79 1.34 700 2.07 2.03 1.90 1.66 1.24 800 1.94 1.90 1.78 1.55 1.16 900 1.83 1.79 1.68 1.46 1.10 1000 1.74 1.70 1.59 1.39 1.04 1100 1.66 1.62 1.52 1.32 0.99 1200 1.58 1.55 1.45 1.27 0.95 1300 1.52 1.49 1.40 1.22 0.91 1400 1.47 1.44 1.34 1.17 0.88 1500 1.42 1.39 1.30 1.13 0.85 1600 1.37 1.34 1.26 1.10 0.82 1700 1.33 1.30 1.22 1.06 0.80 1800 1.29 1.27 1.19 1.04 0.78 Table 9: Generalized Variance Table. ANES 2000 TS election Survey - Area Sample. APPROXIMATE STANDARD ERRORS FOR PERCENTAGES ============================================================================== For percentage estimates near: Sample n 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% or 60% or 70% or 80% or 90% ============================================================================== 100 5.38 5.27 4.93 4.30 3.23 200 3.80 3.73 3.48 3.04 2.28 300 3.10 3.04 2.85 2.48 1.86 400 2.69 2.63 2.46 2.15 1.61 500 2.40 2.36 2.20 1.92 1.44 600 2.20 2.15 2.01 1.76 1.32 700 2.03 1.99 1.86 1.63 1.22 800 1.90 1.86 1.74 1.52 1.14 900 1.79 1.76 1.64 1.43 1.07 1000 1.70 1.67 1.56 1.36 1.02 Table 10: Generalized Variance Table. ANES 2000 TS election Survey - RDD Sample. APPROXIMATE STANDARD ERRORS FOR PERCENTAGES ============================================================================== For percentage estimates near: Sample n 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% or 60% or 70% or 80% or 90% ============================================================================== 100 5.24 5.14 4.80 4.19 3.14 200 3.71 3.63 3.40 2.96 2.22 300 3.03 2.96 2.77 2.42 1.82 400 2.62 2.57 2.40 2.10 1.57 500 2.34 2.30 2.15 1.88 1.41 600 2.14 2.10 1.96 1.71 1.28 700 1.98 1.94 1.82 1.58 1.19 800 1.85 1.82 1.70 1.48 1.11 References Alegria, M., Kessler, R., Bijl, R., Lin, E., Heeringa, S.G., Takeuchi, D.T., Kolody, B. (2000). To appear in The Unmet Need for Treatment. Proceedings of a Symposium of the World Psychiatric Association, Sydney, Australia, October, 1997. Binder, D.A. (1983), "On the variances of asymptotically normal estimators from complex surveys," International Statistical Review, Vol. 51, pp. 279- 292. Brick, J.M., Broene, P., James, P., & Severynse, J. (1996). "A User's Guide to WesVar PC." Rockville, MD: Westat, Inc. Cochran, W.G. (1977). Sampling Techniques. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Cohen, S.B. (1997). "An evaluation of alternative PC-based software packages developed for the analysis of complex survey data," The American Statistician, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 285-292. Goldstein, H. (1987). Multi-level Models in Educational and Social Research. London: Oxford University Press. Kalton, G. (1977), "Practical methods for estimating survey sampling errors," Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute, Vol. 47, 3, pp. 495-514. Kish, L. (1949). "A procedure for objective respondent selection within the household," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 44, pp. 380-387. Kish, L. (1965), Survey Sampling. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kish, L., & Frankel, M.R. (1974), "Inference from complex samples," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B, Vol. 36, pp. 1-37. Kish, L., Groves, R.M., & Krotki, K.P. (1975). "Sampling errors for fertility surveys." Occasional Paper No. 17. Voorburg, Netherlands: World Fertility Survey, International Statistical Institute. Kish, L., & Hess, I. (1959), "On variances of ratios and their differences in multi-stage samples," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 54, pp. 416-446. LePage, R., & Billard, L. (1992), Exploring the Limits of Bootstrap. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Mahalanobis, P.C. (1946), "Recent experiments in statistical sampling at the Indian Statistical Institute," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 109, pp. 325-378. McCullagh, P.M. & Nelder, J.A. (1989). Generalized Linear Models, 2nd Edition. Chapman and Hall. London. Rao, J.N.K & Wu, C.F.J. (1988.), "Resampling inference with complex sample data," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, pp. 231-239. Rosenstone, Steven J., Kinder, Donald R., Miller, Warren E., & the National Election Studies 1994 Sample Design: Technical Memoranda, 1994 Election Study pp. 882-905 in Rosenstone, Steven J., Kinder, Donald R., Miller, Warren E., & the National Election Studies, AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 1994: ELECTION SURVEY (ENHANCED WITH 1992 AND 1993 DATA) (Computer file). Conducted by University of Michigan Center for Political Studies. 2nd ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor MI: University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies, and Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (producer), 1995. Ann Arbor MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor), 1995. Rust, K. (1985). "Variance estimation for complex estimators in sample surveys," Journal of Official Statistics, Vol. 1, No. 4. SAS Institute, Inc. (1990). SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6, Fourth Ed., Vol. 2. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc. Shah, B.V., Barnwell, B.G., Biegler, G.S. (1996). SUDAAN User's Manual: Software for Statistical Analysis of Correlated Data. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute. Skinner, C.J., Holt, D., & Smith, T.M.F. (1989). Analysis of Complex Surveys. New York: John Wiley & Sons. SPSS, Inc. (1993). SPSS for Windows: BASE System User's Guide, Release 6.0. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc. Stata Corp. (1997). Stata Statistical Software: Release 5.0. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation. Wolter, K.M. (1985). Introduction to Variance Estimation. New York: Springer-Verlag. Woodruff, R.S. (1971), "A simple method for approximating the variance of a complicated estimate," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 66, pp. 411-414. Yamageuchi, K. (1991). Event History Analysis. Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol. 28. Newbury Park, CA/London: Sage Publications. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) June 1990 definitions of MSAs, NECMAs, counties, parishes, independent cities. >> 2000 CODEBOOK INFORMATION - EXPERIMENTS Due to the complexity of the dataset, ANES staff have created the table below to assist users in navigating through numerous variables representing different formats. STANDARD FORMAT EXPERIMENTAL FORMAT --------------- ------------------- 1. 7-point scale Branching 2a. Response order a,b,c Response order c,b,a * 2b. Response order a,c,b Response order c,a,b * 2c. Response order 7 pt scale Reversed scale 3a. "Haven't thought" response No response "haven't thought much" 3b. No response "Haven't thought" Response "haven't thought much" 4. Agree/disagree with policy Choose policy / opposing policy 5. Yes/no agree with position Choose position/ statement of opposition 6. No use of probe for DK Use of probe for DK COMBINED PRE STANDARD EXPERIMENTAL EXPER STANDARD AND TOPIC FORMAT FORMAT TYPE EXPERIMENTAL ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Liberal-Conservative Self - FTF V000439 . . V000446a - Phone V000439a . . V000446b - FTF & Phone V000440,441,441a V000442-445 1 V000446,447 Clinton ======================================================== - FTF V000448 . . . - Phone V000448a . . . - FTF & Phone V000449 V000450-453 1 V000454 Gore ======================================================== - FTF V000455,457 . . . - Phone V000455a,458 . . . - FTF & Phone V000456,458a V000459-462,464 1 V000463,464a GW Bush ======================================================== - FTF V000465,467 . . . - Phone V000465a,468 . . . - FTF & Phone V000466,466a V000469-472,474 1 V000473,474a Buchanan ======================================================== - FTF V000475,477 . . . - Phone V000475a,478 . . . - FTF & Phone V000476,476a V000479-482,484 1 V000483,484a ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Econ retrospective V000488a V000488b 2a V000491 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Employment retrosp V000492a V000492b 2b V000495 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Econ prospective V000496a V000496b 2b V000499 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Limit imports V000511a V000511b 3a V000512 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Isolationism V000513a V000513b 4 V000514 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Govt med insurance - FTF V000608a V000608b 2c V000609 - Phone V000610a V000610b 2c V000611-613 - FTF & Phone . . 2c V000614 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Affirmative action V000671a V000671b 5 V000674 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Environment vs jobs - FTF V000707a V000707b 3a V000708 - Phone V000709a V000709b 3a V000711-712 - FTF & Phone . . 3a V000713 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- School vouchers V000741a V000741b 3b V000742,744 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Women's role - FTF V000754a V000754b 3a V000755 - Phone V000756a V000756b 3a V000757-759 - FTF & Phone . . 3a V000760 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- COMBINED POST STANDARD EXPERIMENTAL EXPER STANDARD AND TOPIC FORMAT FORMAT TYPE EXPERIMENTAL ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Knowledge (office) Trent Lott V001446a V001446b,1448 6 V001447 William Rehnquist V001449a V001449b,1451 6 V001450 Tony Blair V001452a V001452b,1454 6 V001453 Janet Reno V001455a V001455b,1457 6 V001456 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- >> 2000 CODEBOOK INFORMATION - POLICY PLACEMENTS, EXPERIMENTS, AND BUILT VARIABLES Policy placements, traditionally done on 7 point scales, of self and others is particularly complicated with mode, various experiments, and built variables. To assist users, ANES staff have created the table below so that users can quickly identify the variable of interest. TABLE 1 - PRE 7-POINT SCALE/ BRANCHING SERIES SELF-PLACEMENTS ============================================ ALL SERIES exc.Lib-Con (SEE Table 3) ============================================ SERIES: L1 = SPENDING/SERVICES L2 = DEFENSE SPENDING L3 = GOVT/PRIVATE MEDICAL INSURANCE L4 = JOBS/STD LIVING L5 = AID TO BLACKS M4 = ENVIRONMENT VS. JOBS P1 = WOMEN'S ROLE P2 = ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION EXPERIMENTS: L3, M4, P1 self-placements Note: Prefix "V000" omitted in variable numbers listed FTF = 7PT SCALE PHONE = BRANCHING ................. L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 M4 P1 P2 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 1a. FTF:standard 545 581 608a 615 641 707a 754a 771 1b. FTF:experimental - - 608b - - 707b 754b - 1c. FTF:combined - - 609 - - 708 755 - 2a. PHONE: version 1 546 582/3 610a 616 642 709a 756a 772 2b. PHONE: version 2 - - 610b - - 709b 756b - 2c. PHONE: combined - - 611 - - 710 757 - 3. PHONE: 'strength' 547/8 584/5 612 617/8 643 711 757 - 4. PHONE: 5pt summary 549 586 613 619 644 712 758 773/4 5. ALL: 5pt summary 550 587 614 620 645 713 760 776 TABLE 2 - PRE 7POINT SCALE/ BRANCHING SERIES CANDIDATE AND PARTY PLACEMENTS ======================================= ALL SERIES exc.Lib-Con (Table 3) ======================================== Note: Prefix "V000" omitted in variable numbers listed FTF = 7PT SCALE PHONE = BRANCHING ................. CLINTON GORE BUSH DEM PTY REP PTY _______ ____ ____ _______ _______ L1 Spending/services 1. FTF 551 557 563 569 575 2. PHONE 552 558 564 570 576 3. PHONE: STRENGTH 553/54 559/60 565/66 571/72 577/78 4. PHONE: 5PT SUMMARY 555 561 567 573 579 5. ALL: 5PT SUMMARY 556 562 568 574 580 L2 Defense spending 1. FTF - 588 593 598 603 2. PHONE - 589 594 599 604 3. PHONE: STRENGTH - 590 595 600 605 4. PHONE: 5PT SUMMARY - 591 596 601 606 5. ALL: 5PT SUMMARY - 592 597 602 607 --no cand/party placements in L3-- L4 Jobs/std living 1. FTF - 588 593 598 603 2. PHONE - 589 594 599 604 3. PHONE: STRENGTH - 590 595 600 605 4. PHONE: 5PT SUMMARY - 591 596 601 606 5. ALL: 5PT SUMMARY - 592 597 602 607 L5 Aid to blacks 1. FTF 646 651 656 661 666 2. PHONE 647 652 657 662 667 3. PHONE: STRENGTH 648 653 658 663 668 4. PHONE: 5PT SUMMARY 649 654 659 664 669 5. ALL: 5PT SUMMARY 650 655 660 665 679 M4 Envir vs. jobs 1. FTF - 714 719 - - 2. PHONE - 715 720 - - 3. PHONE: STRENGTH - 716 721 - - 4. PHONE: 5PT SUMMARY - 717 722 - - 5. ALL: 5PT SUMMARY - 718 723 - - P1 Women's role 1. FTF - 761 766 - - 2. PHONE - 762 767 - - 3. PHONE: STRENGTH - 763 768 - - 4. PHONE: 5PT SUMMARY - 764 769 - - 5. ALL: 5PT SUMMARY - 765 770 - - P2 Envir regulation 1. FTF - 778 785 - - 2. PHONE - 779 786 - - 3. PHONE: STRENGTH - 780/81 787/88 - - 4. PHONE: 5PT SUMMARY - 782 789 - - 5. ALL: 5PT SUMMARY - 783 790 - - 6. ALL: CERTAINTY: - 784 791 - - TABLE 3 - PRE LIBERAL-CONSERVATIVE (G SERIES) ===================== ALL PLACEMENTS ===================== Note: Prefix "V000" omitted in variable numbers listed STANDARD = 7PT SCALE RATING (FTF and/or PHONE) EXPERIMENTAL = BRANCHING SERIES (FTF and/or PHONE) BOTH = STANDARD AND EXPERIMENTAL .................................................. SELF CLINTON GORE BUSH BUCH. ---- ------- ---- ---- ----- 1a. STANDARD FTF 439 448 455 465 475 1b. STANDARD PHONE 439a 448a 455a 465a 475a 2. STANDARD COMBINED FTF & PHONE 440 449 456 466 476 3. STANDARD FTF & PHONE: 'CHOICE' 441 - - - - 4. STANDARD 3PT SUMMARY FTF & PH 441a - - - - 5a. STANDARD CERTAINTY - FTF - - 457 467 477 5b. STANDARD CERTAINTY - PHONE - - 458 468 478 6. STANDARD COMBINED FTF & PHONE - - 458a 468a 478a 7. EXPERIMENT FTF & PHONE 442 450 459 469 479 8. EXPERIMENT FTF & PHONE: FOLLOWUPS 443-5 451/2 460/1 470/1 480/1 9. EXPERIMENT 5PT SUMMARY FTF & PH - 453 462 472 482 10. BOTH 5PT SUMMARY - 454 463 473 483 11. BOTH 7PT SUMMARY: FTF & PH 446 - - - - 11a.BOTH 7PT SUMMARY: FTF ONLY 446a - - - - 11b.BOTH 7PT SUMMARY: PHONE ONLY 446b - - - - 12. BOTH 3PT SUMMARY: FTF & PH 447 - - - - 13. EXPERIMENT FTF & PH - CERTAINTY - - 464 474 484 14. BOTH CERTAINTY SUMMARY - - 464a 474a 484a TABLE 4 - Post 7POINT SCALE/ BRANCHING SERIES ============================== LIBERAL - CONSERVATIVE G1-G10 ============================== ALL 7-POINT SCALES (FTF and PHONE) PLACEMENT 'CHOICE' 3 CATEGORY SUMM CERTAINTY _________ _________ _______________ _________ 1. SELF V001368 V001369 V001370 - 2. CLINTON V001371 - - - 3. GORE V001372 - - V001373 4. GW BUSH V001374 - - V001375 5. BUCHANAN V001376 - - V001377 6. DEM HSE CAND* V001378a,b - - V001379a,b 7. REP HSE CAND* V001380a,b - - V001381a,b 8. DEM PARTY V001382 - - - 9. REP PARTY V001383 - - - 10.REFORM PARTY V001384 - - - * "b" variable for VT01 incumbent ind. Hse candidate ** "b" variable for VA05 incumbent ind. Hse candidate ================================ SERVICES/SPENDING G11, CRIME K12 ================================ FTF = 7PT SCALE PHONE = BRANCHING ................. SELF DEM HSE* REP HSE* ____ _______ _______ G11 Services/spending 1. FTF V001385 V001391a,b V001397a,b 2. PHONE V001386 V001392a,b V001398a,b 3. PHONE FOLLOWUPS V001387-89 V001393a,b-1395a,b V001399a,b-1401a,b 4. FTF & PHONE 7PT SUMM V001390 V001396a,b V001402a,b K12 Crime 1. FTF V001482 2. PHONE V001482a 3. PHONE FOLLOWUPS V001483-85 4. FTF & PHONE 7PT SUMM V001486 * "b" variable for VT01 incumbent ind. Hse candidate ** "b" variable for VA05 incumbent ind. Hse candidate >> 2002 INTRODUCTION: 2002 GENERAL INTRODUCTION The 2002 American National Election Study survey was conducted between September 18 and December 6 of the year 2002, and consisted of both a pre-election survey and a post-election survey. The number of cases in this Full Release file, 1511, includes all respondents from both the pre-election and post-election surveys. Respondents who completed a pre-election survey but not a post-election survey are shown as missing in the post-election survey variables. Accompanying the dataset is a codebook containing detailed variable descriptions, as well as data descriptor statement files that can be used to read the raw data file into common data analysis software packages such as SAS, SPSS, and STATA. >> 2002 INTRODUCTION: 2002 STUDY DESCRIPTION The 2002 American National Election Study was conducted by the Center for Political Studies at the Institute for Social Research, under the general direction of the Principal Investigators, Nancy Burns and Donald R. Kinder. Data collection services were provided by the Indiana University Center for Survey Research. This is the latest in a series of studies of American national elections produced by the Center for Political Studies and the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan. The study would not have been possible without the financial support of a consortium of organizations, including, in alphabetical order: the Carnegie Corporation, the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE), the Russell Sage Foundation, the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, the University of Michigan Office of the Provost, and the University of Michigan Office of the Vice President for Research. Since 1978, the American National Election Studies have been designed through consultation between the Principal Investigators and a national Board of Overseers. Board members during the 2002 National Election Study included John H. Aldrich (Duke University), Stephen Ansolabehere (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Nancy Burns, ex officio (University of Michigan), Russell Dalton (University of California - Irvine), John Mark Hansen, chair (University of Chicago), Robert Huckfeldt (University of California - Davis), Simon Jackman (Stanford University), Donald Kinder, ex officio (University of Michigan), Jon A. Krosnick (Ohio State University), Arthur Lupia (University of Michigan), Wendy Rahn (University of Minnesota), W. Phillips Shively (University of Minnesota), and Laura Stoker, past chair (University of California - Berkeley). As part of the study planning process a stimulus letter was sent to members of the scholarly community soliciting input on study plans. Additional information concerning the ANES 2002 Time Series Study, including notification of select errors discovered and made known to ANES Staff after the data release date, can be found on the ANES Website (http://www.electionstudies.org). Any questions not answered on the website or by this codebook can be directed to the ANES Staff by e-mail to "anes@umich.edu" or by regular postal service to the address below. National Election Studies (ANES) Staff Center for Political Studies Institute for Social Research, 4100 Bay University of Michigan 426 Thompson Street Ann Arbor, MI 48104-2321 E-Mail: anes@umich.edu Website: http://www.electionstudies.org >> 2002 INTRODUCTION: 2002 STUDY CONTENT AND ADMINISTRATION The 2002 American National Election Study should allow scholars to assess what sense Americans made of the terrorist attacks of 2001 and the election contest of 2000. The data should allow charting of the causes and consequences of changes in a wide variety of outcomes - social trust, civic engagement, political participation, and public opinion, to name a few. Also included was a special module of questions on economic inequality - pushing on the conditions under which economic inequality could be a political issue and the reasons why it is not. These data should be all the more powerful through their link to questions from the long-term ANES time series that were repeated in the 2002 study. The pre-election survey began on September 18, 2002 and ended November 4, 2002. The post-election survey began on November 6, 2002 and ended December 6, 2002. The study is unusual in that is it the first midterm study in the ANES time series to include both a pre-election and post-election survey, and it is also the first biennial ANES time-series study conducted entirely by telephone. Data collection was conducted by the Indiana University Center for Survey Research, with all interviewing conducted by telephone using Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) technology. The CATI instrument was programmed using CASES, a software package developed by the Computer-assisted Survey Methods (CSM) Program at the University of California at Berkeley. All interviews were conducted in English, as there were no translations of the questionnaire to a language other than English. The pre-election study sample was released in three random sub-samples to spread completions out over the pre-election period and perhaps help in understanding timing issues such as campaign effects. All individuals who completed a pre-election interview were contacted to be interviewed again in the post-election study. The post-election design did not delay the release of cases - the intent was follow a "quick take" scenario, with as many completions gained as close to election day as possible. For the core interview (defined as the portion of the interview after the front end, but prior to the interviewer observations), the pre-election study ran approximately 36 minutes per interview, and the post-election study approximately 32 minutes per interview. Randomization was used extensively throughout both the pre-election and post-election questionnaires, for purposes of randomizing order within batteries or question series, application of half-sampling to some questions, and random ordering of question blocks. Note: Due to limitations in available technology, randomization in the 2002 survey instruments was limited to a random assignment to two possible alternatives. When applied to the ordering of questions in a series, 'randomization' actually constituted randomized assignment to two possible orderings of the series items, determined in advance, rather than randomized selection from every ordering possible. The sample for the 2002 study was comprised of 2982 cases in two sample components. The first portion of the sample, the "Panel," consisted of the 1807 respondents who provided an interview in ANES 2000. The second portion of the sample, the "Fresh Cross," consisted of a newly pulled RDD sample of 1175 cases. Users are advised to become familiar with the weight variables provided in the dataset, and apply them as appropriate to their analyses to correct for non-response and other sampling issues. Final disposition codes for each case were provided by the data collection organization and recoded to categories identified in the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) Standards and Best Practices guide. The citation for the AAPOR document is: The American Association for Public Opinion Research. 2000. Standard Definitions: Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys. Ann Arbor, Michigan: AAPOR. Eligibility: All 'Panel' cases were considered eligible based on their participation in the 2000 study, unless they were found to be deceased at the time of the 2002 study. Fresh Cross cases were divided into Eligible and Not Eligible categories, with Unknown Eligibility being grouped in with the Eligible cases. Interviews: Interviews were either considered a completion, or not a completion - partial interviews were not accepted in the 2002 study. All Eligible (or Unknown Eligibility) cases that did not provide an interview were categorized as Non-Response. The 'Panel' sample consisted of 1807 cases, 1784 of which were considered Eligible, and 21 of which were considered Not Eligible due to being deceased (21). The 'Panel' yielded 1187 pre-election interviews (597 non-response), 1070 of which went on to also provide a post-election interview (117 non-response). The Fresh Cross sample consisted of 1175 cases, 926 of which were considered Eligible* and 249 of which were considered Not Eligible due to being a disconnected or non-working number (105), a non-residence (66), fax/data line (67), or having no U.S. citizen age 18 or older (11). The Fresh Cross sample yielded 324 pre-election interviews (602 non-response), 276 of which went on to also provide a post-election interview (48 non-response). * Of special note are the 25 cases in the Fresh Cross sample with no persons available who spoke English, and for which we did not have a multi-lingual interviewer available to determine eligibility. These cases were categorized as Eligible Non-Response, because we were uncertain of eligibility (and Unknown Eligibility cases were regularly grouped in with Eligible cases). Regardless, we could not have conducted an interview for these cases because the 2000 questionnaire was only available in English. 2002 Election Study: Response Rates Interviews Eligible Response Rate** 'Panel' ----------------------------------------------------- Pre-Election 1187 1784 66.5% Post-Election 1070 1187 90.1% Fresh Cross ----------------------------------------------------- Pre-Election 324 926 35.0% Post-Election 276 324 85.2% Total ----------------------------------------------------- Pre-Election 1511 2707 55.8% Post-Election 1346 1511 89.1% ** The Pre-Election Response Rate is calculated as the total number of Pre-Election Interviews over the total number of Eligible (and Unknown Eligibility) cases in the sample. The Post-Election Response Rate is a re-interview rate, calculated as the total number of Post-Election Interviews over the total number of Pre-Election Interviews. The field and study staff implemented a number of strategies throughout the study to bolster response rates. In the pre-election study: Respondents received advance mailings by priority mail with a letter, brochure, and small non-monetary gift (a 120-minute phone card with no special logo) enclosed. A respondent incentive of $20 per completion was offered to all cases. Cases that showed resistance to interview and for whom we had a mailing address (not all Fresh Cross cases came with a mailing address) were usually mailed a letter tailored to their reason for resistance. In those letters, Fresh Cross cases were offered an augmented incentive of $40 per completion, with 'Panel' cases instead being reminded of the standard $20 incentive. Cases that showed reluctance to interview were also assigned to a refusal conversion team of interviewers that received special training. Near the end of the pre-election study, on October 28, a letter was mailed to all 'Panel' cases that had not yet yielded a completion; the letter offered an augmented incentive of $50 per completion. Sometime thereafter, the decision was made to also offer the remaining Fresh Cross cases $50 per completion, but the offer to them was made only by telephone contact (and not by letter). In the post-election study: Respondents received advance mailings by regular mail with a letter and a different, small non-monetary gift (a keychain flashlight with a University of Michigan logo). Respondents were offered the same dollar amount as they received in the pre-election study as an incentive to complete a post-election interview. Throughout both the pre-election and post-election study a number of interviewer incentive strategies were put in place, none of which involved additional monetary payment to the interviewers, but rather involved group goal-setting, individual and group recognition, morale-building gatherings, and non-monetary gifts (small gift certificates, leftover phone cards, and the like). SPECIAL NOTE ABOUT CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT IDENTIFICATION: Names of candidates were preloaded into the post-election survey instrument following identification of the respondent's congressional district; most of this identification was supplied by Marketing Systems Group (who supplied the Fresh Cross sample component), supplemented by additional staff research. District identification was based on the latest available address information prior to the post-election interview. As a consequence of the significant redistricting prior to the 2002 elections, the 2002 House "incumbent" may or may not have previously been the representative for the particular piece of geography in which the respondent was located for the 2002 preload. When it was clear that such a candidate had not previously represented the preload-associated district of the respondent, the candidate was assigned a code as if he or she were new to the respondent's location, that is, as a non-incumbent in an 'open' race; cases where redistricting is especially complex and unclear are flagged as unknown for 'incumbent' status. For 'Panel' respondents, the 2000 preload district number is included in the data, in addition to a summary variable identifying whether the respondent had evaluated either the 2002 Democratic or 2002 Republican candidate previously in 2000 (although this includes not only incumbents but repeat challengers/ open-race candidates). >> 2002 INTRODUCTION: 2002 SAMPLING INFORMATION For information on the 'Panel' component of the 2002 Study sample, see "2000 NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY SAMPLE DESIGN" in the codebook appendix file. Fresh Cross-Section Component of the 2002 Sample The new "Fresh Cross" sample was generated by Marketing Systems Group (MSG) using their GENESYS sampling system. To create the Fresh Cross sample, MSG pulled from GENESYS (in proportion to their working banks) a random, nationally proportional sample, stratified by only one variable: Census Division. After a "Super Purge" to remove business and non-working numbers, the generated RDD sample totaled 3328 cases. Randomly selected from these 3328 cases were the 1175 cases that became the Fresh Cross sample. The remaining 2153 cases were set aside as a replicate that was never used in the course of the study. Along with each sampled telephone number, MSG provided ANES with a name and address that was thought to likely match to the provided telephone number. Whether the name and/or address were correctly matched was unknown going into the study, however, and in some cases no name and/or address were available. >> 2002 INTRODUCTION: 2002 WEIGHT DOCUMENTATION ANES 2002 Time Series Study Analysis Weights There are two weight variables in ANES 2002 data file. The variable, V020101, should be used for weighted analysis of the data for the 1,511 pre-election respondents. The second weight variable, V020102, should be used for weighted analysis of the data for the 1,346 post-election respondents. These weights have been developed for combined cross-sectional analysis of the ANES 2002 Time Series Study 'panel' and new RDD cross-sectional samples. However, these weight variables may also be used by analysts who are interested in analyzing only the data for 'panel' respondents who were interviewed in 2000 and reinterviewed in 2002. The final 2002 ANES pre- election and post-election weights have been scaled so that the weights sum to the nominal sample sizes of the pre-election (n=1511) and post-election (n=1346) respondent samples. The ANES 2002 Time Series Study analysis weights are constructed as the product of three factors: a factor to reflect differential sampling or inclusion probabilities for survey respondents; a factor to compensate for differential nonresponse among sampled persons; and a post- stratification factor to adjust weighted demographic distributions for the sample to more precise population values estimated from the U.S. Current Population Survey (CPS). The following paragraphs provide a brief summary of the each of these three major components. Selection probability factor: The ANES 2002 Time Series Study sample combines two independent samples of the U.S. household population: a "panel" sample derived from the probability sample of cooperating respondents in the ANES 2000 Time Series Study survey and a fresh cross-sectional sample derived through a new screening of a random digit dialing (RDD) sample of U.S. households. Both independent samples are designed to be representative of the current U.S. household population. Since 2002 recontact was attempted with all cooperating ANES 2000 Time Series Study respondents, the ANES 2002 Time Series Study selection weighting factor for the 'panel' sample members was set equal to their final ANES 2000 Time Series Study weight. Since the new RDD cross-section sample is an equal probability sample of U.S. telephone households, the preliminary selection weighting factor for new RDD cross-section sample cases was set equal to the number of eligible adults in the sample household. This preliminary weight was then scaled to equal the nominal count of RDD respondent and nonrespondent cases. Nonresponse Adjustment: Response rates were calculated separately for the 'panel' and new cross-section. In each case, 9 cells were formed based on 9 Census Divisions. For each cell the nonresponse adjustment factor is equal to the inverse of the response rate for the cell. Across the 9 Census Divisions, the nonresponse adjustment factors range from 1.36 to 1.65 for the 'panel' sample and from 2.10 to 4.12 for the cross-section sample. Post-stratification Adjustment The post-stratification adjustments to the ANES 2002 Time Series Study weights use 2002 CPS March Supplement estimates as the adjustment standard. The adjustments were performed separately for the pre- and post-election samples. The cells used to compute the population post-stratification factors were formed by crosstabulating 6 age groups by 4 levels of education. The age groups were: 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and 70+. The education levels were: < high school graduation, high school graduate, some college, and 4 years of college or more. Poststratification adjustment factors were created for each of these cells by dividing the CPS weighted total by the ANES weighted total for respondents in the adjustment cell. The final weight for each sample case is the product of its sample selection factor, nonresponse adjustment factor and post-stratification adjustment. Centering of the Weights The final ANES 2002 Time Series Study analysis weights are the "centered" version of the poststratified weights. These weights sum to the number of respondents in the pre- and post-election surveys(1,511 pre-election respondents and 1,346 post-election respondents respectively). >> 2004 INTRODUCTION: 2004 PANEL STUDY: GENERAL INTRODUCTION The 2004 Panel Study was conducted between November 3 and December 20 of the year 2004. The study consisted of a post-election survey of 840 respondents who had previously provided an interview in both the ANES 2000 Time Series Study study and the 2002 ANES study. Accompanying the dataset is a codebook containing detailed variable descriptions, as well as data descriptor statement files that can be used to read the raw data file into common data analysis software packages such as SAS, SPSS, and STATA. >> 2004 INTRODUCTION: 2004 PANEL STUDY: STUDY DESCRIPTION The 2004 Panel Study was conducted by the Center for Political Studies at the Institute for Social Research, under the general direction of the Principal Investigators, Nancy Burns and Donald R. Kinder. Data collection services were provided by Schulman, Ronca & Bucuvalas (SRBI), using interviewers stationed in New York City. This is the latest in a series of studies of American national elections produced by the Center for Political Studies at the University of Michigan. The study would not have been possible without the financial support of the Carnegie Corporation of New York (under grant "D B 7532.R01") and the University of Michigan. The 2004 Panel Study was designed through consultation between the Principal Investigators and a national Board of Overseers. Board members during the 2004 Panel Study included John H. Aldrich (Duke University), Stephen Ansolabehere (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Nancy Burns, ex officio (University of Michigan), Russell Dalton (University of California - Irvine), John Mark Hansen, chair (University of Chicago), Simon Jackman (Stanford University), Donald Kinder, ex officio (University of Michigan), Jon A. Krosnick (Ohio State University), Arthur Lupia (University of Michigan), Diana C. Mutz (University of Pennsylvania), and Wendy Rahn (University of Minnesota). Additional information concerning the 2004 Panel Study, including notification of select errors discovered and made known to ANES Staff after the data release date, can be found on the ANES Website (http://www.electionstudies.org). Any questions not answered on the website or by this codebook can be directed to the ANES Staff by e-mail to "anes@umich.edu" or by regular postal service to the address below. National Election Studies (ANES) Staff Center for Political Studies Institute for Social Research, 4100 Bay University of Michigan 426 Thompson Street Ann Arbor, MI 48104-2321 E-Mail: ANES@umich.edu Website: http://www.electionstudies.org >> 2004 INTRODUCTION: 2004 PANEL STUDY: STUDY CONTENT AND ADMINISTRATION This study completes the 2000-2002-2004 Panel Study, in which we re-interviewed a sample of voting age Americans in the fall of 2004, immediately after the presidential election. These respondents were first questioned by the American National Election Study in the fall of 2000 and then again in the fall of 2002. Interviewing this sample one last time, at the climax of the 2004 presidential campaign, makes possible a uniquely valuable analysis of the political consequences of historic events. We know a great deal about this sample: what they thought about politics and society and the place of the United States in the world – before history intruded so forcefully on their lives: before the unprecedented election contest of 2000 and before the terrorist attack of September 11th. We know, from the 2002 interviews, what sense they began to make of these events. Having interviewed the same people again in 2004 enables us to complete the story, to trace out the political implications of the turbulent history of the last four years. Such implications include Americans' willingness to participate in politics, their satisfaction with democratic institutions, their support for an ongoing war on terrorism, and in light of the changed landscape of international politics, the priority they assign to such domestic matters as growth, deficits, and inequality. The 2004 phase of the panel study was given in large part to questions that capture the likely consequences of the election contest of 2000 and the terrorist attack of September 11th, as understood and interpreted by ordinary Americans. This included instrumentation on participation in political and civic life, satisfaction with democratic institutions, support for administration policy, views on Afghanistan, Iraq, and homeland security. The survey, which was post-election only, began on November 3, 2004 and ended December 20, 2004. Data collection was conducted by Schulman, Ronca & Bucuvalas (SRBI), using interviewers stationed in New York City. All interviewing was conducted by telephone using Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) technology. The CATI instrument was programmed using SPSS Quancept. All interviews were conducted in English, as there were no translations of the questionnaire to a language other than English. The sample was all released at the beginning of the field period. Interview length averaged 45 minutes. Randomization was used extensively throughout the questionnaire, for purposes of randomizing order within batteries or question series, application of half-sampling to some questions, and random ordering of question blocks. The sample for the 2004 Panel Study consisted of the 1,187 panel respondents that provided a pre-election interview in the 2002 ANES. Please note that the 324 fresh cross-section respondents that participated in the 2002 ANES were not part of the sample for this study. Users are advised to become familiar with the weight variable provided in the dataset, and apply it as appropriate to their analyses. Eligibility: All panel cases were considered eligible based on their participation in the 2002 ANES study, unless they were found to be deceased at the time of the 2004 Panel Study (16 persons became deceased in the interim). Interviews: Interviews were either considered a completion, or not a completion - partial interviews were not accepted. 2004 Panel Study: Response Rates Interviews Eligible Reinterview Rate ---------------------------------------- 840 1171 71.8% The reinterview rate was calculated as the number of completed interviews (840) over the number of eligible respondents (1171). The number of eligible respondents was calculated as the number of panel respondents who provided a 2002 ANES pre-election interview (1187) minus the number of respondents deceased since the 2002 ANES study (16). The original ANES 2000 Time Series Study study sample consisted of 2,984 eligible respondents. Of those persons 1,807 (60.6%) provided a pre-election interview in 2000. Of those 1,807 persons, 1,187 (65.7%) provided a pre-election interview in 2002. Of those 1,187 persons, 840 (70.9%) provided an interview in 2004. Thus, the 840 persons that provided an interview in 2002 comprise 28.2% (28.2% = 840/2984 = 60.6% * 65.7% * 70.9%) of the original set of eligible sample members in 2000. The field and study staff implemented a number of strategies throughout the study to bolster response rates. Respondents received advance mailings by two-day USPS priority mail with a letter, brochure, two dollar bill, and a token gift (notepad) enclosed. Also included was a contact card (with the panel member's name, address and phone number, and a message to have them call our toll free line or mail back the card if the information was not correct), and a postage-paid envelope to return the card in. Each respondent was offered $20, $40, or $50 as an incentive for their interview - the amount offered was whatever maximum amount was offered to them during the 2000 and 2002 studies. Cases that showed resistance to interview were usually mailed a letter tailored to their reason for resistance, and offering $50 for their interview. Cases that showed reluctance to interview were to be called back by an interviewer with refusal conversion experience. On November 30th we began offering all respondents $50 for their interview when we called. On December 2nd a letter was mailed to all cases that had not yet yielded a completion; the letter mentioned the incentive of $50 per interview. >> 2004 INTRODUCTION: 2004 PANEL STUDY: SAMPLING AND WEIGHT INFORMATION The initial sample drawn in 2000 for the ANES 2000 Time Series Study serves as the total sample for the 2000-2004 Merged File, and is documented in "2004 PANEL STUDY: 2000 SAMPLE DESIGN" in the codebook appendix file. Panel weight P040101 is constructed for longitudinal analysis; marginals are unweighted.